Ranavirus

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Ranavirus
CSIRO ScienceImage 2010 Ranavirus Pathogen.jpg

TEM image of ranaviruses (dark hexagons) that
accumulate on the outer membrane of the host cell
and leave it by budding .

Systematics
Classification : Viruses
Area : Varidnaviria
Empire : Bamfordvirae
Phylum : Nucleocytoviricota
Class : Megaviricetes
Order : Pimascovirales
Family : Iridoviridae
Subfamily : Alphairidovirinae
Genre : Ranavirus
Taxonomic characteristics
Genome : dsDNA linear
Baltimore : Group 1
Symmetry : icosahedral
Cover : available
Scientific name
Ranavirus
Left
NCBI  Taxonomy: 10492
ViralZone ( ExPASy , SIB): 585
ICTV Taxon History: 201853736 (FV3)
TEM image of a cell infected by ranaviruses, which accumulate in the cytoplasm and form clumps next to the cell nucleus

Ranavirus is a genus of giant viruses ( Nucleocytoviricota , NCLDVs) from the family of Iridoviridae , subfamily Alphairidovirinae . Ranavirus is the only genus in this family whose viruses are contagious to both amphibians and reptiles. Like the other two genera Lymphocystivirus and Megalocytivirus of the Alphairidovirinae subfamily, viruses of the Ranavirus genus can alsoinfect real bony fish (Teleostei).

Effects on ecology

Like the megalocytiviruses, the ranaviruses are a group of closely related dsDNA viruses, the importance of which is increasing. They cause systemic disease in a wide variety of wild and cultivated freshwater and saltwater fish. As with megalocytiviruses, ranavirus outbreaks in aquaculture are of considerable economic importance, as animal diseases can lead to considerable loss or even mass deaths of farmed fish. In contrast to the megalocytiviruses , ranavirus infections in amphibians have been considered as a factor in the global decline in amphibian populations. The influence of ranaviruses on amphibian populations was compared with that of the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis , the causative agent of chytridiomycosis . In the UK, disease outbreaks are believed to have increased in severity due to climate change (read: global warming ).

The prefix is ​​derived from the Latin Rana 'frog' and is reminiscent of the first isolation of a ranavirus from the northern leopard frog ( Rana pipiens alias Lithobates pipiens ) in the 1960s.

Hosts

The following reptile species are known to be infected with ranavirus :

construction

Ranaviruses are large icosahedral DNA viruses with a diameter of about 150  nm and an unsegmented linear dsDNA genome of about 105  kbp . There are about 100 genes coding for proteins .

The genome of Frog virus 3 is 105,903 bp in length and is expected to encode 99 proteins.

Propagation cycle

The replication of the Ranaviruses has been well studied in the type species Frog virus 3 (FV3). FV3 replicates at 12 to 32 ° C. Ranaviruses enter the host cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis . The virus particles (virions) are uncoated and, after penetrating the endocytosis, migrate into the cell nucleus , where viral DNA replication begins via a virus-encoded DNA polymerase . The virus DNA then leaves the cell nucleus and the second stage of DNA replication in the cytoplasm begins , with DNA concatemers being ultimately formed. The viral DNA is then packaged into infectious virions. As in other Iridoviridae, the genome of Ranavirus has terminally redundant DNA.

Ranavirus is thought to be transmitted through several routes including contaminated soil, direct contact, exposure to water, and ingestion of infected tissue during hunting , necrophagy, or cannibalism . Ranaviruses are relatively stable in water and can persist for several weeks or longer outside of a host organism.

evolution

The ranaviruses appear to have evolved from a fish virus that subsequently infected amphibians and reptiles.

Systematics

The internal system of the genus Iridovirus as of February 2019 according to ICTV is as follows:

  • Genus: Ranavirus
  • Testudo hermanni ranavirus
  • Tortoise ranavirus isolate (ToRV1)
  • European catfish virus (ECV)
  • European sheatfish virus (ESV), e.g. B. European catfish
  • Bohle iridovirus (BIV)
  • Pike perch iridovirus (PPIV)
  • Rana grylio iridovirus (RGV)
  • Soft-shelled turtle iridovirus (STIV)
  • Tiger frog virus (TFV)
  • Grouper iridovirus (GIV, differentiated from SGIV)

There are also a number of candidates who have not yet been classified according to ICTV as of February 2019. According to Halaly et al. (2019) are:

