Tupan virus

"Tupan Virus"
" Tupan Virus "
Systematics
Classification : Viruses Area : Varidnaviria Empire : Bamfordvirae Phylum : Nucleocytoviricota Class : Megaviricetes Order : Impersonal Family : Mimiviridae Subfamily : "Mimivirinae" / "Megavirinae" / "Megamimivirinae" Genre : "Tupan Virus" Type : "Tupanvirus DO", "Tupanvirus SL"
Taxonomic characteristics
Genome : dsDNA linear Baltimore : Group 1 Cover : available
Left
NCBI  Taxonomy: 2094720

Not to be confused with Tupavirus

" Tupanvirus " is the proposed name of a genus of giant viruses with two species, the " Tupanvirus Deep Ocean " (TupanDO) and the " Tupanvirus Soda Lake " (TupanSL). They are named after Tupã (Tupan), a thunder god of the Guaraní , and the places where they were found. What is unique about these viruses is that they can incorporate (or translate ) all 20 standard amino acids .

construction

The virion (virus particle) of the Tupan virus has a length of up to 1.2 µm, with the capsid being similar in size and structure to that of the mimivirus . However, the Tupan virus virus has a large cylindrical tail (~ 550 nm × 450 nm in diameter) that is attached to the base of the capsid. Some particles can reach up to 2.3 µm due to the variation in the size of this tail.

Genome

The Tupan virus genome consists of double-stranded DNA . In Tupan virus deep ocean , it has a length of 1,516,267 base pairs (bp) and codes predicted 1,359 proteins , the GC content is 29%. In Tupanvirus soda lake there are 1,439,508 bp in length, 1,276 predicted encoded proteins, and the same GC content. Many genes that are involved in processes in cellular organisms are also found in the Tupan virus genome.

Hosts

Tupanviren are able, protists and amoebas infect but pose no threat to the humans. Can replicate While most giant viruses only in a single species or genus, has " Tupanvirus " among these a very wide host range, including Acanthamoeba castellanii , A. polyphaga , A. griffini , A. sp E4 , Vermamoeba vermiformis , Dictyostelium discoideum and Willartia magna .

As a giant virus, " Tupan virus " has the largest translational apparatus in the known virosphere . The analysis of the Tupan virus is a further step in understanding the evolution of giant viruses.

Systematics

The genus is currently (as of April 2019) not yet officially recognized by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), so all names are still proposed. As a member of the Mimiviridae family , group I (often called “ Megamimivirinae ” or simply “ Megavirinae ” as the proposed subfamily ), 0 “ Tupanvirus ” belongs to the phylum Nucleocytoviricota (formerly Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses , NCLDV ).

" Tupanvirus " is within the Mimiviridae group I, however, as well as the also proposed " Platanovirus " (with " Platanovirus saccamoebae " KSL-5 and KSL-5x) and (possibly the closest relative) " Satyrvirus " none of the conventional lines ( clades ) A, B or C is assigned to the genus Mimivirus , but together with these a separate line of Tupan viruses.

The exact phylogenetic position of the Tupan virus is still being discussed (as of April 2020). There are several suggestions for the phylogenetic tree within the family Mimiviridae group I:

According to the CNRS ( Center national de la recherche scientifique ) the " Megavirinae " are composed as follows:

Cladogram A

" Megavirinae "	Clade A ( Mimivirus s. S. )     Clade B (" Moumouvirus ")     Clade C (" Megavirus chilensis ")     Tupan viruses (" Tupan virus soda lake ", ...)

There is no more detailed information on the phylogenetic relationship between the four groups.

According to Schulz et al. (2018), Fig. 2: cluster the Tupan viruses with the clade of mimivirus group B + C:

Cladogram B

" Megamimivirinae "	Clade A ( Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus , Hirudovirus sansgue , ...)     Clade B ( " Moumouvirus Monve ", " Momouvirus Goulette ", ...)     Clade C (" Megavirus T1 ", ...)     Tupan viruses (" Tupan virus Soda Lake ", " Tupan virus deep ocesn ")     " Satyr virus "

According to David Needham, Alexandra Worden et al. (2019), Fig. 2 and S3, the position of the Tupan viruses is, however, basal within the Mimiviridae group I:

Cladogram C

	Clade A ( Mimivirus s. S., MimiV)     Clade B (" Moumouvirus ", MoumouV)     Clade C (" Megavirus ", MegaV)     Tupan viruses

