Cafeteria roenbergensis virus

Cafeteria roenbergensis virus

Classification :	Viruses
Area :	Varidnaviria
Empire :	Bamfordvirae
Phylum :	Nucleocytoviricota
Class :	Megaviricetes
Order :	Impersonal
Family :	Mimiviridae
Subfamily :	"Cafeteria virus subfamily"
Genre :	Cafeteria virus
Type :	Cafeteria roenbergensis virus
Subspecies :	Cafeteria roenbergensis virus strain BV-PW1 Cafeteria roenbergensis virus MGF-2008

Taxonomic characteristics

Genome :	dsDNA linear, without RNA segment
Baltimore :	Group 1

Scientific name

Cafeteria roenbergensis virus

Short name

CroV

Left

NCBI Taxonomy:	1513235
ViralZone ( ExPASy , SIB):	4741
ICTV Taxon History:	201853888

The Cafeteria roenbergensis virus ( CroV ) is a virus species with the strains (Isolaten, English strain, isolate ) Bodo virus-pier water 1 (CroV BV-PW1) and Cafeteria roenbergensis virus MGF-2008 (CroV MGF-2008). Viruses that occur in the sea have virus particles (virions) with a diameter of 280 nm . These viruses infect the unicellular flagellates of the species Cafeteria roenbergensis from the genus Cafeteria , which live in zooplankton . It is one of the largest viruses identified to date . It was discovered off the coast of Texas ( USA ) in the early 1990s , is possibly distantly related to the mimivirus and is attributed to the phylum Nucleocytoviricota (formerly Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDV) ).

Genome size

With a genome length of up to about 730 kbp ( DNA - nucleobases pair) and over 500 recognized genes , the genetic make-up of this large marine virus is very extensive, in contrast to many simply structured viruses, and even exceeds the genetic make-up of some complex unicellular cells . Cafeteria roenbergensis virus BV PW1, for example, has a genome length of 617,453 bp with a predicted 544 encoded proteins. The GC content is 23%, comparable to Hokovirus (21.4%) and Choanovirus 1 (22%), two other giant viruses suggested (from metagenomic analyzes) .

Like other viruses, the Cafeteria roenbergensis virus has to penetrate a host cell for its replication , but due to its extensive genetic make-up it can independently produce important cell components. For example , certain genes express DNA repair enzymes that have not been found in other viruses. Another part of the genome, around 38,000 base pairs in size, is likely of bacterial origin and encodes enzymes that are necessary for the synthesis of carbohydrates . Exactly such carbohydrates also form the outer cell membrane of some bacterial strains.

Since - according to the researchers - a large part of the genetic equipment found in this virus would only be expected in a living cell, the Cafeteria roenbergensis virus blurs the line between viruses / virions and living organisms and thus represents the assessment that is widespread among scientists of viruses as non-living things.

Significance for the ocean ecosystem

Since the cafeteria roenbergensis virus one in the sea spread far plankton species ( cafeteria roenbergensis ) attacks, in turn, from bacteria feeds and thus forms the basis of the marine food chain, it probably has a big impact on the ecosystem of the oceans one because Virus infestation, for example, can also cause cafeteria populations to collapse.

Features of the Mimiviridae in comparison

virus	Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase	Octocorallia -like MutS	Protein filaments ( length)	Stargate	Well-known virophage	Cytoplasmic Virion Factory	host
Megavirus chilensis	7 ( Tyr , Arg , Met , Cys , Trp , Asn , Ile )	Yes	yes (75 nm)	Yes	No	Yes	Acanthamoeba ( Unikonta , Amoebozoa )
Mamavirus ACMV	4 (Tyr, Arg, Met, Cys)	Yes	yes (120 nm)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Acanthamoeba (Unikonta, Amoebozoa)
Mimivirus ApMV (wild type M1)	4 (Tyr, Arg, Met, Cys)	Yes	yes (120 nm)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Acanthamoeba (Unikonta, Amoebozoa)
Mimivirus M4 (soon / fiberless variant)	2 (Met, Cys)	No	No	Yes	resistant	Yes	Acanthamoeba (Unikonta, Amoebozoa)
Cafeteria roenbergensis virus	1 (Ile)	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Phagotrophic protozoa ( heteroconta , stramenopiles )

Virophage

CroV is the host of the virophage mavirus .