  • Species " Cod iridovirus " (CoIV)
  • Ranavirus maximus (Rmax)
  • Species " German gecko ranavirus " (GGRV)
  • Species " Short-finned eel ranavirus " (SERV)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Frog virus 3 , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
  2. ↑ a b c ICTV : Iridoviridae ( en )
  3. ↑ RJ Whittington, JA Becker, MM Dennis: Iridovirus infections in finfish - critical review with emphasis on ranaviruses . In: Journal of Fish Diseases . 33, No. 2, 2010, pp. 95-122. doi : 10.1111 / j.1365-2761.2009.01110.x . PMID 20050967 .
  4. ↑ AGF Teacher, AA Cunningham, TWJ Garner: Assessing the long-term impact of Ranavirus infection in wild common frog populations: Impact of Ranavirus on wild frog populations . In: Animal Conservation . 13, No. 5, June 10, 2010, pp. 514-522. doi : 10.1111 / j.1469-1795.2010.00373.x .
  5. ↑ Stephen J. Price, Trenton WJ Garner, Richard A. Nichols, François Balloux, César Ayres, Amparo Mora-Cabello de Alba, Jaime Bosch: Collapse of Amphibian Communities Due to an Introduced Ranavirus . In: Current Biology . 24, No. 21, November 2014, pp. 2586-2591. doi : 10.1016 / j.cub.2014.09.028 .
  6. ↑ James K Jancovich, Jinghe Mao, V. Gregory Chinchar, Christopher Wyatt, Steven T Case, Sudhir Kumar, Graziela Valente, Sankar Subramanian, Elizabeth W Davidson, James P Collins, Bertram L Jacobs: Genomic sequence of a ranavirus (family Iridoviridae) associated with salamander mortalities in North America . In: Virology . 316, No. 1, 2003, pp. 90-103. doi : 10.1016 / j.virol.2003.08.001 . PMID 14599794 .
  7. ↑ Jesse L. Brunner, Danna M. Schock, Elizabeth W. Davidson, James P. Collins: Intraspecific Reservoirs: Complex Life History and the Persistence of a Lethal Ranavirus . In: Ecology . 85, No. 2, 2004, p. 560. doi : 10.1890 / 02-0374 .
  8. ↑ Pearman, Peter B., Trenton WJ Garner: Susceptibility of Italian agile frog populations to an emerging strain of Ranavirus parallels population genetic diversity . In: Ecology Letters . 8, No. 4, 2005, p. 401. doi : 10.1111 / j.1461-0248.2005.00735.x .
  9. ↑ Stephen J. Price, William TM Leung, Christopher J. Owen, Robert Puschendorf, Chris Sergeant, Andrew A. Cunningham, Francois Balloux, Trenton WJ Garner, Richard A. Nichols: Effects of historic and projected climate change on the range and impacts of an emerging wildlife disease . In: Global Change Biology . May 9, 2019, ISSN  1354-1013 . doi : 10.1111 / gcb.14651 .
  10. ↑ Harper, Douglas: 'frog' , in: Online Etymology Dictionary .
  11. ↑ A Granoff, PE Came, KA Rafferty: The isolation and properties of viruses from Rana pipiens: their possible relationship to the renal adenocarcinoma of the leopard frog . In: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 126, No. 1, 1965, pp. 237-255. bibcode : 1965NYASA.126..237G . doi : 10.1111 / j.1749-6632.1965.tb14278.x . PMID 5220161 .
  12. ^ A b MJ Gray, DL Miller, JT Hoverman: Ecology and pathology of amphibian ranaviruses . In: Diseases of Aquatic Organisms . 87, No. 3, 2009, pp. 243-266. doi : 10.3354 / dao02138 . PMID 20099417 .
  13. ^ KA Rafferty: The cultivation of inclusion-associated viruses from Lucke tumor frogs . In: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . 126, No. 1, 1965, pp. 3-21. bibcode : 1965NYASA.126 .... 3R . doi : 10.1111 / j.1749-6632.1965.tb14266.x . PMID 5220167 .
  14. ↑ First identification of a ranavirus from green pythons ( Chondropython viridis ), Williamson, Coupar, Middleton, Hengstberger, Gould, Selleck, Wise, Kattenbelt, Cunningham, Lee: First identification of a ranavirus from green pythons (Chondropython viridis) . In: Journal of Wildlife Diseases . 38, No. 2, 2002, pp. 239-252. doi : 10.7589 / 0090-3558-38.2.239 . PMID 12038121 .
  15. ^ Benetka V .: First report of an iridovirus (genus Ranavirus ) infection in a leopard tortoise ( Geochelone pardalis pardalis ) . In: Vet Med Austria . 94, 2007, pp. 243-248.