This is in agreement with Bäckström et al. (2018) Fig. 3, Koonin and Yutin (2018) Fig. 1 and Guglielmini et al. (2019), Fig. 2; as well as in agreement with Abrahão et al. (2018) Fig. 4, only in Fig. 3b of the same work the Tupan viruses form a sister group to the mimivirus group A:

Cladogram D

	Tupan viruses (" Tupan virus Soda Lake ", " Tupan virus deep ocesn ")     Clade A ( Mimivirus ss)     Clade B ( " Moumouvirus Monve ", " Momouvirus saoudian " ...)     Clade C (" Megavirus chilensis ", ...)

According to the available work, the middle cladogram C can be regarded as the most likely scenario for the phylogenetic relationships among the representatives and candidates of the Mimiviridae group I (proposed subfamily “ Megamimivirinae ” alias “ Megavirinae ”). This could also justify the different generic names Mimivirus (for the clades / lines A, B and C) on the one hand and " Tupan virus " on the other; however, some authors prefer to see the Tupan virus as a subset of the genus Mimivirus . The Tupan virus group would only have to be supplemented by " satyr virus " and the platanoviruses (whose closest relative is probably " Tupan virus ").

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e} ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
2. ↑ Christoph M. Deeg, Cheryl-Emiliane T. Chow, Curtis A. Suttle: The kinetoplastid-infecting Bodo saltans virus (BsV), a window into the most abundant giant viruses in the sea ... , in: eLife Sciences 7, March 2018 , doi: 10.7554 / eLife.33014
3. ↑ Center national de la recherche scientifique: List of the main “giant” viruses known as of today (March 2019) , Université Aix Marseille, March 2019.
4. ↑ ^{a b c} Frederik Schulz, Lauren Alteio, Danielle Goudeau, Elizabeth M. Ryan, Feiqiao B. Yu, Rex R. Malmstrom, Jeffrey Blanchard, Tanja Woyke: Hidden diversity of soil giant viruses , in: Nature Communications Volume 9, No. 4881 , November 19, 2018, doi: 10.1038 / s41467-018-07335-2
5. ↑ Jean-Michel Claverie, Chantal Abergel: Mimiviridae: An Expanding Family of Highly Diverse Large dsDNA Viruses Infecting a Wide Phylogenetic Range of Aquatic Eukaryotes . In: Viruses , 2018 Sep; 10 (9), p. 506, doi: 10.3390 / v10090506 , PMC 6163669 (free full text), PMID 30231528
6. ↑ Jason R. Schrad, Jônatas S. Abrahão, Juliana R. Cortines and Kristin N. Parent: Structural and Proteomic Characterization of the Initiation of Giant Virus Infection , in: Cell, May 8, 2020, doi: 10.1016 / j.cell. 2020.04.032
7. ↑ Mysterious Giant Viruses: Gargantuan in Size and Complexity , on: SciTechDaily, May 9, 2020, Source: Michigan State University
8. ↑ ^{a b} Dan Garisto: These giant viruses have more protein-making gear than any known virus . February 27, 2018.
9. ↑ ^{a b c d} Jônatas Abrahão, Lorena Silva, Ludmila Santos Silva, Jacques Yaacoub Bou Khalil, Rodrigo Rodrigues, Thalita Arantes, Felipe Assis, Paulo Boratto, Miguel Andrade, Erna Geessien Kroon, Bergmann Ribeiro, Ivan Bergier, Herve Seligmann, Eric Ghigo , Philippe Colson, Anthony Levasseur, Guido Kroemer, Didier Raoult, Bernard La Scola: Tailed giant Tupanvirus possesses the most complete translational apparatus of the known virosphere . In: Nature Communications . 9, No. 1, February 27, 2018. doi : 10.1038 / s41467-018-03168-1 .
10. ↑ Frederik Schulz, Natalya Yutin, Natalia N. Ivanova, Davi R. Ortega, Tae Kwon Lee, Julia Vierheilig, Holger Daims, Matthias Horn, Michael Wagner, Grant J. Jensen, Nikos C. Kyrpides, Eugene V. Koonin, Tanja Woyke : Giant viruses with an expanded complement of translation system components . In: Science . 356, No. 6333, April 7, 2017, pp. 82-85. doi : 10.1126 / science.aal4657 . PMID 28386012 .
