Toilet virus
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" Klosneuvirus " ( KNV , even Kløv ) is a giant virus from the family of mimiviridae in Phylum Nucleocytoviricota (obsolete Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses , NCLDV ). It was discovered in the metagenome of a sewage treatment plant in the Austrian city of Klosterneuburg near Vienna . With 1.57 million base pairs , it has an unusually large genome . As of cells built organisms it has aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases for all 20 amino acids .
The discovery of the " toilet virus " refutes the hypothesis of a fourth realm of biology (or domain ). In addition to bacteria , archaea and eukaryotes, there was once a fourth group that has since disappeared. Their descendants are today's giant viruses. The analysis of the genome of KNV instead showed that giant viruses developed from smaller viruses with the acquisition of eukaryotic genetic material.
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) has also created a home for the NCLDV after official confirmation of the higher taxonomic ranks for viruses (with the top rank area instead of domain), and it has the Master Species List (MSL) # 35 Assigned to the Varidnaviria division in March 2020 .
Genome
The type species Klosneuvirus KNV1 has a genome length of 1,573,084 bp and, according to prediction, codes for 1545 proteins ; the GC content is 29%.
Systematics
The " Klosneuvirus " forms together with the three other candidates also discovered in Klosterneuburg
- " Indivirus ", " Catovirus ", " Hokovirus " " Barrevirus ", " Dasosvirus ", " Edafosvirus ", " Gaeavirus ", " Harvfovirus ", " Homavirus ", " Hyperionvirus " and " Terrestrivirus " (all previously - as of April 2019 - only from metagenomic analyzes ), as well as
- “ Bodo saltans virus ”, fadolivirus and yasmine virus (from isolates with the aid of host cell cultures ) and
- LCMiAC01 and LCMiAC01 (from a metagenomic analysis of samples from the black smoker Loki's Castle , Loki's Castle in English )
in the opinion of most authors, a subfamily in the Mimiviridae family called " Klosneuvirinae " for the time being . While the affiliation of this entire group of toilet new viruses to the family of the Mimiviridae is undisputed, the exact topology of the relationships and nomenclature within this family and possible extensions (i.e. within the order Imitervirales created by the ICTV in March 2020 ) is currently (April 2020) still being discussed heavily discussed:
Deeg et al. (2018) understand the toilet new viruses as subtaxons of an extended subfamily " Megavirinae ", which includes all conventional Mimiviridae , and to which the candidates formerly assigned to the Phycodnaviridae (with the " OLPG ", "Organic Lake Phycodnavirus Group" group) as a subfamily " Mesomimivirinae “form a sister taxon within an extensive family Mimiviridae .
Because of the high diversification of the giant viruses, however, Koonin et al. (April 2014) higher ranks. With Mimiviridae only the classical representatives are further designated, including the toilet new viruses and cafeteria viruses, in addition the former Phycodnaviridae join as sister family " Mesomimiviridae ". With this extension together, the Mimiviridae form the proposed order Imitervirales
While these are just different names and do not mean a change in the topology of the phylogenetic tree, some authors (such as the CNRS) see a close relationship between toilet new viruses and cafeteria viruses and “ Namo virus ” and therefore propose a common subfamily “ Aquavirinae ” .
While the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) sees the Bodosaltans virus (BsV) as a sister species of Klosneuvirus KNV1 in the genus Klosneuvirus , Disa Bäckström et al. (2019), Fig. 3, a system of toilet new viruses with the Catovirus as the closest relative of BsV among the four original toilet viruses (von Schulz et al. 2017) (Fig. 3). This in accordance with Schulz et al . (2018), who add other candidates from their metagenomic analyzes of soil samples:
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The two finds from Loki's castle according to Bäckström et al. (2019), since the cladogram given there in Fig. 3 is compatible in the area of toilet new viruses (especially with regard to the basal position of " Hokovirus ").
Clara Rolland et al. (2019) have suggested a slightly different cladogram:
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Note: Both cladograms are reproduced in such a way that the shifts in the topology can be easily recognized.
The ICTV had not yet recorded any new toilet viruses in MSL # 35 in March 2020.
Web links
- Mitch Leslie: Giant viruses found in Austrian sewage fuel debate over potential fourth domain of life . In: Science . April 5, 2017, doi : 10.1126 / science.aal1005 .
