Virus classification

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The classification of viruses is based on various morphological , epidemiological or biological characteristics. The officially valid taxonomy of viruses must be distinguished from the purely functional classification , according to which viruses are divided into families , genera and species according to the degree of their relationship (determined in particular by genome comparison ). All other classifications are still used in part for historical or practical reasons. The decision on criteria for the taxonomy and classification of viruses is made by an international body called the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).

The classic system of virus classification

In 1962 André Lwoff , Robert W. Horne and Paul Tournier introduced a virus taxonomy (LHT system) based on the binary classification of living things established by Carl von Linné .

In it, analogous to the taxonomy of other living things, the following taxa are divided:

Virosphere ( Phylum : Vira)
Subphylum (... vira)
Class (... ica)
Order (... viral)
Family (... viridae)
Subfamily (... virinae)
Genus or genus (... virus)
Species or species (according to the <disease> ... virus caused)

The key characteristics for this classification were:

  1. the nature of the viral genome (DNA or RNA)
  2. the symmetry of the capsid
  3. Presence of a lipid coating
  4. Size of virion and capsid

Virus taxonomy according to ICTV

Important criteria of this currently most modern and recognized virus taxonomy are among others:

Not considered for the taxonomy, but important criteria for the summary of different viruses with common medical or epidemiological characteristics are:

  • common organisms that they infect
  • common transmission routes (e.g. transmission through arthropods: arboviruses )
  • Similar clinical pictures or infection of the same organ (e.g. hepatitis viruses )

Until 2017, the taxonomic structure was basically the same as for the conventional virus classification from level order and below (see above) and was supplemented in 2018 by further levels as follows (with name endings that differ from the LHC system):

Area (en. Realm) ( ... viria )
Sub-area (en. Subrealm) ( ... vira ) (ending as with subphylum in the LHC system, as the second top level)
Reich (en. Kingdom) ( ... virae )
Unterreich (en. Subkingdom) ( ... virites )
Strain or Phylum ( ... viricota ) (in analogy to ... archaeota - unlike the LHC system, multiple Virusphyla are possible)
Subphylum ( ... viricotina )
Class ( ... viricetes )
Subclass ( ... viricetidae )
Order ( ... viral )
Subordination ( ... virineae )
Family ( ... viridae )
Subfamily ( ... virinae )
Genus or genus ( ... virus )
Subgenus or subgenus ( ... virus )
Species or species ( ... virus )

There are in these guidelines no definition of subspecies (subspecies) strains (in the sense analogous bacterial strain, English strain ) or isolates .

As of March 2020, there are four areas, which are divided as follows:

  • unassigned order (s)

The Baltimore Classification

The Baltimore classification is based on the method of viral of viruses mRNA synthesis
Overview of the replication, transcription and translation of the genetic information of the different virus classes

On the basis of knowledge about the molecular biology of viruses, another classification was initially established, which goes back to a proposal by Nobel Prize winner David Baltimore from 1971.

The various possibilities arise from the fact that one strand of double-stranded DNA , as it is in all other living beings, is redundant and can therefore be omitted. The virus genome can also be present in various forms of RNA that occur in cells as an intermediate stage in protein synthesis . In the case of single-stranded RNA, both possible coding directions occur: the normal direction 5 '→ 3' , which is referred to as (+) polarity , as it is in the mRNA , and the opposite (complementary) direction (-) in which the RNA is present as a negative.

The Baltimore classification based on the replication strategy is becoming increasingly uncommon today and has largely been superseded by the taxonomy of ICTV. This is particularly true to the extent that the ICTV taxa (kinship groups) with ranks above the order (formerly the highest rank in virology) are established. The highest assigned by ICTV rank is now the area ( English realm ), analogous to the domain in organisms (cellular organisms). It also shows more relationships between virus groups of different Baltimore classes.

