Virus inactivation

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Under virus inactivation is meant the loss of infectivity of viruses by the action of various substances, heat, or radiation . Virus inactivation using various technical methods is a special form of sterilization or disinfection . Since the terms “germ-free” or “killed” cannot be used for viruses (viruses are neither germs nor independently living organisms), the term virus inactivation has become established in virology.

Methods

Depending on the virus species and the material in or on which viruses are to be inactivated, different inactivation methods are used.

Virucidal

The most common is the use of virucides . These substances can denature the surface proteins of a virus (e.g. formaldehyde ), remove lipids from a virus envelope ( alcohols , detergents ) or directly damage the nucleic acids of the viral genome ( alkylants ).

heat

Viruses can also be inactivated by exposure to heat; the Behringwerke developed a process for this. As early as May 1983 it was reported that heating blood products also inactivated the HI virus. This process for virus inactivation in blood products was introduced across the board in 1984/85 (see also: Infections caused by HIV-contaminated blood products ). At a temperature of 55 to 70 ° C (moist heat), the virus envelope denatures within a few minutes and thus a loss of infectivity occurs.

Others

In addition to exposure to UV light and possibly a combination with methylene blue or riboflavin , mild detergents are also used in the so-called solvent-detergent process (S / D). The main danger of methylene blue photo-inactivation of viruses is methylene blue photo-activation of the fibrinogen , which can trigger disseminated intravascular coagulation .

Special feature of the vaccine production

Virus inactivation is of particular importance in the manufacture of dead vaccines and blood products in transfusion medicine . In the latter case, viruses must be inactivated without affecting the desired blood components. This is particularly important in the extraction of coagulation factors in plasma fractionation such as factor VIII , factor IX or PPSB , as well as in the purification of human albumin , fibrin glue , hyperimmunoglobulin and immunoglobulin preparations.

swell

  • Allan D. Russell, William B. Hugo, Graham A. Ayliffe (Eds.): Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation and Sterilization . 3rd edition Blackwell, Oxford 1999, ISBN 0-632-04194-3 , pp. 168ff.
  • Alberto Alvarez-Larrán u. a .: Methylene blue-photoinactivated plasma vs. fresh-frozen plasma as replacement fluid for plasma exchange in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura . In: Vox Sanguinis. Internet journal of transfusion medicine , Vol. 86 (2004), Issue 4, pp. 246-251, ISSN  0042-9007 (Review) PMID 15144529
  • Elefterios C. Vamvakas, Morris A. Blajchman: Transfusion-related mortality: the ongoing risks of allogeneic blood transfusion and the available strategies for their prevention . In: Blood , Vol. 113 (2009), Issue 15, pp. 3406-3417, ISSN  0006-4971 PMID 19188662

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The active principle of heat (PDF; 173 kB) Dissertation FU Berlin, based on R. Böhm (2002)
  2. ↑ Bernard Horowitz et al. a .: Virus inactivation by solvent / detergent treatment and the manufacture of SD-plasma . In: Vox Sanguinis. Internet journal of transfusion medicine , Vol. 74 (1998), Supplement 1, pp. 203-206, ISSN  0042-9007 (Review) PMID 9789529
  3. ↑ Stephen J. Wagner: Virus inactivation in blood components by photoactive phenothiazine dyes . In: Transfusion Medicine Reviews , Vol. 16 (2002), Issue 1, pp. 61-66, ISSN  0887-7963 (Review) PMID 11788930

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