Iridoviridae

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Iridoviridae
CSIRO ScienceImage 2010 Ranavirus Pathogen.jpg

TEM image of ranaviruses (dark hexagons) that
accumulate on the outer membrane of the host cell
and leave it by budding .

Systematics
Classification : Viruses
Area : Varidnaviria
Empire : Bamfordvirae
Phylum : Nucleocytoviricota
Class : Megaviricetes
Order : Pimascovirales
Family : Iridoviridae
Taxonomic characteristics
Genome : dsDNA
Baltimore : Group 1
Symmetry : icosahedral
Cover : available
Scientific name
Iridoviridae
Left
NCBI  Taxonomy: 10486
ViralZone ( ExPASy , SIB): 19th

The term Iridoviridae refers to a family of viruses that belong to the phylum of the Nucleocytoviricota (outdated Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses , NCLDV; earlier proposals had been on " Nucleocytoplasmaviricota " or - in the rank of order - " Megavirales ") is assigned.

Systematics

According to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) as of February 2019 (MSL # 34 2018b), the internal system is as follows:

  • Family Iridoviridae (see NCLDV )
  • Species Lymphocystis disease virus 1 , 2 , 3
  • Species Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus
  • Species Scale drop disease virus
  • Species Ambystoma tigrinum virus
  • Species Common midwife toad (rana) virus
  • Species Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus
  • European sheatfish virus (ESV)
  • European catfish virus (ECV)
  • Species (unconfirmed) Short-finned eel ranavirus
  • Species Frog virus 3 (Fv3)
  • Bohle Iridovirus BIV
  • Species Santee-Cooper ranavirus
  • Species Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGV, SGIV)
  • Species (unconfirmed) Testudo hermanni ranavirus
  • Species (unconfirmed) tiger frog ranavirus
  • Species Anopheles minimus iridovirus
  • Species Invertebrate iridescent virus 3 (IiV-3)
  • Species Invertebrate iridescent virus 9 (IiV-9)
  • Species Invertebrate iridescent virus 22 (IiV-22)
  • Species Invertebrate iridescent virus 25 (IiV-25)
  • Species (unconfirmed) Wiseana iridescent virus
  • Species Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1)
  • Shrimp haemocyte Iridescent Virus (SHIV) with SHIV 20141215
  • Cherax quadricarinatus iridovirus (CQIV) with CQIV CN01
  • Species Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IiV-6) alias Chilo iridescent virus (CIV)
  • Gryllus bimaculatus iridovirus (GbIV)
  • Wiseana iridescent virus (WiV)

Halaly, et al. (2019) propose the following cladogram for the Iridoviridae (supplemented by the genus Decapodiridovirus ):

 Iridoviridae  
 Alphairidovirinae 


Ranavirus


   

Lymphocystivirus



   

Megalocytivirus



 Betairidovirinae 

Chloriridovirus


   

Decapodiridovirus


   

Iridovirus


Template: Klade / Maintenance / 3


Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style

Other family representatives were suggested, in particular

  • Sergestid iridovirus

Since 2000, several studies support the assumption that the ascoviruses evolved from the Iridoviridae . A cladogram of the Asco and Iridiviridae can be found at ICTV, and in Fenner's Veterinary Virology (Fifth Edition) 2017 According to this, the Iridoviridae are a sister group of the Ascoviridae genus Toursvirus (with DpTV alias DpAV), while the genus Ascovirus has a basal position in the common Klade takes. According to Andreani et al. (2018), conversely, the Ascoviridae are a sister group of the Alphairidovirinae , while here the Betairidovirinae are in the basal clade. This view is also supported by Rolland et al. (2019) supported. In addition to the subfamilies of the Iridoviridae , the Ascoviridae appear as a subfamily within a common family " Irido-Ascoviridae ". The Betairidovirinae may not be monophyletic .

Some candidates originally proposed as representatives of the Iridoviridae are now assigned to other families, such as the species ASF virus ( causative agent of African swine fever ), now Asfarviridae and the group of sturgeon NCLDVs ( SNCLDV ), now proposed members of the Mimiviridae and apparently there Related to cafeteria roenbergensis virus (CroV).

virology

The virus particles ( virions ) have an icosohedral symmetry. The virion consists of three domains, an outer capsid, an intermediate lipid bilayer and a central core with DNA-protein complexes. Occasionally an outer viral envelope can be identified in the viruses . This depends on whether the viruses come out of the host cell by budding or after lysis.