Areas recognized by ICTV:

Some examples of other Baltimore cross-family kin:

  • confirmed by ICTV:
  • Order Ortervirales (Baltimore 6 and 7)
  • Family Pleolipoviridae - and with it the proposed range " Monodnaviria " (Baltimore 1 and 2)
  • in addition there are many taxa with rank higher than order.

Incidentally, Baltimore does not differentiate between the two polarities, even with single-stranded DNA viruses, only with single-stranded RNA viruses.

DNA viruses

DNA viruses do not form a taxonomic family group ( clade ); instead, this term is merely a collective term for virus classification. Among the DNA viruses, however, a number of orders could be identified as kinship groups and confirmed by the ICTV. There are suggestions for more - sometimes more comprehensive than regulations.

Baltimore Group I

Double stranded DNA - dsDNA ( English double strand ), normal genome form of all life.

  • Varidnaviria area (originally proposed as " Divdnaviria ", " Vertical jelly roll major capsid protein DNA viruses ", " DJR-MCP viruses ")
  • Phylum Nucleocytoviricota (outdated " Nucleocytoplasmaviricota ", " Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses ", NCLDV)
  • further suggestions within this family (or at least order):
From the previous genus Prymnesiovirus , several representatives are closer to the Mimiviridae than the Phycodnaviridae , so they are more likely to be assigned to the order Imitervirales .
  • Subfamily of the cafeteria viruses - possibly with the toilet new viruses in a common subfamily Aquavirinae
  • Subfamily " Klosneuvirinae " (Klosneuviren) - possibly with the cafeteria viruses in a common subfamily " Aquavirinae "
Toilet virus ,
  • Line A (mimiviruses s. S.)
  • Line B (Moumouviren)
  • Line C (megaviruses s. S. )
  • " OLPG " group ("Organic Lake Phyvodnavirus Group")
  • Klade with AaV and ChoanoV
  • Klade with TetV and PoV
  • Branch 2:
  • Order chitovirales
  • are not assigned to any of these branches within the NCLDV (references see NCLDV ):
  • Family Tectiviridae (possibly in separate order " Kalamavirales ")
  • Duplodnaviria area (suggestion)
  • Phylum uroviricota
  • Class Caudoviricetes
The giant phages ( English huge phages , jumbo and megaphages) " Kabirphage ", " Mahaphage " (including the group of " Lak phages "), " Biggiephage ", " Dakhmphage ", " Kyodaiphage ", " Kaempephage ", " Jabbarphage " , “ Enormephage ”, “ Judaphage ”, and “ Whopperphage ” may belong in this family.
  • Phylum Peploviricota
  • Class Herviviricetes
  • Species Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) syn. Human Herpes Virus 4 (HHV-4), en. Human gammaherpesvirus 4
  • Further previously unclassified order (s):
  • A still nameless clade " Module 6 " is formed by the following families suggested by Koonin et al. (2015, 2019)
  • Members of the Monodnaviria with a circular dsDNA genome
  • Monodnaviria area - usually ssDNA, here only exceptions with circular dsDNA
  • Reich Shotokuvirae (here only representatives with dsDNA: Papovaviricetes )
  • Order Sepolyvirales
  • Order Zurhausenvirales
  • other possible candidates for this group are the following dsDNA virus families:
explicitly unclassified families
  • is not assigned to any family:

Baltimore Group II

Single strand DNA - ssDNA ( English single strand ). Virions contain DNA of positive or negative polarity. The virus group "CRESS" ( circular rep-encoding single-strand DNA viruses ) is not a related group ( taxon ), but polyphyletic. The proposed phylum " Cressdnaviricota ", however, summarizes the main representatives of this in a family group.

