Lymphocystivirus

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Lymphocystivirus
Systematics
Classification : Viruses
Area : Varidnaviria
Empire : Bamfordvirae
Phylum : Nucleocytoviricota
Class : Megaviricetes
Order : Pimascovirales
Family : Iridoviridae
Subfamily : Alphairidovirinae
Genre : Lymphocystivirus
Taxonomic characteristics
Genome : dsDNA linear
Baltimore : Group 1
Symmetry : icosahedral
Cover : available
Scientific name
Lymphocystivirus
Left
NCBI  Taxonomy: 10494
ViralZone ( ExPASy , SIB): 583

Lymphocystivirus ( LCDV , also LCV ) is a genus of giant viruses ( Nucleocytoviricota , NCLDVs) from the family of Iridoviridae , subfamily Alphairidovirinae . The natural hosts of the lymphocystiviruses are fish, like the other two genera Megalocytivirus and Ranavirus of the subfamily Alphairidovirinae, real bony fish (Teleostei), in which they cause tumor-like skin growths.

The type species is Lymphocystis disease virus 1 (LCDV-1).

Hosts

The type species LCDV-1 (also LCV-1) infects the (European) flounder ( Platichthys flesus ) and the (European) plaice (also goldbutt, Pleuronectes platessa ). LCV-2 infects the dab (also ice flounder, Limanda limanda ). Lymphocystis virus C (LCDV-C) apparently infects the Japanese flounder ( English olive flounder , Paralichthys olivaceous ).

Lymphocystiviruses infect more than 140 freshwater and marine species from at least 42 families worldwide and cause the chronic disease Lymphocystis . In contrast to megalocytiviruses and ranaviruses, lymphocystiviruses have so far not caused any mass deaths. Fish suffering from lymphocystis have clearly visible papilloma-like skin lesions that significantly reduce their commercial value. As of 2006, no vaccines against lymphocystis viruses were available.

construction

The virus particles (virions) of the genus Lymphocystivirus are enveloped and have icosahedral and polyhedral geometry with T = 189-217 symmetry . Their diameter is 120-350  nm .

Genome

The genome is unsegmented, linear and consists of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). The length is approximately 100  kb .

The genome of the species type of LCV-1 kbp has a length of at least 102.7 and 195 potential open reading frame ( English open reading frames , ORFs) and encodes , inter alia, for two DNA-dependent RNA polymerase subunits, a DNA methyltransferase , a DNA polymerase , a guanosine triphosphate phosphohydrolase ( GTPase ), a helicase , protein kinases , a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase and zinc finger proteins .

The genome of another species, LCV-2, is similar to that of LCV-1, but is slightly smaller at around 98 kbp in length.

Propagation cycle

Lymphocystiviruses attach to the host cell and enter through a receptor- mediated endocytosis , similar to other members of the Iridoviridae. The invading virus particles are uncoated and move to the cell nucleus , where DNA replication begins via a virus-encoded DNA polymerase. The viral DNA then migrates into the cytoplasm , where a second stage of DNA replication takes place, during which DNA concatemers are formed. The concatameric virus DNA is then packaged in virions. As in other Iridoviridae, the genome of Ranavirus has terminally redundant DNA. The transcription is DNA-based.

Systematics

The internal system of the genus Lymphocystivirus as of February 2019 according to ICTV is as follows:

