SARS-CoV

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SARS coronavirus
SARS CoV.jpg

SARS-CoV PHIL 6400

Systematics
Classification : Viruses
Area : Riboviria
Empire : Orthornavirae
Phylum : Pisuviricota
Class : Pisoniviricetes
Order : Nidovirals
Subordination : Cornidovirineae
Family : Coronaviridae
Subfamily : Orthocoronavirinae
Genre : Beta coronavirus
Subgenus : Sarbecovirus
Type : Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
Subspecies : severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
Taxonomic characteristics
Genome : (+) ssRNA linear
Baltimore : Group 4
Symmetry : helical
Cover : available
Scientific name
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
Short name
SARS-CoV
Left
NCBI  Taxonomy: 694009
NCBI  Reference: DQ182595.1
ViralZone ( ExPASy , SIB): 764 (genus)
ICTV Taxon History: 201851868

SARS-CoV ( English severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus , SARS coronavirus , formerly SCV ) is the cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).

The virus belongs to the species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus ( SARS-associated coronavirus , SARSr-CoV) in the subgenus Sarbecovirus in the genus Betacoronavirus . Another virus of this virus species, SARS-CoV-2 , triggered the COVID-19 pandemic of 2019/2020. To differentiate, the original virus of the 2002/2003 pandemic (subject of this article) is sometimes referred to as SARS-CoV-1.

On April 16, 2003, during the SARS pandemic 2002/2003 , the WHO announced that a virus from the Coronaviridae family had been determined by various laboratories to be the cause . The genome is over 29.7  kb in size, making it one of the largest among the RNA viruses .

Surname

The name Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (and its derivatives) referred to an entire species until 2009, which was then merged into the new species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (see there for more information). However, since this species was in principle identical to the current subspecies (i.e. the virus that is the subject of this article), there should be no ambiguity in older literature either. Especially with the full name, if it was written and set correctly: In the inside of the sentence, capitalized and italicized for the species, lowercase and not italicized for the virus. In case of doubt, you have to look for an explicit reference in the text about how a particular expression is used in the respective text.

These problems do not exist for the spelling “SARS-CoV-1”. The name always refers to the virus (or the subspecies), not the species.

structure

The SARS coronavirus has a genome and structure typical of the virus family. The genetic information is stored in a 29,751 nucleotide long single-stranded RNA genome. Like other coronaviruses, the SARS-CoV virion is spherical with a diameter of around 125  nm . The virus has four structural proteins, spike (S), membrane (M), envelope (E) and nucleocapsid (N).

Non- scale illustration of a related virus in the Coronaviridae family

origin

Based on genetic studies of beta coronaviruses in bats in Southeast Asia, an evolutionary development of the virus over several coronavirus species in bats up to the human pathogenic SARS-CoV is postulated, which is why they come into question as vectors . Two coronavirus species examined in different bat species and one coronavirus in larval scooters are derived from a common ancestor together with SARS-CoV. A more detailed study of the origins of SARS-CoV can be found in Xu et al . from 2014 - the bat coronavirus strain closest to the SARS virus is Bt-SLCoV Rp3, which infects the Chinese horseshoe bat ( Rhinolophus sinicus ). SARS-CoV SZ3 and SZ16 were identified as isolates infecting larvae.

In 2017, Hu and colleagues examined various species of bats from a cave in Yunnan Province, China . They found what they were looking for in horseshoe bats (Rhinolophidae) of the species R. sinicus , R. ferrumequinum , R. affinis and in round-leaf noses (Hipposideridae) of the species Aselliscus stoliczkanus . The results suggested that the closest precursor to SARS-CoV to date, WIV16, is a recombinant of three viruses of the SARS-associated coronavirus (SARSr-CoV) species (see reassortment ) that occur in bats in this cave ( WIV1, Rs4231 and Rs4081). It can therefore be assumed that a recombination of the genome between different viruses is also possible with coronaviruses, although this is unsegmented (monopartite), i.e. H. consists of a single nucleic acid strand (here ssRNA ) - in contrast to influenza viruses , for example , whose genome consists of 8 parts.

transmission

SARS-CoV-1 is originally a zoonosis , but is transmitted from person to person from the onset of the disease. In contrast to this, SARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious even during the incubation period . SARS-CoV-1 immediately affects the lungs, the viral load from the throat is comparatively low. It was therefore more likely to bring the SARS-CoV-1 pandemic under control and end it. The virus is mainly transmitted by droplet infection . In humans, it enters the cells via the ACE2 receptor. Studies in the aftermath of the SARS pandemic found that most infected people infected relatively few contacts, while some people were super-spreading .