  • Area " Monodnaviria " (proposed, not yet confirmed by ICTV - as of November 1, 2019) (here except for the special case Pleolipoviridae )
  • Empire " Loebvirae "
  • Phylum " Hofneiviricota "
  • Class " fiber viricetes "
  • Empire " Sangervirae "
  • Phylum " Phixviricota "
  • Class " Malgrandaviricetes "
  • Order " Petitvirales "
  • Empire " Shotokuvirae "
  • Class " Quintoviricetes "
  • Order " Piccovirales "
  • Class " Mouviricetes "
  • Order " Polivirales "
  • other members of the (polyphyletic) virus group "CRESS" ( circular rep-encoding single-strand DNA viruses )
  • Class " Repensiviricetes "
  • Order " Baphyvirales "
  • Order " Recrevirales "
  • Order " Cirlivirales "
  • Order " cream viral "
  • Order " Mulpavirales "
  • further families classified as "CRESS" without taxonomic classification:
  • is / are not assigned to any order (or even higher rank):

Pleolipoviridae

Representatives of this family of DNA viruses have partly double-stranded DNA (group 1), partly single-stranded DNA (group 2).

  • Area " Monodnaviria " (proposed, not yet confirmed by ICTV - as of November 1, 2019) (here only special case Caulimoviridae )
  • Empire " Trapavirae "
  • Phylum " Saleviricota "
  • Class " Huolimaviricetes "
  • Order " Haloruvirales "
  • Species Gammapleolipovirus His2 alias His 2 virus , Haloarcula virus His2 (dsDNA)

RNA viruses

The proposed supergroups also belong to this area

  • Picornavirus-like superfamily
  • Alphavirus-like superfamily

according to Koonin et al. (2015), summarizing clades from various Baltimore groups.

Baltimore Group III

Double stranded RNA - dsRNA

  • Riboviria area (here only dsRNA)
  • as suggested by Koonin et al. (2015) forming an as yet unnamed family group:
  • The families are not assigned to any order:

Baltimore Group IV

Positive single stranded RNA - ss (+) RNA. It acts directly as mRNA.

  • Riboviria area (here only ss (+) RNA)
  • Milecovirus
  • Duvinacovirus
  • Tegacovirus
  • Sarbecovirus
  • Merbecovirus
  • Embecovirus
  • Igacovirus
  • Buldecovirus
  • as suggested by Koonin et al. (2015) forming an as yet unnamed family group:
  • as suggested by Koonin et al. (2015) forming another unnamed kinship group:
  • as suggested by Koonin et al. (2015) forming another unnamed kinship group:
  • ? Matonaviridae (from ICTV 2018/2019 - i.e. subsequently - separated from the Togaviridae )
  • The families are not assigned to any order:

Baltimore Group V

Negative single stranded RNA - ss (-) RNA. It acts as a template for mRNA synthesis.

  • Riboviria area (here only ss (-) RNA)
  • Phylum Negarnaviricota - The phylum, newly created by ICTV in 2018, corresponds to the proposed flavivirus-like superfamily (in the sense of supergroup) by Koonin et al. (2015)
  • Genus Carbovirus , with Species Southwest carbovirus (Southwest carpet python virus, SWCPV) and type species Queensland Carbovirus (Jungle carpet python virus, JCPV)
  • Genus cultervirus , with type species Sharpbelly cultervirus
  • Genus Orthobornavirus - en. Borna Disease Virus , the virus of Bornash's disease, with Species Mammalian 1 orthobornavirus (type) u. a.
  • Lloviu virus, en. Lloviu Virus (LLOV)
  • Genus Ebolavirus (formerly Ebola-like viruses , en. Ebola-like viruses )
  • Bundibugyo Virus (BDBV)
  • Reston Virus (RESTV)
  • Sudan Virus (SUDV)
  • Species Ebola-Taï Forest-Virus , en. Tai Forest ebolavirus (also Taï Forest ebolavirus , obsolete Ebola-Côte d'Ivoire virus , en. Côte d'Ivoire ebolavirus , formerly CIEBOV), 1 subtype
  • Taï Forest Virus (TAFV)
  • Species Ebola-Zaire virus , en. Zaire ebola virus (also Zaire ebola virus ; formerly ZEBOV), type 6 Species subtypes
  • Ebola virus (EBOV)
  • Marburg virus (en. Marburg virus, MARV)
  • Ravn virus (en. Ravn virus, RAVV)
  • LCMV / Lassa Complex (Old World Arena Viruses):
  • New World Arenaviruses (Tacaribe Complex):
  • Family Phasmaviridae (including the former families Feraviridae and Jonviridae )
  • Genus " Portunivirus " (suggestion) with type species Crab portunivirus
  • Genus alphainfluenza virus
  • Genus betainfluenza virus
  • Influenza virus B / Victoria line
  • Influenza virus B / Yamagata line
  • Genus gamma fluenza virus
  • Genus delta fluenza virus
  • Phylum, subphylum, class, order, family not determined for genus:

