Mimiviridae

Mimiviridae
Tupan virus
Systematics
Classification : Viruses Area : Varidnaviria Empire : Bamfordvirae Phylum : Nucleocytoviricota Class : Megaviricetes Order : Impersonal Family : Mimiviridae
Taxonomic characteristics
Genome : dsDNA linear non-segmented Baltimore : Group 1 Symmetry : complex , icosahedral Cover : available
Scientific name
Mimiviridae
Left
NCBI  Taxonomy: 549779 ViralZone ( ExPASy , SIB): 17th

A family of ds-DNA viruses is called Mimiviridae .

The viruses of this family belong to the class Megaviricetes in the phylum of the Nucleocytoviricota (formerly Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses , NCLDV , originally proposed as phylum " Nucleocytoplasmaviricota ", outdated also known as the order " Megavirales " sl ), together with the members of the families Asfarviridae , Ascoviridae and Iridoviridae (" Asco-Iridoviridae "), Phycodnaviridae , Marseilleviridae , Poxviridae , ....

Research history

The first member of this family, Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus (APMV) ( genus Mimivirus , line A) was discovered in 2003. Other members of the family are

• in the genus Mimivirus :

• Species " Mamavirus ", " Terravirus 2 " (both also belonging to the genus Mimivirus line A),
• Species " Moumouvirus " (genus Mimivirus line B)
• Species " Megavirus chilensis " with subtypes Courdovirus 5, 7, 11, and Terravirus 1 (genus Mimivirus line C)

• Genus Cafeteriavirus (with the species CroV, this and APMV are the only two species of the family officially confirmed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses - ICTV as of April 2020 ),
• Genus " Tupanvirus " and Platanovirus
• Genera " Klosneuvirus ", " Catovirus ", " Indivirus " and " Hokovirus ".

In February 2013, S. Clouthier et al. for the “ Namao virus ” (NV) found by them , which parasitizes sturgeon ( English sturgeos ) like the sea sturgeon ( Acipenser fulvescens ), a group before with the provisional name “ sturgeon Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Virus ” (sNCLDV). NV could not be assigned to any of the known groups within the Mimiviridae . Phylogenetic analyzes showed, however, that NV and the Cafeteria roenbergensis virus (CroV) should be sister taxa.

In November 2018, Frederik Schulz and colleagues announced the discovery of 16 new giant viruses by metagenomic analysis of forest soil samples. Preliminary names have been assigned to these viruses, mostly indicating their origin. The following seem to belong to the Mimiviridae family : " Faunusvirus ", " Gaeavirus ", " Homavirus ", " Barrevirus ", " Edafosvirus ", " Hyperionvirus ", " Harvfovirus ", " Terrestrivirus ", " Dasosvirus " and " Satyrvirus " .

In addition, the Mimiviridae family was expanded to include a group with the candidates " Organic Lake Phycodnavirus 1 " and " 2 " (OLPV1 and OLPV2), " Chrysochromulina ericina virus 01 " (CeV01), " Phaeocystis globosa Virus 12 ", " 14 ", " 16 " (PgV-12T, PgV-14T, PgV-16T) and " Phaeocystis pouchetii virus 01 " (PpV) are proposed. This group, traditionally called "OLPG" ( Organic Lake Phycodna Group ), was originally - as the provisional names of its representatives suggest - assigned to the Phycodnaviridae as proposed , but seems to be more related to the Mimiviridae . This group was accordingly also referred to as Mimiviridae group III, in addition to the cafeteria viruses (group II) and the closer relatives of the first described mimivirus (group I). Together with other candidates formerly held for Phycodnaviridae , in particular " Pyramimonas orientalis virus 01 " (PoV), " Tetraselmis virus " (TetV-1) and " Aureococcus anophagefferens virus " (AaV) - it was initially proposed that these be classified as the subfamily " Mesomimivirinae " in to provide the extended family Mimiviridae (also called Megaviridae ).

