Poxviridae

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Poxviridae
Orf virus.jpg

Orf virus ( TEM image )

Systematics
Classification : Viruses
Area : Varidnaviria
Empire : Bamfordvirae
Phylum : Nucleocytoviricota
Class : Pokkesviricetes
Order : Chitovirals
Family : Poxviridae
Taxonomic characteristics
Genome : dsDNA linear
Baltimore : Group 1
Symmetry : complex
Cover : available
Scientific name
Poxviridae
Left
NCBI  Taxonomy: 10240
ViralZone ( ExPASy , SIB): 174
ICTVdB Virus Code : 00.058

The Poxviridae (smallpox viruses) are a family of viruses that belong to the phylum of the Nucleocytoviricota (obsolete Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses , NCLDV; earlier proposals were called " Nucleocytoplasmaviricota " or - in the rank of an order - " Megavirals "). The subfamilies Chordopoxvirinae and Entemopoxvirinae belong to this family .

features

Representatives of this virus family are among the largest known viruses. With their rectangular to oval shape, they can reach a size of 200 to 400 nm and can therefore also be seen in a very good light microscope . All members of this family are enveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses (dsDNA) because, in addition to the capsid , they have another shell with an outer and an inner part. This capsid and associated proteins contain the DNA double strand in an S-shaped fold. The structure of these viruses is relatively complex, as they contain two lateral bodies in addition to a biconcave core . All belonging to the family of the poxvirus viruses have virus-encoded enzymes that to, mRNA - synthesis in the host cell are required. They also have a linear double-stranded DNA molecule (DNA viruses) with a size of about 130,000 to 375,000 base pairs. In the cytoplasm of their respective host they can also easily proliferate, as they bring a lot of control protein or produce itself.

Triggered diseases

The viruses of the subfamily Chordopoxvirinae mostly infect mammals and birds , but the Entemopoxvirinae also infect insects and cause a wide variety of diseases.

Importance in science

They have a long history in the history of science, with the smallpox epidemics and attempts to make vaccines .

Systematics

Internal system

According to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), as of November 2018 ( Master Species List # 33 ), the internal systematics of the Poxviridae is as follows:

  • Family Poxviridae
  • Species Nile virus crocodilepox ( Nilkrokodilpockenvirus , CRV)
  • Genus not assigned
  • Species " Berlin Squirrelpox virus " ( Berlin squirrel pox virus , BerSQPV, out of date Squirrel parapoxvirus because possibly own genus) and not closely related to the " British squirrel pox virus ", "UK SPQV"
  • Species Pteropox virus
  • Genus not assigned
  • Subfamily not assigned

The ICTV Master Species List has been supplemented by some of the most important viruses (subspecies / isolates) for the respective species. Type species are shown in bold.

The following cladogram of the internal systematics of the Poxviridae follows Clara Rolland et al. (2019):

 Poxviridae  

Entomopoxvirinae : Alphaentomopoxvirus


   

Molluscipox virus


   

Orthopoxvirus


   

Leporipox virus


   

Capripox virus






Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style

External system

Schulz et al. (2018), Fig. 2 proposed a system of NCLDV (now Nucleocytoviricota ) in which the Poxviridae represent a basal group and the (extended) Asfarviridae are located in the branch of the Marseilleviridae . That would have meant a common root for all giant viruses among the NCLDV.

Koonin et al. (2015 and 2019) and Bäckström et al. (2019) suggested a system of NCLDV in which the (extended) family of Asfarviridae forms a sister group of Poxviridae . Together they then form a 3rd branch ( English branch ) of the NCLDV, next to a 1st branch with Mimiviridae and Phycodnaviridae , and a 2nd branch with the Pithoviridae , Marseilleviridae and Iridoviridae . The ICTV followed these suggestions with its Master Species List (MSL) # 35 in March 2020.

literature

  • Michael Rolle, Anton Mayr: Medical microbiology, infection and disease theory. Enke Verlag, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8304-1060-7 .