Reverse transcribing viruses

This subheading includes the order Ortervirales , which includes families of Baltimore classes VI and VII:

Baltimore Group VI

Positive single-stranded RNA, which is written back into DNA by reverse transcriptase (RT) and incorporated into the cell genome (retroviruses).

  • Order Ortervirales (here except for Caulimoviridae - reverse transcribing RNA viruses ssRNA-RT)

Baltimore Group VII

Double-stranded DNA that uses an intermediate RNA step for replication (reverse transcribing DNA viruses dsDNA-RT, pararetroviruses).

  • Order Ortervirales (here only special case Caulimoviridae )

Table overview

nucleic acid Capsid symmetry Shell Genome Baltimore class family genus species
DNA icosahedral naked ss (+/-) II Parvoviridae Erythroparvovirus Parvovirus B19
DNA icosahedral naked ds circular I. Polyomaviridae Beta-papillomavirus Human papillomavirus 1 and 2
DNA icosahedral naked ds circular I. Polyomaviridae Polyomavirus SV40 , BK virus , JC virus
DNA icosahedral naked ds I. Adenoviridae Mastadenovirus Human AdV A-F
DNA icosahedral enveloped ds VII Hepadnaviridae Orthohepadna virus Hepatitis B virus
DNA icosahedral enveloped ds I. Herpesviridae Simplex virus Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2
DNA icosahedral enveloped ds I. Herpesviridae Varicellovirus Varicella zoster virus
DNA icosahedral enveloped ds I. Herpesviridae Cytomegalovirus Cytomegalovirus
DNA icosahedral enveloped ds I. Herpesviridae Roseolovirus Human herpes virus 6A, 6B and 7
DNA icosahedral enveloped ds I. Herpesviridae Lymphocryptovirus Epstein-Barr Virus
DNA complex enveloped ds I. Poxviridae Orthopoxvirus Variola virus , vaccinia virus
DNA complex enveloped ds I. Poxviridae Parapox virus Orf virus
RNA icosahedral naked ss (+) IV Picornaviridae Enterovirus Poliovirus 1 - 3 , Rhinovirus A - C , Coxsackievirus , Echovirus
RNA icosahedral naked ss (+) IV Picornaviridae Parechovirus Parechovirus A
RNA icosahedral naked ss (+) IV Picornaviridae Hepatovirus Hepatitis A virus
RNA icosahedral naked ss (+) IV Picornaviridae Cardiovirus Cardiovirus A ( mengovirus , EMC virus)
RNA icosahedral naked ss (+) IV Astroviridae Mamastro virus Mamastrovirus 1 , 6 , 8 , 9
RNA icosahedral naked ss (+) IV Caliciviridae Norovirus Norwalk virus