In March 2020, the ICTV followed the proposal by Koonin et al. of April 2020 to list the extended Mimiviridae as the order Imitervirales after Guglielmini et al. (2018/2019) had already used the term " Megavirales " in this narrow sense - and no longer, as previously proposed, was Megaviricetes or the whole Phylum Nucloecytoviricota (NCLDV) for the current class . The Mimiviridae extension (previously “ Mesomimivirinae ”) can move up in rank to a family “ Mesomimiviridae ”, sister group to the established, 'classic' Mimiviridae s. s.

In September 2019, David M. Needham, Alexandra Z. Worden et al. about the newly discovered " Choanovirus " (ChoanoV 1 and 2), which has a viral rhodopsin and, together with the " Aureococcus anophagefferens virus " (AaV), forms a new clade within the Mimiviridae extension ( called Mesomimiviridae ) in addition to the "OLPG" .

Systematics

Although only a few members of this family (or the proposed order) have been described in detail, it seems likely that there are other virus species that belong to this family group ( taxon ), such as the candidates from metagenomic analyzes and the members of the proposed " Mesomimiviridae " (with "OLPG"). Many viruses have already been isolated but not yet adequately characterized and therefore not yet confirmed by ICTV.

The following internal system is essentially based on the suggestion by Schulz et al. (2018) to supplement the ICTV nomenclature. The candidates from this metagenomic analysis of forest soil are shown in green. Deviating from this suggestion, the Tupan virus group was represented basally in the Megamimivirinae in accordance with various recent studies :

Imitervirales ( Mimiviridae  s. L. )

Mimiviridae ( see p . )           Toilet viruses (including Bodo saltans virus , " Fadolivirus ", " Yasmine virus ", " Gaea virus ", ...)  " Megamimivirinae " (syn. " Megavirinae ", Mimiviridae  Group I)   Mimivirus (genus)  Mimivirus line A ( Mimivirus see p.)     Mimivirus line B ( Moumouvirus group)     Mimivirus line C ( Courdo11 group: Megavirus chilensis , ...)  Tupan virus group  Tupan virus , " platanovirus ", " satyr virus " '  Cafeteriavirus subfamily ( Mimiviridae  group II)  Cafeteria virus     " Faunus virus "     " Namao Virus " (sNCLDV)     gvSAG AB-566-O17   " Mesomimiviridae " ( Mimiviridae extension)         " OLPG " ( Mimiviridae  Group III)  gvSAG AB-572-A11     Phaeocystis globosa virus 12 , 14 , 16 (PgV-12T, PgV-14T, PgV-16T)     Phaeocystis pouchetii virus 01 (PpV)     Organic Lake Phycodnavirus 1 and 2 (OLPV1, OLPV2)     Yellowstone Lake Mimivirus (aka Yellowstone lake giant virus , YLGV, obsolete Yellowstone Lake Phycodnavirus 4 , YSLPV4)     Prymadium kappa virus RF01 and RF02 (PkV-RF01, PkV-RF02)     Chrysochromulina ericina virus 01 (CeV, alias Haptolina ericina virus , HeV)   AaV clade  Aureococcus anophagefferens virus (AaV, English brown tide virus )     Choanovirus (ChoanoV)   TetV clade  Pyramimonas orientalis virus 01 (PoV01)     Tetraselmis virus (TetV-1)

Clara Rolland et al. (2019) have published a slightly different cladogram. The main difference to the above version is that the cafeteria viruses are shifted to the Mimiviridae extension of the "OLPG" and TetV is basal in the extended Mimviridae (now Imitervirales ). The new candidates “ Fadolivirus ” and “ Yasminevirus ” presented in this work are assigned to the “ Klosneuvirinae ” as suggested by the authors .

Often the cafeteria viruses were assigned to their own subfamily (still unnamed as such) within the conventional ( sensu stricto ) Mimiviridae , then called Mimiviridae group II; so also with Claviere et al. (2018), Section 2.3. Alternatively, virologists from the French CNRS (Center national de la recherche scientifique) see cafeteria virus and “ Namao virus ” in the vicinity of the toilet new viruses (above: subfamily “ Klosneuvirinae ”) and refer to the expanded group as the subfamily “ Aquavirinae ”.