In a study on a flight with 112 passengers, 16 illnesses were documented which arose as a result of a passenger who was already sick. An accumulation of infections up to 3 rows in front of the index patient, at a distance of up to 2.30 m, was found.

Environmental stability

In terms of tenacity, it has been demonstrated under laboratory conditions that diluted sputum and diluted stool have a low infectivity for at least 72 hours . Infectivity of the virus could be demonstrated after around 72 to 96 hours on surfaces of different materials. Infectivity decreases after around two hours at room temperature. The virus is infected by heating above 75 ° C for 30 minutes (alternatively: above 67 ° C for 60 minutes or above 56 ° C for 90 minutes) and by UV radiation for 60 minutes (wavelength: 260 nm, intensity: 90 µW / cm², total dose: 324 mWs / cm²) completely inactivated. In the absence of other proteins, SARS-CoV will be inactivated at 56 ° C within 30 minutes with a 10 −5- fold reduction in the number of bacteria . In the presence of higher protein concentrations, the bacterial count is reduced by 10 −5 times at 60 ° C within 30 minutes. As an enveloped virus, SARS-CoV is sensitive to alcoholic disinfectants with a bacterial count reduction of 10-2.78 times after 30 seconds. Inactivation in dilute acetic acid ( wine vinegar ) results in a 10 −3- fold reduction in the number of bacteria after 60 seconds. Aldehyde- based disinfectants (with formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde ) lead to inactivation with a 10 −3 fold reduction in the number of bacteria after 120 seconds. With glucoprotamine solutions , inactivation takes place with a reduction in the number of germs to 10 -1.68 times after 120 seconds.

Immunology and Vaccine Research

In a virus strain from the Chinese province of Guangdong , the occurrence of infection-enhancing antibodies that interact with the ACE2 receptor was detected . In three recovered patients from the SARS pandemic, an immune response using T memory cells and cytotoxic T cells could still be detected nine to eleven years after their infection . These were directed against the structural proteins M and N. Cross-reactivity against the structurally related MERS-CoV could not be detected.

In 2010, a vaccine made from inactivated SARS-CoV was tested in animal experiments on mice and golden hamsters . A limited immunity of the animals could be demonstrated, but this decreased rapidly. The mouse population no longer had immunity after eighteen weeks. The hamsters showed limited immunity for eighteen weeks after the second vaccination dose. In 2012, a study was published which tested inactivated SARS-CoV as well as vaccines consisting of partial components on a mouse model. All vaccines induced the production of neutralizing antibodies in the test animals. However, after exposure to the SARS virus, all test animals showed an autoimmune reaction of the lungs , which the researchers attributed to an excessive immune reaction to the virus caused by the vaccination .

Host spectrum

SARS-CoV-1 - transition to humans.png

Since the ACE2 receptor is very similar in cats and humans, it is also possible for the virus to infect domestic cats and ferrets in addition to larval rollers . The transition from bats to humans probably took place via the raccoon dog as a vector .

Research history

At the end of March 2003, SARS-CoV was isolated for the first time as part of research on the SARS pandemic in several laboratories in different countries. In mid-May, animal experiments provided definitive evidence that SARS-CoV causes the disease.

Reporting requirement

In Switzerland, the positive and negative laboratory-analytical findings on a SARS pathogen must be reported to laboratories in accordance with the Epidemics Act (EpG) in conjunction with the Epidemics Ordinance and Appendix 3 of the EDI Ordinance on the reporting of observations of communicable diseases in humans .

Web links

Commons : SARS-CoV  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

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