The genome of the Iridoviridae has a length of approx. 150-280  kbp , for the Wiseana iridescent virus, for example, 205,791 bp with a predicted 193 encoded proteins.

Gene expression

As with herpes viruses , the transcription takes place in three steps: "immediate-early", "delayed-early" and "late". At every point in the process there are regulatory mechanisms through induction and product inhibition.

Replication

The assembly of the virus takes place in the cytoplasm , part of the replication takes place in the nucleus of the host cell . The viruses penetrate the cell and lose their shell. The viral DNA then reaches the cell nucleus and is transcribed through the Pol II. The synthesis of host cell proteins comes to a standstill. The virus DNA serves as a template for DNA replication in the cytoplasm. Large concatamers are formed from viral DNA. They are packaged by virus proteins and released from inside the host cell by budding or lysis .

Pathogenesis

Little is known about the pathogenesis of iridoviruses. However, it seems to be temperature-dependent and the virus therefore depends on poikilothermal hosts.

Host spectrum

Members of the iridovirus family mainly infect invertebrate hosts, but also infect fish, amphibians and reptiles.

Web links

Commons : Iridoviridae  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Frog virus 3 , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
  2. ↑ ICTV Taxonomy Browser
  3. ↑ a b William H Wilson, Ilana C Gilg, Mohammad Moniruzzaman, Erin K Field, Sergey Koren, Gary R LeCleir, Joaquín Martínez Martínez, Nicole J Poulton, Brandon K Swan, Ramunas Stepanauskas, Steven W Wilhelm: Genomic exploration of individual giant ocean viruses , in: ISME Journal 11 (8), August 2017, pp. 1736–1745, doi: 10.1038 / ismej.2017.61 , PMC 5520044 (free full text), PMID 28498373
  4. ^ Virus host DB: European catfish virus
  5. ↑ ICTV: European catfish virus, proposal 20162986
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g Julien Andreani, Jacques YB Khalil, Emeline Baptiste, Issam Hasni, Caroline Michelle, Didier Raoult, Anthony Levasseur, Bernard La Scola: Orpheovirus IHUMI-LCC2: A New Virus among the Giant Viruses , in: Front . Microbiol., January 22, 2018, doi: 10.3389 / fmicb.2017.02643
  7. ↑ Paul M. Hick, Kuttichantran Subramaniam Patrick Thompson Richard J. Whittington and Thomas B. Waltzekb: Complete Genome Sequence of a Bohle iridovirus Isolate from Ornate Burrowing Frogs ( Limnodynastes ornatus ) in Australia, in: Genome Announcv. 4 (4); July-August 2016, PMC 4991696 (free full text), PMID 27540051 , doi: 10.1128 / genomeA.00632-16
  8. ↑ a b Julien Andreani, Jonathan Verneau, Didier Raoult, Anthony Levasseurn Bernard La Scola: Deciphering viral presences: two novel partial giant viruses detected in marine metagenome and in a mine drainage metagenome , in: Virology Journal, Volume 15, No. 66, April 10, 2018, doi: 10.1186 / s12985-018-0976-9
  9. ↑ a b c Xing Chen, Liang Qiu, Hailiang Wang, Peizhuo Zou, Xuan Dong, Fuhua Li, Jie Huang: Susceptibility of Exopalaemon carinicauda to the Infection with Shrimp Hemocyte Iridescent Virus (SHIV 20141215), a Strain of Decapod Iridescent Virus 1 ( DIV1), in: Viruses 11 (4); April 2019, PMC 6520858 (free full text), PMID 31027252 , doi: 10.3390 / v11040387
  10. ↑ a b c Liang Qiu, Meng-Meng Chen, Xiao-Yuan Wan, Chen Li, Qing-Li Zhang, Ruo-Yu Wang, Dong-Yuan Cheng, Xuan Dong, Bing Yang, Xiu-Hua Wang, Jian-Hai Xiang , Jie Huang: Characterization of a new member of Iridoviridae, Shrimp hemocyte iridescent virus (SHIV), found in white leg shrimp ( Litopenaeus vannamei ) , in: Scientific Reports 7 (1): 11834, September 2017, doi: 10.1038 / s41598- 017-10738-8