The Wilson et al. Candidate gvSAG AB-566-O17 described in 2017 (designated by the NCBI as an unspecified Mimiviridae species with Mimivirus AB-566-O17 ) does not belong to the genus Mimivirus , but, as a candidate of the Mimiviridae, is a "Mimivirus-like virus". According to the authors (Fig. 2), it is more broadly related to APMV than CroV, but more closely than PgV-16T and AaV. It can therefore not be assigned to any of these groups, but is either basal in the Mimivirdae s. s. or forms a sister taxon to these.

According to Claviere et al. (2018) is Namao virus u. U. not a member of the group of cafeteria viruses , but forms a sister group of the same, the Klosneuvirinae (referred to there as a new subfamily ), the Megavirinae (in the case of Mesomimiviridae , Aureococcus anophagefferens virus and Tetraselmis virus ). It is also possible that the genus Raphidovirus (at least the representative Heterosigma akashiwo virus strain HaV53 ) is not part of the Phycodnaviridae , but in a separate group, possibly together with Aureococcus anophagefferens virus . For the phylogenetic tree of the Mesomimiviridae , based on MutS7 (Fig. 2) , the authors come to a comparable result as above, based on DNA polymerase B (Fig. 1), however, there are deviations: Here TetV and then AaV are found basal in the Mimiviridae , the Mesomimiviridae as a family group are therefore reduced to the "OLPG".

According to Johannessen et al. (2015) Prymagnesium kappa virus RF01 (PkV-RF01, previously Prymnesiovirus ) is more of a sister taxon of Pyramimonas orientalis virus 01 (PoV01), both without assignment to the Phycodnaviridae or the extended Mimiviridae . On the other hand, as the sister taxon of Phaeocystis globosa virus (presumably PgV-16T), Prymadium kappa virus RF02 (PkV-RF02, so far also Prymnesiovirus ) is a member of the "OLPG" and thus of the " Mesomimiviridae ".

According to Gallot-Lavallée1 and Blanc 2017, the “OLPG” are in the basal part of the “Mesomimiviridae” extension of the “Mimiviridae”, only after that the two groups are forked with AaV and PoV.

Satellite viruses

→ Main articles : Satellite viruses  and virophages

There are satellite viruses that use the Mimiviridae synthesis apparatus for their own reproduction and are called virophages when they damage their helper viruses ( host viruses ).

• The first case of this species to be discovered is the Sputnik virus . This naturally does not multiply in the virion of the mimivirus , but uses the protein synthesis apparatus of the host cell (the viroplasm ) that has been transformed by the mimivirus and is dependent on the replication enzymes of the mimivirus .
• Another Virophage called " Zamilon " infects another " Mama virus " baptized representatives of mimiviridae . It is now known that mimiviruses of groups I B and I C are attacked by Zamilon, but mimiviruses of group I A have a resistance (called MIMIVIRE, English mimivirus virophage resistance element ), which works similarly to the CRISPR / Cas system .
• " Sissivirophage " should infect " Sissivirus " according to its name .

Web links

Commons : Mimiviridae  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Christelle Desnues, Bernard La Scola, Natalya Yutin, Ghislain Fournous, Catherine Robert, Saïd Azza, Priscilla Jardot, Sonia Monteil, Angélique Campocasso, Eugene V. Koonin, and Didier Raoult: Provirophages and transpovirons as the diverse mobilome of giant viruses , on: PNAS 109 (44) of October 30, 2012, pp. 18078-18083, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1208835109