Systematics

A close relative of CroV appears to be the ' Faunus virus ' identified from a metagenomic analysis of forest soil samples . Most authors see the cafeteria viruses as a basic subfamily (not named as of 2018) within the clade of the 'conventional' Mimiviridae (the Mimiviridae without the group recently proposed as the subfamily ' Mesomimiviridae ' and formerly known as the OLPG ). An alternative view ( CNRS 2018) brings the cafeteria viruses closer to the toilet new viruses and therefore proposes a common subfamily Aquavirinae .

literature

Tanya Marie St. John: Characterization of a Large DNA Virus (BV-PW1) infecting the heterotropic marine nanoflagellate Cafeteria sp. Scientific thesis on obtaining a Master of Science (M.Sc.) at the University of British Columbia, 2003, full text as PDF file
Philippe Colson et al. : The Giant Cafeteria roenbergensis Virus That Infects a Widespread Marine Phagocytic Protist Is a New Member of the Fourth Domain of Life. In: PLoS One. 2011, Volume 6, Number 4, Article e18935; published online: April 29, 2011, doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0018935 .

Web links

National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI): Cafeteria roenbergensis virus BV-PW1 . On: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ; last accessed on February 12, 2016.
NCBI: Cafeteria roenbergensis virus BV-PW1, complete genome. (Complete genome of the Cafeteria roenbergensis virus in graphic representation) On: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ; last accessed on February 12, 2016.
Graziel Oliveira, Bernard La Scola, Jônatas Abrahão: Giant virus vs amoeba: fight for supremacy . In: Virology Journal. (Virol J) Volume 16, No. 1, Article Number: 126, published: November 4, 2019, doi: 10.1186 / s12985-019-1244-3 , ( PDF ).