- Find in wastewater - researchers discover four new giant viruses , on: Spiegel online from April 7, 2017
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f ICTV: ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1 , New MSL including all taxa updates since the 2018b release, March 2020 (MSL # 35)
- ↑ a b c d e Frederik Schulz, Natalya Yutin, Natalia N. Ivanova, Davi R. Ortega, Tae Kwon Lee, Julia Vierheilig, Holger Daims, Matthias Horn, Michael Wagner: Giant viruses with an expanded complement of translation system components . In: Science . 356, No. 6333, April 7, 2017, ISSN 0036-8075 , pp. 82-85. bibcode : 2017Sci ... 356 ... 82S . doi : 10.1126 / science.aal4657 . PMID 28386012 . , UCPMS ID: 1889607, escholarship.org (PDF)
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↑ a b c d e Disa Bäckström, Natalya Yutin, Steffen L. Jørgensen, Jennah Dharamshi, Felix Homa, Katarzyna Zaremba-Niedwiedzka, Anja Spang, Yuri I. Wolf, Eugene V. Koonin, Thijs JG Ettema; Richard P. Novick (Ed.): Virus Genomes from Deep Sea Sediments Expand the Ocean Megavirome and Support Independent Origins of Viral Gigantism , in: mBio Vol. 10, No. 2, March – April 2019, pp. E02497-18, PDF , doi: 10.1128 / mBio.02497-18 , PMC 6401483 (free full text), PMID 30837339 , ResearchGate reference error : Invalid
<ref>tag. The name "Bäckström2019" was defined several times with different content. - ↑ Eugene V. Koonin, Natalya Yutin: Evolution of the Large Nucleocytoplasmatic DNA Viruses of Eukaryotes and Convergent Origins of Viral Gigantism , in: Advances in Virus research, Volume 103, AP January 21, 2019, doi: 10.1016 / bs.aivir.2018.09 .002 , pp. 167-202. The toilet viruses are partially missed as toilet viruses.
- ↑ David M. Needham, Alexandra Z. Worden et al .: A distinct lineage of giant viruses brings a rhodopsin photosystem to unicellular marine predators , in: PNAS, 23 September 2019, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1907517116 , ISSN 0027-8424 , here: Supplement 1 (xlsx)
- ↑ a b Frederik Schulz, Lauren Alteio, Danielle Goudeau, Elizabeth M. Ryan, Feiqiao B. Yu, Rex R. Malmstrom, Jeffrey Blanchard, Tanja Woyke: Hidden diversity of soil giant viruses , in: Nature Communicationsvolume 9, Article number: 4881 (2018) of November 19, 2018, doi: 10.1038 / s41467-018-07335-2
- ↑ Leena Hussein Bajrai, Saïd Mougari, Julien Andreani, Emeline Baptiste, Jeremy Delerce, Didier Raoult, Esam Ibraheem Azhar, Bernard La Scola, Anthony Levasseur; Joanna L. Shisler (Ed.): Isolation of Yasminevirus, the First Member of Klosneuvirinae Isolated in Coculture with Vermamoeba vermiformis , Demonstrates an Extended Arsenal of Translational Apparatus Components , in: JVirol 94 (1), Herbst 2019, doi: 10.1128 / JVI .01534-19
- ↑ a b c Clara Rolland, Julien Andreani, Amina Cherif Louazani, Sarah Aherfi, Rania Francis, Rodrigo Rodrigues, Ludmila Santos Silva, Dehia Sahmi, Said Mougari, Nisrine Chelkha, Meriem Bekliz, Lorena Silva, Felipe Assis, Fábio Dornas, Jacques Yaacoub Bou Khalil, Isabelle Pagnier, Christelle Desnues, Anthony Levasseur, Philippe Colson, Jônatas Abrahão, Bernard La Scola: Discovery and Further Studies on Giant Viruses at the IHU Mediterranee Infection That Modified the Perception of the Virosphere , in: Viruses 11 (4), March / April 2019, pii: E312, doi: 10.3390 / v11040312 , PMC 6520786 (free full text), PMID 30935049 . Note: The " Klosneuvirinae " are a (proposed) subfamily of the Mimiviridae by their name ending , and the proposed representatives Yasminevirus and Fadolivirus themselves cannot represent new families. They are not the first isolated representative of this sub- family, which is - as included elsewhere correctly stated Bodo-saltans virus .
- ↑ CM Deeg, ECT Chow, CA Suttle: The kinetoplastid-infecting Bodo saltans virus (BsV), a window into the most abundant giant viruses in the sea . In: eLife . 7, 2018, p. E33014. doi : 10.7554 / eLife.33014 .
- ↑ Jonathan Filée: Giant viruses and their mobile genetic elements: the molecular symbiosis hypothesis , in: Current Opinion in Virology, Volume 33, December 2018, pp. 81-88; bioRxiv : 2018/04/11/299784 ( preprint full text)
- ↑ Center national de la recherche scientifique: List of the main “giant” viruses known as of today , Université Aix Marseille, April 18, 2018.
- ↑ Center national de la recherche scientifique: List of the main “giant” viruses known as of today (March 2019) , Université Aix Marseille, March 2019.
- ↑ NCBI : Klosneuvirus (genus), date of access: August 2, 2019