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} ICTV: ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1 , New MSL including all taxa updates since the 2018b release, March 2020 (MSL # 35)
2. ↑ Eugene V. Koonin, Natalya Yutin: Evolution of the Large Nucleocytoplasmatic DNA Viruses of Eukaryotes and Convergent Origins of Viral Gigantism , in: Advances in Virus research, Volume 103, AP January 21, 2019, doi: 10.1016 / bs.aivir.2018.09 .002 , pp. 167-202. The toilet viruses are partially missed as toilet viruses .
3. ↑ M. Suzan-Monti, B. La Scola, D. Raoult: Genomic and evolutionary aspects of Mimivirus. In: Virus Res. 117 (1), 2006, pp. 145-155.
4. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Center national de la recherche scientifique: List of the main “giant” viruses known as of today (March 2019) , Université Aix Marseille, March 2019.
5. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Jônatas Abrahão, Lorena Silva, Ludmila Santos Silva, Jacques Yaacoub Bou Khalil, Rodrigo Rodrigues, Thalita Arantes, Felipe Assis, Paulo Boratto, Miguel Andrade, Erna Geessien Kroon, Bergmann Ribeiro, Ivan Bergier, Herve Seligmann, Eric Ghigo, Philippe Colson, Anthony Levasseur, Guido Kroemer, Didier Raoult, Bernard La Scola: Tailed giant Tupanvirus possesses the most complete translational apparatus of the known virosphere . In: Nature Communications . 9, No. 1, February 27, 2018. doi : 10.1038 / s41467-018-03168-1 .
6. ↑ Daniel Lingenhöhl: Are new giant viruses pushing the boundaries of life? , on: Spektrum.de from February 28, 2018
7. ↑ Nadja Podbregar: Unusual giant viruses discovered , on: Wissenschaft.de from February 27, 2018
8. ↑ Giant viruses on the verge of life . scinexx.de, February 28, 2018
9. ↑ Frederik Schulz, Natalya Yutin, Natalia N. Ivanova, Davi R. Ortega, Tae Kwon Lee, Julia Vierheilig, Holger Daims, Matthias Horn, Michael Wagner: Giant viruses with an expanded complement of translation system components . In: Science . 356, No. 6333, April 7, 2017, ISSN  0036-8075 , pp. 82-85. doi : 10.1126 / science.aal4657 . PMID 28386012 .
10. ↑ SC Clouthier, E Vanwalleghem, S Copeland, C Klassen, G Hobbs, O Nielsen, ED Anderson: A new species of nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA virus (NCLDV) associated with mortalities in Manitoba lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens . In: Dis Aquat Organ. , 102 (3), February 28, 2013, pp. 195-209, doi: 10.3354 / dao02548 , PMID 23446969
11. ↑ Clouthier SC, Vanwalleghem E, Anderson ED: Sturgeon nucleo-cytoplasmic large DNA virus phylogeny and PCR tests . In: Dis Aquat Organ. , 117 (2), December 9, 2015, pp. 93-106, doi: 10.3354 / dao02937 , PMID 26648102
12. ↑ ^{a b} Sharon Clouthier, Eric Anderson, Gael Kurath, Rachel B. Breyta: Molecular systematics of sturgeon nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses , in: Mol Phylogenet Evol 128, July 2018, doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2018.07.019
13. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Jean-Michel Claverie, Chantal Abergel: Mimiviridae: An Expanding Family of Highly Diverse Large dsDNA Viruses Infecting a Wide Phylogenetic Range of Aquatic Eukaryotes . In: Viruses . 2018 Sep; 10 (9), September 18, 2018, p. 506, doi: 10.3390 / v10090506 , PMC 6163669 (free full text), PMID 30231528
14. ↑ ^{a b c d} Frederik Schulz, Lauren Alteio, Danielle Goudeau, Elizabeth M. Ryan, Feiqiao B. Yu, Rex R. Malmstrom, Jeffrey Blanchard, Tanja Woyke: Hidden diversity of soil giant viruses , in: Nature Communications , Volume 9, No. 4881, November 19, 2018, doi: 10.1038 / s41467-018-07335-2