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ICTV: ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1 , New MSL including all taxa updates since the 2018b release, March 2020 (MSL # 35)
↑ ^a ^b ^c Frederik Schulz, Lauren Alteio, Danielle Goudeau, Elizabeth M. Ryan, Feiqiao B. Yu, Rex R. Malmstrom, Jeffrey Blanchard, Tanja Woyke: Hidden diversity of soil giant viruses. In: Nature Communicationsvolume. Volume 9, 2018, article number: 4881 from November 19, 2018, doi : 10.1038 / s41467-018-07335-2 .
↑ Julien Andreani, Jacques YB Khalil, Emeline Baptiste, Issam Hasni, Caroline Michelle, Didier Raoult, Anthony Levasseur, Bernard La Scola: Orpheovirus IHUMI-LCC2: A New Virus among the Giant Viruses. In: Frontiers in Microbiology. January 22, 2018, doi: 10.3389 / fmicb.2017.02643 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c Ramon Massana, Javier del Campo, Christian Dinter, Ruben Sommaruga: Crash of a population of the marine heterotrophic flagellate Cafeteria roenbergensis by viral infection . In: Environmental Microbiology. Volume 9, 2007, pp. 2660–2669, doi : 10.1111 / j.1462-2920.2007.01378.x ,
^ ^A ^b ^c ^d Matthias G. Fischer, Michael J. Allen, William H. Wilson, Curtis A. Suttle: Giant virus with a remarkable complement of genes infects marine zooplankton . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 2010. doi : 10.1073 / pnas.1007615107 .
↑ D. Randy Garza, Curtis A. Suttle: Large double-stranded DNA viruses which cause the lysis of a marine heterotrophic nanoflagellate (Bodo sp.) Occur in natural marine viral communities. In: Aquatic Microbial Ecology. Volume 09, Number 3, December 21, 1995 ( full text as PDF file ).
↑ Disa Bäckström, Natalya Yutin, Steffen L. Jørgensen, Jennah Dharamshi, Felix Homa, Katarzyna Zaremba-Niedwiedzka, Anja Spang, Yuri I. Wolf, Eugene V. Koonin, Thijs JG Ettema; Richard P. Novick (Ed.): Virus Genomes from Deep Sea Sediments Expand the Ocean Megavirome and Support Independent Origins of Viral Gigantism. In: mBio. Volume 10, No. 2, March – April 2019, pp. E02497-18, PDF , doi: 10.1128 / mBio.02497-18 , PMC 6401483 (free full text), PMID 30837339 , ResearchGate
↑ David M. Needham, Susumu Yoshizawa, Toshiaki Hosaka, Camille Poirier, Chang Jae Choi, Elisabeth Hehenberger, Nicholas AT Irwin, Susanne Wilken, Cheuk-Man Yung, Charles Bachy, Rika Kurihara, Yu Nakajima, Keiichi Kojima, Tomomi Kimura-Someya , Guy Leonard, Rex R. Malmstrom, Daniel R. Mende, Daniel K. Olson, Yuki Sudo, Sebastian Sudek, Thomas A. Richards, Edward F. DeLong, Patrick J. Keeling, Alyson E. Santoro, Mikako Shirouzu, Wataru Iwasaki , Alexandra Z. Worden: A distinct lineage of giant viruses brings a rhodopsin photosystem to unicellular marine predators , in: PNAS, 23 September 2019, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1907517116 , ISSN 0027-8424, here: Supplement 1 (xlsx)
↑ Frederik Schulz, Natalya Yutin, Natalia N. Ivanova, Davi R. Ortega, Tae Kwon Lee, Julia Vierheilig, Holger Daims, Matthias Horn, Michael Wagner: Giant viruses with an expanded complement of translation system components . In: Science . 356, No. 6333, April 7, 2017, ISSN 0036-8075 , pp. 82-85. doi : 10.1126 / science.aal4657 .
↑ Nathan Zauberman, Y. Mutsafi, DB Halevy, E. Shimoni, E. Klein, C. Xiao, S. Sun, A. Minsky: Distinct DNA Exit and Packaging portal in the Virus Acanthamoeba polyphaga Mimivirus . In: PLoS Biology . tape 6 , no. 5 , 2008, p. e114 , doi : 10.1371 / journal.pbio.0060114 , PMID 18479185 , PMC 2430901 (free full text).
^ MG Fischer, CA Suttle: A Virophage at the Origin of Large DNA Transposons . In: Science . tape 332 , no. 6026 , 2011, pp. 231-234 , doi : 10.1126 / science.1199412 , PMID 21385722 .
↑ Center national de la recherche scientifique : List of the main “giant” viruses known as of today , Université Aix Marseille, April 18, 2018.

[ICTV_MSL#35-1] ICTV: ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1 , New MSL including all taxa updates since the 2018b release, March 2020 (MSL # 35)

[Schulzetal2018-2] Frederik Schulz, Lauren Alteio, Danielle Goudeau, Elizabeth M. Ryan, Feiqiao B. Yu, Rex R. Malmstrom, Jeffrey Blanchard, Tanja Woyke: Hidden diversity of soil giant viruses. In: Nature Communicationsvolume. Volume 9, 2018, article number: 4881 from November 19, 2018, doi : 10.1038 / s41467-018-07335-2 .

[Andreani2018-3] Julien Andreani, Jacques YB Khalil, Emeline Baptiste, Issam Hasni, Caroline Michelle, Didier Raoult, Anthony Levasseur, Bernard La Scola: Orpheovirus IHUMI-LCC2: A New Virus among the Giant Viruses. In: Frontiers in Microbiology. January 22, 2018, doi: 10.3389 / fmicb.2017.02643 .