RNA icosahedral naked ss (+) IV Hepeviridae Orthohepevirus Hepatitis E virus
RNA icosahedral naked ds (10-18 segments) III Reoviridae Coltivirus Colorado tick fever virus
RNA icosahedral naked ds (10-18 segments) III Reoviridae Orthoreovirus Mammalian orthoreovirus
RNA icosahedral naked ds (10-18 segments) III Reoviridae Rotavirus Rotavirus
RNA icosahedral enveloped ss (+) IV Togaviridae Alphavirus Sindbis virus
RNA icosahedral enveloped ss (+) IV Togaviridae Rubivirus Rubella virus
RNA icosahedral enveloped ss (+) IV Flaviviridae Flavivirus Yellow fever virus , hepatitis C virus
RNA complex enveloped ss (+) VI Retroviridae Deltaretrovirus HTLV-1 HTLV-2
RNA complex enveloped ss (+) VI Retroviridae Spumavirus Spumavirus
RNA complex enveloped ss (+) VI Retroviridae Lentivirus HIV-1, -2 , SIV
RNA helical enveloped ss (+) IV Coronaviridae Alphacoronavirus Felines CoV
RNA helical enveloped ss (+) IV Coronaviridae Beta coronavirus SARS-CoV , MERS-CoV
RNA helical enveloped ss (-) V Orthomyxoviridae Alpha influenza virus Influenza virus A
RNA helical enveloped ss (-) V Orthomyxoviridae Betainfluenza virus Influenza virus B
RNA helical enveloped ss (-) V Orthomyxoviridae Gamma fluenza virus Influenza virus C
RNA helical enveloped ss (-) V Orthomyxoviridae Delta fluenza virus Influenza virus D
RNA helical enveloped ss (-) V Paramyxoviridae Pneumovirus Respiratory syncytial virus
RNA helical enveloped ss (-) V Paramyxoviridae Respirovirus Parainfluenza virus HPIV-1, HPIV-3
RNA helical enveloped ss (-) V Paramyxoviridae Rubula virus Parainfluenza virus HPIV-2, HPIV-4
RNA helical enveloped ss (-) V Paramyxoviridae Rubula virus Mumps virus
RNA helical enveloped ss (-) V Paramyxoviridae Morbillivirus Measles virus
RNA helical enveloped ss (-) V Rhabdoviridae Lyssavirus Rabies virus
RNA helical enveloped ss (-) V Filoviridae Filovirus Marburg virus , Ebola virus
RNA helical enveloped ss (-) V Peribunyaviridae Orthobunyavirus Bunyamweravirus
RNA helical enveloped ss (-) V Nairoviridae Orthonairovirus Crimean Congo Virus
RNA helical enveloped ss (-) V Phenuiviridae Phlebovirus Phlebotomus Fever Virus
RNA helical enveloped ss (-) V Hantaviridae Orthohantavirus Hantaan virus
RNA helical enveloped ss (-) V Arenaviridae Mammary virus LCM virus , Lassa virus