15. ↑ NCBI: Faunus virus (species)
16. ↑ NCBI: Gaeavirus (species)
17. ↑ NCBI: Homavirus (species)
18. ↑ NCBI: Barrevirus (species)
19. ↑ NCBI: Edafosvirus (species)
20. ↑ NCBI: Hyperionvirus (species)
21. ↑ NCBI: Harvfovirus (species)
22. ↑ NCBI: Terrestrivirus (species)
23. ↑ NCBI: Dasosvirus (species)
24. ↑ NCBI: Satyrvirus (species)
25. ↑ ^{a b} Natalya Yutin, Philippe Colson, Didier Raoult, Eugene V Koonin: Mimiviridae: clusters of orthologous genes, reconstruction of gene repertoire evolution and proposed expansion of the giant virus family , in: Virol J. 2013; 10: 106, April 4, 2013, doi: 10.1186 / 1743-422X-10-106 , PMC 3620924 (free full text), PMID 23557328
26. ↑ Carolina Reyes, Kenneth Stedman: Are Phaeocystis globosa viruses (OLPG) and Organic Lake phycodnavirus a part of the Phycodnaviridae or Mimiviridae? , Blog on ResearchGate, January 8, 2016
27. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Christoph M. Deeg, Cheryl-Emiliane T. Chow, Curtis A. Suttle: The kinetoplastid-infecting Bodo saltans virus (BsV), a window into the most abundant giant viruses in the sea ... , in: eLife Sciences 7, March 2018, doi: 10.7554 / eLife.33014
28. ↑ ^{a b c d} Christopher R. Schvarcz, Grieg F. Steward: A giant virus infecting green algae encodes key fermentation genes. Virology, Volume 518, May 2018, pp. 423-433, doi: 10.1016 / j.virol.2018.03.010
29. ↑ ^{a b c d} List of the main “giant” viruses known as of today (PDF) Center National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Aix Marseille, from April 18, 2018
30. ↑ Julien Guglielmini, Anthony Woo, Mart Krupovic, Patrick Forterre, Morgan Gaia: Diversification of giant and large eukaryotic dsDNA viruses predated the origin of modern eukaryotes , on: bioRxiv of October 29, 2018, bioRxiv : 10.1101 / 455816v1 ( Preprint - full text) , doi: 10.1101 / 455816
31. ↑ Julien Guglielmini, Anthony C. Woo, Mart Krupovic, Patrick Forterre, Morgan Gaia: Diversification of giant and large eukaryotic dsDNnA viruses predated the origin of modern eukaryotes , in: PNAS 116 (39), 10./24. September 2019, pp. 19585-19592, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1912006116 , PMID 31506349 , Fig. 2
32. ↑ ^{a b} Jonathan Filée: Giant viruses and their mobile genetic elements: the molecular symbiosis hypothesis , in: Current Opinion in Virology, Volume 33, December 2018, pp. 81-88; bioRxiv : 2018/04/11/299784 ( preprint full text)
33. ↑ Natalya Yutin et al. : Origin of giant viruses from smaller DNA viruses not from a fourth domain of cellular life . In: Virology , Volumes 466-467, October 2014, pp. 38-52, doi: 10.1016 / j.virol.2014.06.032
34. ↑ ^{a b c d} David M. Needham, Susumu Yoshizawa, Toshiaki Hosaka, Camille Poirier, Chang Jae Choi, Elisabeth Hehenberger, Nicholas AT Irwin, Susanne Wilken, Cheuk-Man Yung, Charles Bachy, Rika Kurihara, Yu Nakajima, Keiichi Kojima, Tomomi Kimura-Someya, Guy Leonard, Rex R. Malmstrom, Daniel R. Mende, Daniel K. Olson, Yuki Sudo, Sebastian Sudek, Thomas A. Richards, Edward F. DeLong, Patrick J. Keeling, Alyson E. Santoro, Mikako Shirouzu, Wataru Iwasaki, Alexandra Z. Worden: A distinct lineage of giant viruses brings a rhodopsin photosystem to unicellular marine predators , in: PNAS, 23 September 2019, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1907517116 , ISSN  0027-8424
35. ↑ Jan Osterkamp: Biggest giant virus with mysterious additional features , on: Spektrum.de from September 23, 2019
36. ^ E. Ghedin, J. M. Claverie: Mimivirus relatives in the Sargasso sea. In: Virol J. 2, 2005, p. 62.