Web links

Wiktionary: Smallpox virus  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Variola virus , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
  2. ↑ ICTV : Master Species List 2018a v1 , MSL including all taxa updates since the 2017 release. Fall 2018 (MSL # 33)
  3. ↑ dsDNA Viruses: Poxviridae , ICTV 9th Report (2011)
  4. ↑ Frederik A. Murphy, Claude M. Fauquet, David HL Bishop, Said A. Ghabrial, Audrey W. Jarvis, Giovanni P. Martelli, Mike A. Mayo, Max D. Summers: Virus Taxonomy: Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses . Springer Verlag, Vienna 1995, ISBN 978-3-211-82594-5 . ( springer.com )
  5. ↑ CL Afonso, G. Delhon, ER Tulman, Z. Lu, A. Zsak, VM Becerra, L. Zsak, GF Kutish, DL Rock: Genome of Deerpox Virus . In: J Virol. , 2005 Jan; 79 (2), pp. 966-977, doi: 10.1128 / JVI.79.2.966-977.2005 , PMC 538591 (free full text), PMID 15613325
  6. ↑ SIB: Leporipoxvirus , on: ViralZone
  7. ↑ SIB: Suipoxvirus , on: ViralZone
  8. ↑ SIB: Yatapoxvirus , on: ViralZone
  9. ↑ G. Wibbelt, SH Tausch, PW Dabrowski, O. Kershaw, A. Nitsche, L Schrick: Berlin squirrelpox virus, a new poxvirus in red squirrels, Berlin, Germany. (PDF) In: Emerg Infect Dis. Vol. 23, No. 10, October 2017, doi: 10.3201 / eid2310.171008
  10. ↑ Claudia Romeo: Parasites And Biological Invasions: Alien Gray Squirrel ( Sciurus carolinensis ) And Native Red Squirrel ( S. vulgaris ) As Model System . (PDF) Università degli studi di Milano, dipartimento di bioscienze, WS 2012/2013
  11. ↑ Chris Upton, Ginny Emerson, Mark A O'Dea: ICTV Proposal 2016.013aD (PDF)
  12. ↑ Red squirrels in Bangor, North Wales on the increase , to: SquirrelWeb of July 23, 2018
  13. ↑ SIB: Entomopoxvirinae , on: ViralZone
  14. ↑ SIB: Alphaentomopoxvirus , on: ViralZone
  15. ↑ SIB: Betaentomopoxvirus , on: ViralZone
  16. ↑ Shin-Lin Tu, Yoshinori Nakazawa, Jinxin Gao, Kimberly Wilkins, Nadia Gallardo-Romero, Yu Li, Ginny L. Emerson, Darin S. Carroll, Chris Upton: Characterization of Eptesipoxvirus , a novel poxvirus from a microchiropteran bat . In: Virus Genes , December 2017, Volume 53, Issue 6, pp. 856-867, doi: 10.1007 / s11262-017-1485-4
  17. ↑ Clara Rolland, Julien Andreani, Amina Cherif Louazani, Sarah Aherfi, Rania Francis, Rodrigo Rodrigues, Ludmila Santos Silva, Dehia Sahmi, Said Mougari, Nisrine Chelkha, Meriem Bekliz, Lorena Silva, Felipe Assis, Fábio Dornas, Jacques Yaacoub Bou Khalil, Isabelle Pagnier, Christelle Desnues, Anthony Levasseur, Philippe Colson, Jônatas Abrahão, Bernard La Scola: Discovery and Further Studies on Giant Viruses at the IHU Mediterranee Infection That Modified the Perception of the Virosphere , in: Viruses 11 (4), March / April 2019, pii: E312, doi: 10.3390 / v11040312 , PMC 6520786 (free full text), PMID 30935049
  18. ↑ Frederik Schulz, Lauren Alteio, Danielle Goudeau, Elizabeth M. Ryan, Feiqiao B. Yu, Rex R. Malmstrom, Jeffrey Blanchard, Tanja Woyke: Hidden diversity of soil giant viruses , in: Nature Communicationsvolume 9, Article number: 4881 (2018 ) from November 19, 2018, doi: 10.1038 / s41467-018-07335-2
  19. ↑ Eugene V. Koonin, Natalya Yutin: Evolution of the Large Nucleocytoplasmatic DNA Viruses of Eukaryotes and Convergent Origins of Viral Gigantism . In: Advances in Virus research , Volume 103, AP January 21, 2019, pp. 167-202, doi: 10.1016 / bs.aivir.2018.09.002 . The toilet viruses are partially missed as toilet viruses.
  20. ↑ Disa Bäckström, Natalya Yutin, Steffen L. Jørgensen, Jennah Dharamshi, Felix Homa, Katarzyna Zaremba-Niedwiedzka, Anja Spang, Yuri I. Wolf, Eugene V. Koonin, Thijs JG Ettema; Richard P. Novick (Ed.): Virus Genomes from Deep Sea Sediments Expand the Ocean Megavirome and Support Independent Origins of Viral Gigantism , in: mBio Vol. 10, No. 2, March – April 2019, pp. E02497-18, PDF , doi: 10.1128 / mBio.02497-18 , PMC 6401483 (free full text), PMID 30837339 , ResearchGate