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses Executive Committe , Virus Taxonomy: 2018 Release , How to write virus and species names
  2. ↑ International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses Executive Committee : The new scope of virus taxonomy: partitioning the virosphere into 15 hierarchical ranks , in: Nature Microbiology Volume 5, pp. 668-674 of April 27, 2020, doi: 10.1038 / s41564-020 -0709-x ; and Nadja Podbregar: A family tree for the virosphere , on: scinexx.de from April 29, 2020. Both articles have the status of January 2020, i. H. Details of the Master Species List (MSL) No. 35 of the ICTV from March 2020 have not yet been taken into account. However, this has no meaning for the basic intention of ICTV, with MSL # 35 the development has only continued in the specified direction.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k ICTV Master Species List 2019 v1 MSL # 35, March 2019
  4. ↑ a b c d e f ICTV Master Species List 2018b v1 MSL # 34, February 2019
  5. ↑ Lars Gerdes, Ulrich Busch, Sven Pecoraro: Parallel Quantification of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) , in: Genetic Engineering for Environment and Consumer Protection, Volume 8, 5th Symposium "Genetic Engineering for Environmental and Consumer Protection", Oberschleissheim, November 2013: Conference Paper, here: Fig. 6.1: Baltimore classification and virus families
  6. ↑ SIB: Baltimore classification , on: ViralZone
  7. ↑ SIB: Double Strand DNA Viruses , on: ViralZone
  8. ↑ Koonin EV, Dolja VV, Krupovic M, Varsani A, Wolf YI, Yutin N, Zerbini M, Kuhn JH: Create a megataxonomic framework for DNA viruses encoding vertical jelly roll-type major capsid proteins filling all principal taxonomic ranks . ICTV Proposal 2019.003G, April – July 2019
  9. ↑ a b Julien Guglielmini, Anthony C. Woo, Mart Krupovic, Patrick Forterre, Morgan Gaia: Diversification of giant and large eukaryotic dsDNnA viruses predated the origin of modern eukaryotes , in: PNAS 116 (39), 10./24. September 2019, pp. 19585-19592, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1912006116 , PMID 31506349 , Fig. 2
  10. ↑ a b Julien Guglielmini, Anthony Woo, Mart Krupovic, Patrick Forterre, Morgan Gaia: Diversification of giant and large eukaryotic dsDNA viruses predated the origin of modern eukaryotes , on: bioRxiv of October 29, 2018, doi: 10.1101 / 455816 . bioRxiv : 10.1101 / 455816v1 ( preprint full text).
  11. ↑ Sailen Barik: A Family of Novel Cyclophilins, Conserved in the Mimivirus Genus of the Giant DNA Viruses , in: Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, Volume 16, July 2018, pp. 231-236, doi: 10.1016 / j.csbj.2018.07 .001
  12. ↑ Center national de la recherche scientifique: List of the main “giant” viruses known as of today , Université Aix Marseille, April 18, 2018.
  13. ↑ Jonathan Filée: Giant viruses and their mobile genetic elements: the molecular symbiosis hypothesis , in: Current Opinion in Virology, Volume 33, December 2018, pp. 81-88; bioRxiv : 2018/04/11/299784 ( preprint full text)
  14. ↑ NCBI: Prymadium kappa virus (species)
  15. ↑ Lucie Gallot-Lavallee, Guillaume Blanc, Jean-Michel Claverie: Comparative genomics of Chrysochromulina Ericina Virus (CeV) and other microalgae-infecting large DNA viruses highlight their intricate evolutionary relationship with the established Mimiviridae family , in: J. Virol., 26 April 2017, doi: 10.1128 / JVI.00230-17
  16. ↑ a b Torill Vik Johannessen, Gunnar Bratbak, Aud Larsenb, Hiroyuki Ogatac, Elianne S. Egged, Bente Edvardsen, Wenche Eikremd, Ruth-Anne Sandaaa: Characterization of three novel giant viruses reveals huge diversity among viruses infecting Prymnesiales (Haptophyta) , in : Virology, Volume 476, February 2015, pp. 180-188, doi: 10.1016 / j.virol.2014.12.014 , PMID 25546253