37. ↑ A. Monier, J. M. Claverie, H. Ogata: Taxonomic distribution of large DNA viruses in the sea. In: Genome Biol. 9 (7), 2008, p. R106.
38. ^ ICTV : Virus Taxonomy .
39. ↑ Colson P, Fournous G, Diene SM, Raoult D (2013) Codon usage, amino acid usage, transfer RNA and amino-acyl-tRNA synthetases in mimiviruses. Intervirology 56 (6), pp. 364-375. doi: 10.1159 / 000354557
40. ↑ ^{a b c d} Clara Rolland, Julien Andreani, Amina Cherif Louazani, Sarah Aherfi, Rania Francis, Rodrigo Rodrigues, Ludmila Santos Silva, Dehia Sahmi, Said Mougari, Nisrine Chelkha, Meriem Bekliz, Lorena Silva, Felipe Assis, Fábio Dornas, Jacques Yaacoub Bou Khalil, Isabelle Pagnier, Christelle Desnues, Anthony Levasseur, Philippe Colson, Jônatas Abrahão, Bernard La Scola: Discovery and Further Studies on Giant Viruses at the IHU Mediterranee Infection That Modified the Perception of the Virosphere , in: Viruses 11 (4) , March / April 2019, pii: E312, doi: 10.3390 / v11040312 , PMC 6520786 (free full text), PMID 30935049 . Note: The " Klosneuvirinae " are a (proposed) subfamily of the Mimiviridae by their name ending , and the proposed representatives Yasminevirus and Fadolivirus themselves cannot represent new families. They are not the first isolated representative of this sub- family, which is - as included elsewhere correctly stated Bodo-saltans virus .
41. ↑ Leena Hussein Bajrai, Saïd Mougari, Julien Andreani, Emeline Baptiste, Jeremy Delerce, Didier Raoult, Esam Ibraheem Azhar, Bernard La Scola, Anthony Levasseur; Joanna L. Shisler (Ed.): Isolation of Yasminevirus, the First Member of Klosneuvirinae Isolated in Coculture with Vermamoeba vermiformis , Demonstrates an Extended Arsenal of Translational Apparatus Components , in: JVirol 94 (1), Herbst 2019, doi: 10.1128 / JVI .01534-19
42. ↑ Frederik Schulz, Natalya Yutin, Natalia N. Ivanova, Davi R. Ortega, Tae Kwon Lee, Julia Vierheilig, Holger Daims, Matthias Horn, Michael Wagner: Giant viruses with an expanded complement of translation system components . In: Science . 356, No. 6333, April 7, 2017, ISSN  0036-8075 , pp. 82-85. bibcode : 2017Sci ... 356 ... 82S . doi : 10.1126 / science.aal4657 . PMID 28386012 . , UCPMS ID: 1889607, escholarship.org (PDF)
43. ^ ^{A b} Morgan Gaia, Samia Benamar, Mondher Boughalmi, Isabelle Pagnier, Olivier Croce, Philippe Colson, Didier Raoult, Bernard La Scola: Zamilon, a Novel Virophage with Mimiviridae Host Specificity . In: PLoS One . 9 (4), 2014, p. E94923. doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0094923 . PMID 24747414 . PMC 3991649 (free full text). Published online April 18, 2014
44. ↑ Bärbel Hauröder, Liane Junglas, Silke Loch, Rolf Michel, Karl-Dieter Müller, Claudia Wylezich: Experimental co-infection of Saccamoeba lacustris with Mimivirus-like Giant virus and a small Satellite virus , in: Open Agrar, May 15, 2018
45. ↑ ^{a b c} William H Wilson, Ilana C Gilg, Mohammad Moniruzzaman, Erin K Field, Sergey Koren, Gary R LeCleir, Joaquín Martínez Martínez, Nicole J Poulton, Brandon K Swan, Ramunas Stepanauskas, Steven W Wilhelm: Genomic exploration of individual giant ocean viruses , in: ISME Journal 11 (8), August 2017, pp. 1736–1745, doi: 10.1038 / ismej.2017.61 , PMC 5520044 (free full text), PMID 28498373 , nature , PDF , Associated Data (Supplements): Supplementary Dataset 1 (gvSAG AB-572-A11), Fig. 2 (gvSAG AB-566-O17)
46. ↑ ^{a b} NCBI: Mimivirus AB-566-O17 (acronym: gvSAG AB-566-O17, gvSAG_O17) (species)
47. ↑ ^{a b} Weijia Zhang et al. : Four novel algal virus genomes discovered from Yellowstone Lake metagenomes . In: Scientific Reports , 5, No. 15131 (2015), doi: 10.1038 / srep15131 , see Fig. 6