11. ↑ David M. Needham, Alexandra Z. Worden et al .: A distinct lineage of giant viruses brings a rhodopsin photosystem to unicellular marine predators , in: PNAS, 23 September 2019, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1907517116 , ISSN  0027-8424 , here: Supplement 1 (xlsx)
12. ↑ Graziel Oliveira, Bernard La Scola, Jônatas Abrahão: Giant virus vs amoeba: fight for supremacy , in: Virol J 16, 126, November 4, 2019, doi: 10.1186 / s12985-019-1244-3 , PDF . Dictyostelium is prescribed as Dyctiostelium .
13. ↑ Bärbel Hauröder, Liane Junglas, Silke Loch, Rolf Michel, Karl-Dieter Müller, Claudia Wylezich: Experimental co-infection of Saccamoeba lacustris with Mimivirus-like Giant virus and a small Satellite virus , in: Open Agrar, May 15, 2018
14. ↑ ^{a b} List of the main “giant” viruses known as of today (PDF) Université Aix Marseille, Center national de la recherche scientifique , April 18, 2018.
15. ↑ David M. Needham, Susumu Yoshizawa, Toshiaki Hosaka, Camille Poirier, Chang Jae Choi, Elisabeth Hehenberger, Nicholas AT Irwin, Susanne Wilken, Cheuk-Man Yung, Charles Bachy, Rika Kurihara, Yu Nakajima, Keiichi Kojima, Tomomi Kimura-Someya , Guy Leonard, Rex R. Malmstrom, Daniel R. Mende, Daniel K. Olson, Yuki Sudo, Sebastian Sudek, Thomas A. Richards, Edward F. DeLong, Patrick J. Keeling, Alyson E. Santoro, Mikako Shirouzu, Wataru Iwasaki , Alexandra Z. Worden: A distinct lineage of giant viruses brings a rhodopsin photosystem to unicellular marine predators , in: PNAS, 23 September 2019, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1907517116 , ISSN  0027-8424 , PDF , including Supplement 1 (xlsx )
16. ↑ Disa Bäckström, Natalya Yutin, Steffen L. Jørgensen, Jennah Dharamshi, Felix Homa, Katarzyna Zaremba-Niedwiedzka, Anja Spang, Yuri I. Wolf, Eugene V. Koonin, Thijs JG Ettema; Richard P. Novick (Ed.): Virus Genomes from Deep Sea Sediments Expand the Ocean Megavirome and Support Independent Origins of Viral Gigantism , in: nBio, 2018/2019, doi: 10.1128 / mBio.02497-18 , PMID 30837339
17. ↑ Eugene V. Koonin, Natalya Yutin: Multiple evolutionary origins of giant viruses , in: F1000 Research, November 22, 2018, doi: 10.12688 / f1000research.16248.1 , version 1
18. ↑ Julien Guglielmini, Anthony C. Woo, Mart Krupovic, Patrick Forterre, Morgan Gaia: Diversification of giant and large eukaryotic dsDNnA viruses predated the origin of modern eukaryotes , in: PNAS 116 (39), 10./24. September 2019, pp. 19585-19592, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1912006116 , PMID 31506349 , Fig. 2
19. ↑ Julien Guglielmini, Anthony Woo, Mart Krupovic, Patrick Forterre, Morgan Gaia: Diversification of giant and large eukaryotic dsDNA viruses predated the origin of modern eukaryotes , on: bioRxiv of October 29, 2018, bioRxiv : 10.1101 / 455816v1 ( Preprint - full text) , doi: 10.1101 / 455816
20. ↑ Sailen Barik: A Family of Novel Cyclophilins, Conserved in the Mimivirus Genus of the Giant DNA Viruses , in: Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, Volume 16, July 2018, pp. 231-236, doi: 10.1016 / j.csbj.2018.07 .001
21. ↑ Claudia Wylezich, Bärbel Hauröder, Dirk Höper, Martin Beer: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331954454_A_new_giant_virus_isolated_from_its_natural_host_Saccamoeba_sp_together_with_its_virophage_shows_a . Conference: 38_range for Austria, in February 2019, meeting of the Society of Vienna_its_virophage_shows_a Conference: 38_range for Austria, DG_range for the Society, meeting of Vienna_range for Austria, DG_range for the Society