  17. ↑ Christopher R.Schvarcz, Grieg F. Steward: A giant virus infecting green algae encodes key fermentation genes , in: Virology, Volume 518, May 2018, pp. 423-433, doi: 10.1016 / j.virol.2018.03.010
  18. ↑ New giant virus discovered - virus detected off Hawaii is the largest cell parasite of plant organisms to date, on: scinexx from May 4, 2018
  19. ↑ Julien Andreani, Jacques YB Khalil, Emeline Baptiste, Issam Hasni, Caroline Michelle, Didier Raoult, Anthony Levasseur, Bernard La Scola: Orpheovirus IHUMI-LCC2: A New Virus among the Giant Viruses . In: Frontiers in Microbiology . tape 8 , January 22, 2018, ISSN  1664-302X , doi : 10.3389 / fmicb.2017.02643 .
  20. ^ A b Dupuy C, Huguet E, Drezen JM: Unfolding the evolutionary story of polydnaviruses . In: Virus Res . 117, No. 1, 2006, pp. 81-89. doi : 10.1016 / j.virusres.2006.01.001 . PMID 16460826 .
  21. ↑ a b c references see NCLDV
  22. ↑ Basem Al-Shayeb, Rohan Sachdeva, L. Chen, Jillian F. Banfield et al .: Clades of huge phages from across Earth's ecosystems , in: Nature from February 12, 2020, doi: 10.1038 / s41586-020-2007-4 , previously bioRxiv : 10.1101 / 572362v1 ( preprint full text)
  23. ↑ Ed Yong: A Huge Discovery in the World of Viruses , on: The Atlantic, February 20, 2020
  24. ↑ ICTV: 2018.139B.Ud.v1.Saltoviridae.xlsx , ICTV Proposals: Saltoviridae, from August 27, 2018
  25. ↑ Peter J. Walker: 2019.098B.Ud.v1.Zobellviridae_Cobavirinae_1fam1subfam12sp , ICTV Proposals: Zobellviridae, from October 19, 2019
  26. ↑ Eugene V. Koonin, Natalya Yutin: Evolution of the Large Nucleocytoplasmatic DNA Viruses of Eukaryotes and Convergent Origins of Viral Gigantism , in: Advances in Virus research, Volume 103, AP January 21, 2019, doi: 10.1016 / bs.aivir.2018.09 .002 , pp. 167-202.
  27. ↑ a b c d e f Eugene V. Koonin, Valerian V. Dolja, Mart Krupovic: Origins and evolution of viruses of eukaryotes: The ultimate modularity , in: Virology from May 2015; 479-480. 2-25, Epub March 12, 2015, PMC 5898234 (free full text), PMID 25771806
  28. ↑ Jaime Iranzo, Mart Krupovic, Eugene V. Koonin: The Double-Stranded DNA Virosphere as a Modular Hierarchical Network of Gene Sharing , in: mBio 7 (4), July – August 2016, e00978-16, doi: 10.1128 / mBio. 00978-16 , PMC 4981718 (free full text), PMID 27486193
  29. ↑ Nicole L. Welch, Natalya Yutin et al. : Adomaviruses: an emerging virus family provides insights into DNA virus evolution , in: bioRxiv, June 7th 2018 bioRxiv : 2018/06/07/341131 ( Preprint - full text), doi: 10.1101 / 341131 , esp. Fig. 7
  30. ^ A b Nicole L. Welch, Michael J. Tisza et al. : Identification of “Missing Link” Families of Small DNA Tumor Viruses , in: BioRxiv; Cold Spring Harbor, July 11, 2019, bioRxiv : 10.1101 / 697771v3 ( Preprint - full text)
  31. ↑ NCBI: Adomaviridae (family)
  32. ↑ NCBI: Adintoviridae (family)
  33. ↑ Kathryn M. Kauffman, Fatima A. Hussain, Joy Yang, Philip Arevalo, Julia M. Brown, William K. Chang, David VanInsberghe, Joseph Elsherbini, Radhey S. Sharma, Michael B. Cutler, Libusha Kelly, Martin F. Polz : A major lineage of non-tailed dsDNA viruses as unrecognized killers of marine bacteria , in: Nature Volume 554, pp. 118–122, January 24, 2018, doi: 10.1038 / nature25474
  34. ↑ Scientists Find New Type of Virus in World's Oceans: Autolykiviridae , on: sci-news of January 25, 2018
  35. ↑ Researchers discover a mysterious virus that dominates the oceans on: business insider January 29, 2018
  36. ↑ Never-Before-Seen Viruses With Weird DNA Were Just Discovered in The Ocean , on: science alert of January 25, 2018
  37. ↑ NCBI: Autolykiviridae (family) - unclassified dsDNA viruses