  11. ↑ NCBI: Wiseana iridescent virus (no rank)
  12. ↑ NCBI: Armadillidium decorum iridescent virus (species)
  13. ↑ Maya A. Halaly, Kuttichantran Subramaniam, Samantha A. Koda, Vsevolod L. Popov, David Stone, KeithWay, Thomas B. Waltzek: Characterization of a Novel Megalocytivirus Isolated from European Chub ( Squalius cephalus ) , in: MDPI - Viruses 2019, 11, 440; doi: 10.3390 / v11050440 , PDF
  14. ↑ Tang KF, Redman RM, Pantoja CR, Groumellec ML, Duraisamy P, Lightner DV: Identification of an iridovirus in Acetes erythraeus (Sergestidae) and the development of in situ hybridization and PCR method for its detection , in: J Invertebr Pathol. 96 (3), November 2007, pp. 255-260, PMID 17585932 , doi: 10.1016 / j.jip.2007.05.006
  15. ↑ K. Stasiak, MV Demattei, BA Federici, Y. Bigot: Phylogenetic position of the Diadromus pulchellus ascovirus DNA polymerase among viruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes . In: The Journal of General Virology . tape 81 , Pt 12, December 2000, p. 3059-3072 , doi : 10.1099 / 0022-1317-81-12-3059 , PMID 11086137 .
  16. ↑ K. Stasiak, S. Renault, MV Demattei, Y. Bigot, BA Federici: Evidence for the evolution of ascoviruses from iridoviruses . In: The Journal of General Virology . tape 84 , Pt 11, November 2003, p. 2999-3009 , doi : 10.1099 / vir.0.19290-0 , PMID 14573805 .
  17. ↑ BA Federici, DK Bideshi, Y. Tan, T. Spears, Y. Bigot: Ascoviruses: superb manipulators of apoptosis for viral replication and transmission . In: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology . tape 328 , 2009, ISBN 978-3-540-68617-0 , pp. 171-196 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-540-68618-7_5 , PMID 19216438 .
  18. ↑ B. Piégu, S. Asgari, D. Bideshi, BA Federici, Y. Bigot: Evolutionary relationships of iridoviruses and divergence of ascoviruses from invertebrate iridoviruses in the superfamily Megavirales . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . tape 84 , March 2015, p. 44-52 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2014.12.013 , PMID 25562178 .
  19. ↑ dsDNA Viruses> Ascoviridae , on: ICTV online, December 2016 (here: Fig. 2)
  20. ↑ Fenner's Veterinary Virology (Fifth Edition): Chapter 8 - Asfarviridae and Iridoviridae , online November 4, 2016, pp. 175–188, doi: 10.1016 / B978-0-12-800946-8.00008-8 (here: Fig. 1 )
  21. ↑ Clara Rolland, Julien Andreani, Amina Cherif Louazani, Sarah Aherfi, Rania Francis, Rodrigo Rodrigues, Ludmila Santos Silva, Dehia Sahmi, Said Mougari, Nisrine Chelkha, Meriem Bekliz, Lorena Silva, Felipe Assis, Fábio Dornas, Jacques Yaacoub Bou Khalil, Isabelle Pagnier, Christelle Desnues, Anthony Levasseur, Philippe Colson, Jônatas Abrahão, Bernard La Scola: Discovery and Further Studies on Giant Viruses at the IHU Mediterranee Infection That Modified the Perception of the Virosphere , in: Viruses 11 (4), March / April 2019, pii: E312, doi: 10.3390 / v11040312 , PMC 6520786 (free full text), PMID 30935049 , Fig. 2
  22. ↑ Disa Bäckström, Natalya Yutin, Steffen L. Jørgensen, Jennah Dharamshi, Felix Homa, Katarzyna Zaremba-Niedwiedzka, Anja Spang, Yuri I. Wolf, Eugene V. Koonin, Thijs JG Ettema; Richard P. Novick (Ed.): Virus Genomes from Deep Sea Sediments Expand the Ocean Megavirome and Support Independent Origins of Viral Gigantism , in: mBio Vol. 10, No. 2, March – April 2019, pp. E02497-18, PDF , doi: 10.1128 / mBio.02497-18 , PMC 6401483 (free full text), PMID 30837339 , ResearchGate