[Massana_et_al._2007-4] Ramon Massana, Javier del Campo, Christian Dinter, Ruben Sommaruga: Crash of a population of the marine heterotrophic flagellate Cafeteria roenbergensis by viral infection . In: Environmental Microbiology. Volume 9, 2007, pp. 2660–2669, doi : 10.1111 / j.1462-2920.2007.01378.x ,

[Fischer2010-5] A ^b ^c ^d Matthias G. Fischer, Michael J. Allen, William H. Wilson, Curtis A. Suttle: Giant virus with a remarkable complement of genes infects marine zooplankton . In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 2010. doi : 10.1073 / pnas.1007615107 .

[6] D. Randy Garza, Curtis A. Suttle: Large double-stranded DNA viruses which cause the lysis of a marine heterotrophic nanoflagellate (Bodo sp.) Occur in natural marine viral communities. In: Aquatic Microbial Ecology. Volume 09, Number 3, December 21, 1995 ( full text as PDF file ).

[Bäckström2019-7] Disa Bäckström, Natalya Yutin, Steffen L. Jørgensen, Jennah Dharamshi, Felix Homa, Katarzyna Zaremba-Niedwiedzka, Anja Spang, Yuri I. Wolf, Eugene V. Koonin, Thijs JG Ettema; Richard P. Novick (Ed.): Virus Genomes from Deep Sea Sediments Expand the Ocean Megavirome and Support Independent Origins of Viral Gigantism. In: mBio. Volume 10, No. 2, March – April 2019, pp. E02497-18, PDF , doi: 10.1128 / mBio.02497-18 , PMC 6401483 (free full text), PMID 30837339 , ResearchGate

[NeedhamWorden2019-8] David M. Needham, Susumu Yoshizawa, Toshiaki Hosaka, Camille Poirier, Chang Jae Choi, Elisabeth Hehenberger, Nicholas AT Irwin, Susanne Wilken, Cheuk-Man Yung, Charles Bachy, Rika Kurihara, Yu Nakajima, Keiichi Kojima, Tomomi Kimura-Someya , Guy Leonard, Rex R. Malmstrom, Daniel R. Mende, Daniel K. Olson, Yuki Sudo, Sebastian Sudek, Thomas A. Richards, Edward F. DeLong, Patrick J. Keeling, Alyson E. Santoro, Mikako Shirouzu, Wataru Iwasaki , Alexandra Z. Worden: A distinct lineage of giant viruses brings a rhodopsin photosystem to unicellular marine predators , in: PNAS, 23 September 2019, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1907517116 , ISSN 0027-8424, here: Supplement 1 (xlsx)

[Schulz2017-9] Frederik Schulz, Natalya Yutin, Natalia N. Ivanova, Davi R. Ortega, Tae Kwon Lee, Julia Vierheilig, Holger Daims, Matthias Horn, Michael Wagner: Giant viruses with an expanded complement of translation system components . In: Science . 356, No. 6333, April 7, 2017, ISSN 0036-8075 , pp. 82-85. doi : 10.1126 / science.aal4657 .

[Zauberman2008-10] Nathan Zauberman, Y. Mutsafi, DB Halevy, E. Shimoni, E. Klein, C. Xiao, S. Sun, A. Minsky: Distinct DNA Exit and Packaging portal in the Virus Acanthamoeba polyphaga Mimivirus . In: PLoS Biology . tape 6 , no. 5 , 2008, p. e114 , doi : 10.1371 / journal.pbio.0060114 , PMID 18479185 , PMC 2430901 (free full text).

[11] MG Fischer, CA Suttle: A Virophage at the Origin of Large DNA Transposons . In: Science . tape 332 , no. 6026 , 2011, pp. 231-234 , doi : 10.1126 / science.1199412 , PMID 21385722 .

[CNRS2018-12] Center national de la recherche scientifique : List of the main “giant” viruses known as of today , Université Aix Marseille, April 18, 2018.