  38. ↑ SIB: Bicaudaviridae , on: ViralZone
  39. ↑ SIB: Fuselloviridae , on: ViralZone
  40. ↑ SIB: Globuloviridae , on: ViralZone
  41. ↑ ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Sulfolobus ellipsoid virus 1 , EC 50, Washington, DC, July 2018; Email ratification February 2019 (MSL # 34)
  42. ↑ a b c Jong-Geol Kim, So-Jeong Kim, Virginija Cvirkaite-Krupovic, Mart Krupovic, Jang-Cheon Cho, Sung-Keun Rhee et al. : Spindle-shaped viruses infect marine ammoniaoxidizing thaumarchaea , in: PNAS 116. 201905682, 2019, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1905682116
  43. ↑ ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Nitmarvirus NSV1 , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
  44. ↑ NCBI: Nitrosopumilus spindle-shaped virus (species)
  45. ↑ SIB: 190 (Salterprovirus) , on: ViralZone
  46. ↑ ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Salterprovirus His1 , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
  47. ↑ NCBI: His 1 virus (species)
  48. ↑ SIB: Single Strand DNA Viruses , on: ViralZone
  49. ↑ Mart Krupovic: Networks of evolutionary interactions underlying the polyphyletic origin of ssDNA viruses , in: Current Opinion in Virology Volume 3, No. 5, October 2013, pp. 578-586, doi: 10.1016 / j.coviro.2013.06.010 , PMID 23850154
  50. ↑ Karyna Rosario, Siobain Duffy, Mya Breitbart: A field guide to eukaryotic circular single-stranded DNA viruses: insights gained from metagenomics . In: Archives of Virology . 157, No. 10, October 2012, pp. 1851-1871. doi : 10.1007 / s00705-012-1391-y . PMID 22760663 .
  51. ↑ Darius Kazlauskas, Arvind Varsani, Eugene V. Koonin, Mart Krupovic: Multiple origins of prokaryotic and eukaryotic single-stranded DNA viruses from bacterial and archaeal plasmids . In: Nature Communications . 10, No. 1, 2019, p. 3425. doi : 10.1038 / s41467-019-11433-0 .
  52. ↑ NCBI: CRESS viruses
  53. ↑ Richard Harth: Major class of viruses reveals complex origins , on: ScienceDaily: Science News, July 31, 2019, Arizona State University
  54. ↑ a b Peter J. Walker: 2019.012DUv1.Cressdnaviricota , on: ICTV Proposals, October 9, 2019
  55. ↑ a b Peter J. Walker: 2019.005GUv1.Monodnaviria (xlsx), 2019.005GUv1.Monodnaviria (docx), on: ICTV Proposals, October 19, 2019
  56. ↑ Peter J. Walker: 2019.011DUv1.Redondoviridae , proposal to ICTV, October 18, 2019
  57. ↑ Elina Laanto, Sari Mäntynen, Luigi De Colibus, Jenni Marjakangas, Ashley Gillum, David I. Stuart, Janne J. Ravantti, Juha Huiskonen, Lotta-Riina Sundberg: Virus found in a boreal lake links ssDNA and dsDNA viruses , in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (31), July 2017, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1703834114
  58. ↑ Here the Baltimore classification divides the family or even the genera, not just the order as with the Ortervirales.
  59. ↑ Viral Zone: Pleolipoviridae
  60. ↑ Viral Zone: etapleolipoviridae
  61. ↑ ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Gammapleolipovirus His2 , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
  62. ↑ SIB: Double Strand RNA Viruses , on: ViralZone
  63. ↑ SIB: Positive Strand RNA Viruses , on: ViralZone
  64. ↑ ICTV: Sarthroviridae , Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019 (MSL # 35)
  65. ↑ SIB: Macronovirus , on: ExPASy: ViralZone
  66. ↑ SIB: Negative Strand RNA Viruses , on: ViralZone
  67. ↑ a b Peter J. Walker: 2019.004MAv1.Sunrhavirus , ICTV Proposal: Animal dsRNA and ssRNA viruses
  68. ↑ a b Jamie Bojko: Animal dsRNA and ssRNA viruses , proposal to ICTV of October 15, 2019
  69. ^ SIB: Reverse-Transcribing Viruses , on: ViralZone
  70. ↑ ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Hepatitis B virus , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)