  • Genus: Lymphocystivirus
  • Species: Lymphocystis disease virus 1 (LCDV-1 or LCV-1, type species)
  • Species: Lymphocystis disease virus 2 (LCV-2)
  • Lymphocystis Virus C (LCDV-C)
  • Species: Lymphocystis disease virus 3 (LCV-3, LCDV-Sa)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Frog virus 3 , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
  2. ↑ a b c d e f ICTV : Iridoviridae ( en )
  3. ↑ a b c Viral Zone: Lymphocystivirus . ExPASy. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  4. ↑ RJ Whittington, JA Becker, MM Dennis: Iridovirus infections in finfish - critical review with emphasis on ranaviruses . In: Journal of Fish Diseases . 33, No. 2, 2010, pp. 95-122. doi : 10.1111 / j.1365-2761.2009.01110.x . PMID 20050967 .
  5. ↑ a b c S Essbauer, W Ahne: Viruses of Lower Vertebrates . In: Journal of Veterinary Medicine B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health . 48, No. 6, 2001, pp. 403-475. doi : 10.1046 / j.1439-0450.2001.00473.x . PMID 11550762 .
  6. ↑ a b c Maya A. Halaly, Kuttichantran Subramaniam, Samantha A. Koda, Vsevolod L. Popov, David Stone, KeithWay, Thomas B. Waltzek: Characterization of a Novel Megalocytivirus Isolated from European Chub ( Squalius cephalus ) , in: MDPI - Viruses 2019, 11, 440; doi: 10.3390 / v11050440 , PDF
  7. ↑ a b c d I Cano, P Ferro, MC Alonso, SM Bergmann, A Romer-Oberdorfer, E Garcia-Rosado, D Castro, JJ Borrego: Development of molecular techniques for detection of lymphocystis disease virus in different marine fish species . In: Journal of Applied Microbiology . 102, No. 1, 2006, pp. 32-40. doi : 10.1111 / j.1365-2672.2006.03066.x . PMID 17184317 .
  8. ↑ X Sheng, J Xing, W Zhan, Y Wang: Comparative studies on histopathological features of lymphocystis disease in four species of marine fish . In: Journal of Fishery Sciences of China . No. 5, 2007.
  9. ^ M Hossain, SR Kim, MJ Oh: The lymphocystis diseases in the Olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceous . In: University Journal of Zoology, Rajshahi University. 26, 2007, pp. 59-62, doi: 10.3329 / ujzru.v26i0.700 .
  10. ↑ CA Tidona, G Darai: The Complete DNA Sequence of Lymphocystis Disease Virus . In: Virology . 230, No. 2, 1997, pp. 207-216. doi : 10.1006 / viro.1997.8456 . PMID 9143276 .
  11. ↑ Disa Bäckström, Natalya Yutin, Steffen L. Jørgensen, Jennah Dharamshi, Felix Homa, Katarzyna Zaremba-Niedwiedzka, Anja Spang, Yuri I. Wolf, Eugene V. Koonin, Thijs JG Ettema; Richard P. Novick (Ed.): Virus Genomes from Deep Sea Sediments Expand the Ocean Megavirome and Support Independent Origins of Viral Gigantism , in: mBio Vol. 10, No. 2, March – April 2019, pp. E02497-18, PDF , doi: 10.1128 / mBio.02497-18 , PMC 6401483 (free full text), PMID 30837339 , ResearchGate . According to Table 2, the Lymphocystis disease virus (type species?) Has a genome length of 186,250 bp with a predicted 239 encoded proteins.
  12. ↑ MHV vanRegenmortel, CM Fauquet, DHL Bishop, EB Carstens, MK Estes, SM Lemon, J Maniloff, MA Mayo, DJ McGeoch, CR Pringle, RB Wickner: Virus Taxonomy, Seventh Report of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses, in : Journal of Fish Diseases, 2000
  13. ↑ Eaton HE, Ring BA, Brunetti CR: The genomic diversity and phylogenetic relationship in the family Iridoviridae , in: Viruses, 2 (2010), pp. 1458-1475, doi: 10.3390 / v2071458 .
  14. ↑ a b c R Goorha: Frog virus 3 DNA replication occurs in two stages . In: Journal of Virology . 43, No. 2, 1982, pp. 519-528. PMID 7109033 . PMC 256155 (free full text).
  15. ↑ Chinchar VG, Essbauer S, He JG, Hyatt A, Miyazaki T, Seligy V, Williams T: Family Iridoviridae , pp. 145–162, in: Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselburger U, Ball LA (eds. ): Virus Taxonomy, Eighth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, San Diego, USA 2005

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