48. ↑ Sebastian G. Gornik, Ian Hu, Imen Lassadi, Ross F. Waller: The Biochemistry and Evolution of the Dinoflagellate Nucleus , in: Microorganisms 7 (8), June 28, 2019, 245, doi: 10.3390 / microorganisms7080245
49. ↑ ^{a b c d} Sailen Barik: A Family of Novel Cyclophilins, Conserved in the Mimivirus Genus of the Giant DNA Viruses , in: Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, Volume 16, July 2018, pp. 231-236, doi: 10.1016 / j .csbj.2018.07.001
50. ↑ NCBI: Yellowstone lake mimivirus (species) - not a member of the genus Mimivirus , but a "mimivirus-like virus" - is apparently identical to Yellowstone lake giant virus , YLGV, and Yellowstone Lake Phycodnavirus 4 , YSLPV4, to be distinguished from the unrelated one , not further classified Yellowstone hot spring archaeal RNA virus (species) and the Yellowstone Lake Virophages (YSLVs)
51. ↑ NCBI: Prymadium kappa virus (species)
52. ↑ Lucie Gallot-Lavallee, Guillaume Blanc, Jean-Michel Claverie: Comparative genomics of Chrysochromulina Ericina Virus (CeV) and other microalgae-infecting large DNA viruses highlight their intricate evolutionary relationship with the established Mimiviridae family , in: J. Virol., 26 April 2017, doi: 10.1128 / JVI.00230-17
53. ↑ ^{a b c} Torill Vik Johannessen, Gunnar Bratbak, Aud Larsenb, Hiroyuki Ogatac, Elianne S. Egged, Bente Edvardsen, Wenche Eikremd, Ruth-Anne Sandaaa: Characterization of three novel giant viruses reveals huge diversity among viruses infecting Prymnesiales (Haptophyta) , in: Virology, Volume 476, February 2015, pp. 180-188, doi: 10.1016 / j.virol.2014.12.014 , PMID 25546253 , Fig. S2
54. ↑ Mohammad Moniruzzaman, Gary R. LeCleir, Christopher M. Brown, Christopher J. Gobler, Kay D. Bidle, William H. Wilson, Steven W. Wilhelm: Genome of brown tide virus (AaV), the little giant of the Megaviridae, elucidates NCLDV genome expansion and host – virus coevolution , in: Virology, Volume 466–467, October 2014, online July 14, 29134, pp. 60–70, doi: 10.1016 / j.virol.2014.06.031
55. ↑ New giant virus discovered - virus detected off Hawaii is the largest cell parasite of plant organisms to date, on: scinexx from May 4, 2018
56. ^ A new giant virus found in the waters of Oahu, Hawaii , ScienceDaily, May 3, 2018
57. ↑ List of the main “giant” viruses known as of today . (PDF) Université Aix Marseille, Center national de la recherche scientifique , April 18, 2018.
58. ↑ Yoshitoshi Ogura, Tetsuya Hayashi, Shoko Ueki: Complete Genome Sequence of a Phycodnavirus, Heterosigma akashiwo Virus Strain 53 , in: Microbiology, September 2016, doi: 10.1128 / genomeA.01279-16 , PubMed 27834719, PDF
59. ↑ Fumito Maruyama, Shoko Ueki: Evolution and Phylogeny of Large DNA Viruses, Mimiviridae and Phycodnaviridae Including Newly Characterized Heterosigma akashiwo Virus , in: Front. Microbiol., November 30, 2016, doi: 10.3389 / fmicb.2016.01942 , PMC 5127864 (free full text), PMID 27965659
60. ↑ Lucie Gallot-Lavallée, Guillaume Blanc: A Glimpse of Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Large DNA Virus Biodiversity through the Eukaryotic Genomics Window , in: Viruses. 2017 Jan; 9 (1): 17. PMC 5294986 (free full text), PMID 28117696
61. ↑ Anthony Levasseur, Meriem Bekliz, Eric Chabrière, Pierre Pontarotti, Bernard La Scola, Didier Raoult: MIMIVIRE is a defense system in Mimivirus did confers resistance to virophage. In: Nature , 2016, doi: 10.1038 / nature17146 .
62. ↑ Ewen Callaway: CRISPR-like 'immune' system discovered in giant virus , in: Nature : News, June 29, 2016