  16. ↑ AP De Matos, MF Caeiro, T Papp, BA Matos, AC Correia, RE Marschang: New viruses from Lacerta monticola (Serra da Estrela, Portugal): Further evidence for a new group of nucleo-cytoplasmic large deoxyriboviruses (NCLDVs) . In: Microscopy and Microanalysis . 17, No. 1, 2011, pp. 101-108. bibcode : 2011MiMic..17..101A . doi : 10.1017 / S143192761009433X . PMID 21138619 .
  17. ↑ J Mao, RP Hedrick, VG Chinchar: Molecular characterization, sequence analysis, and taxonomic position of newly isolated fish iridoviruses . In: Virology . 229, No. 1, 1997, pp. 212-220. doi : 10.1006 / viro.1996.8435 . PMID 9123863 .
  18. ↑ a b A. J. Johnson, AP Pessier, ER Jacobson: Experimental transmission and induction of ranaviral disease in Western Ornate box turtles ( Terrapene ornata ornata ) and red-eared sliders ( Trachemys scripta elegans ) . In: Veterinary Pathology . 44, No. 3, 2007, pp. 285-297. doi : 10.1354 / vp.44-3-285 . PMID 17491069 .
  19. ↑ Blahak S., Uhlenbrok C. "Ranavirus infections in European terrestrial tortoises in Germany". Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Reptile and Amphibian Medicine ; Munich, Germany. March 4-7, 2010; pp. 17-23
  20. ↑ ZX Chen, JC Zheng, YL Jiang: A new iridovirus isolated from soft-shelled turtle . In: Virus Research . 63, No. 1-2, 1999, pp. 147-151. doi : 10.1016 / S0168-1702 (99) 00069-6 . PMID 10509727 .
  21. ^ RE Marschang, S Braun, P Becher: Isolation of a ranavirus from a gecko ( Uroplatus fimbriatus ) . In: Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine: Official Publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians . 36, No. 2, 2005, pp. 295-300. doi : 10.1638 / 04-008.1 . PMID 17323572 .
  22. ^ Williams T, Barbosa-Solomieu V, Chinchar GD: "A decade of advances in iridovirus research" pp. 173-148. In: Maramorosch K, Shatkin A (Ed.): Advances in virus research , Vol. 65, Academic Press, New York, USA, 2005
  23. ↑ a b VG Chinchar: Ranaviruses (family Iridoviridae ) emerging cold-blooded killers . In: Archives of Virology . 147, No. 3, 2002, pp. 447-470. doi : 10.1007 / s007050200000 . PMID 11958449 .
  24. ↑ Disa Bäckström, Natalya Yutin, Steffen L. Jørgensen, Jennah Dharamshi, Felix Homa, Katarzyna Zaremba-Niedwiedzka, Anja Spang, Yuri I. Wolf, Eugene V. Koonin, Thijs JG Ettema; Richard P. Novick (Ed.): Virus Genomes from Deep Sea Sediments Expand the Ocean Megavirome and Support Independent Origins of Viral Gigantism , in: mBio Vol. 10, No. 2, March – April 2019, pp. E02497-18, PDF , doi: 10.1128 / mBio.02497-18 , PMC 6401483 (free full text), PMID 30837339 , ResearchGate
  25. ↑ Heather E. Eaton, Brooke A. Ring, Craig R. Brunetti: The genomic diversity and phylogenetic relationship in the family Iridoviridae . In: Viruses . 2, No. 7, 2010, pp. 1458-1475. doi : 10.3390 / v2071458 . PMID 21994690 . PMC 3185713 (free full text).
  26. ↑ a b c R Goorha: Frog virus 3 DNA replication occurs in two stages . In: Journal of Virology . 43, No. 2, 1982, pp. 519-528. PMID 7109033 . PMC 256155 (free full text).
  27. ↑ Chinchar VG, Essbauer S, He JG, Hyatt A, Miyazaki T, Seligy V, Williams T: "Family Iridoviridae " pp. 145–162, in: Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselburger U, Ball LA (ed .): Virus Taxonomy, Eighth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. , Academic Press, San Diego, USA, 2005.
  28. ↑ JK Jancovich, M Bremont, JW Touchman, BL Jacobs: Evidence for multiple recent host species shifts among the Ranaviruses (family Iridoviridae ) . In: J Virol . 84, No. 6, 2010, pp. 2636-2647. doi : 10.1128 / JVI.01991-09 . PMID 20042506 . PMC 2826071 (free full text).
  29. ↑ ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Bohle iridovirus , on: ICTVonline from June 18, 2018 (ZIP)
  30. ↑ a b c d e f g h Maya A. Halaly, Kuttichantran Subramaniam, Samantha A. Koda, Vsevolod L. Popov, David Stone, KeithWay, Thomas B. Waltzek: Characterization of a Novel Megalocytivirus Isolated from European Chub ( Squalius cephalus ) , in: MDPI - Viruses 2019, 11, 440; doi: 10.3390 / v11050440 , PDF

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