Virophages

Sputnik virus phages

As Virophage (Singular: Virophage , der ; from Latin virus, -i, n. "Poison, juice, slime" and ancient Greek φαγεῖν phageín , "eat") one designates a group of viruses , which on the use of genes of other viruses (so-called " helper viruses " - also called "mummy viruses " here) are dependent on a host cell during the joint infection . Gene products of the helper virus are used, which otherwise only enable protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells . However, the protein synthesis of the "Mamavirus" is impaired. In this respect, virophages do not multiply “in” other viruses, but rather with the synthesis apparatus of the other virus and thus compete with them. Virophages are therefore parasitic satellite viruses . The term “virophage” (“virus eater”) proposed by the first person describing it, based on the concept of the bacteriophage virus group , which specializes in the infection of bacteria and archaea as host cells for reproduction, could therefore be misleading and is currently used in virology discussed.

Research history

The first virophage called Sputnik was discovered in 2008 by Bernard La Scola and Didier Raoult from the Université de la Méditerranée in Marseille in the pipes of a cooling water system in Paris . It parasitizes the " Acanthamoeba castellanii mamavirus ": An overview of the virophages is given by Zhou et al. (2013) and Gong et al. (2016) and Chen et al .. (2018):

• confirmed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) as of March 2019:

• Genus Sputnik virus with species Sputnik virus and Zamilon virus , parasitize mimiviridae Group I
• Genus Mavirus with species Cafeteriavirus-dependent-Mavirus , parasitizes Cafeteria roenbergensis virus (CroV, Mimiviridae group II)

• so far only proposed representatives:

• " Ace Lake Mavirus " (ALM), belonging to the genus Mavirus (see Ace Lake )
• " Dishui-Lake-Virophage 1 " (DSLV1), probably parasitizes Phycodnaviridae (see Dishui Lake )
• " Organic Lake Virophage " (OLV), parasitizes Organic Lake Phycodnavirus (OLPV) (see Organic Lake )
• " Qinghai Lake Virophage " (QLV) (see Qinghai Lake )
• “ Yellowstone Lake Virophage 1 ” to “ 7 ” (YSLV1 to YSLV7), to be distinguished from their putative hosts “ Yellowstone Lake Phycodnavirus ” (YSLPV) alias “ Yellowstone Lake Mimivirus ” (“ Yellowstone Lake Giant Virus ”, YSLGV) (see Yellowstone Lake )
• " Phaeocystis globosa Virus Virophage " (PgVV), parasitizes Phaeocystis globosa virus (PgV)
• “ Platanovirus saccamoebae virophage ” (alias “ Comedo Virophage ” or “ Comedo virus ”), parasitizes “ Platanovirus saccamoebae ” KSL5
• " Guarani Virophage "
• " Sissivirophage ", parasitizes " Sissivirus "
• " Lake Mendota Virophage Candidate Genus 1 " to " 3 " and other species, which were found in Lake Mendota , Wisconsin 2017 by Roux et al. was reported.
• " TBE Virophages " (TBE: English Trout Bog epilimnion ) and " TBH Virophages " (TBH: English Trout Bog hypolimnion ) are a classification for a series of viophages that live in the surface layers ( epilimnion ) or in the depths ( hypolimnion ) of Trout Bog Lake , Wisconsin (Roux et al. , 2017).
• " Sheep Rumen hybrid virophage " (SRHV) / Rumen Virophages (RVPs)
• " Rio Negro Virophage " (RNV), parasitizes " Sambavirus "
• " Loki's Castle virophages " ( virophage contig 852 and 1368), Sputnik-like, from the black smoker Loki's castle

Other virophage gene sequences have also been found in the following locations:

• Punta Cormorant, a salty lagoon on Floreana # flora and fauna (Santa María, English Charles , Galápagos Islands )
• An ocean upwelling on Fernandina ( English Narborough Island , also Galápagos Islands)
• Delaware Bay Estuary ( New Jersey , US East Coast)
• Gatunsee ( English Lake Gatun , a freshwater lake in Panama , Central America)

Systematics

Lavidaviridae
Systematics
Classification : Viruses Area : Varidnaviria Empire : Bamfordvirae Phylum : Preplasmiviricota Class : Maveriviricetes Order : Priklausovirales Family : Lavidaviridae
Taxonomic characteristics
Genome : dsDNA circular Baltimore : Group 1 Symmetry : icosahedral Cover : no
Scientific name
Lavidaviridae
Left
NCBI  Taxonomy: 1914302 ViralZone ( ExPASy , SIB): 7839

• Family Lavidaviridae

• Genus Sputnikvirus with the two species Sputnik and Zamilon
• Genus Mavirus with cafeteria virus -dependent mavirus and (as of March 2019 unconfirmed by the ICTV) ALM, as well as YSLV7 and possibly the RVPs
• Genus " Lake Mendota Virophage Candidate Genus 1 " (proposed) with DSLV1, YSLV3 and "Mendota 1002791"
• Genus " Lake Mendota Virophage Candidate Genus 2 " (proposed) with "Mendota 2320000189" and "Mendota 2367002401"
• Genus " Lake Mendota Virophage Candidate Genus 3 " (proposed) with "Mendota 157001142" and "Mendota 2256000135"
• YSLV1, YSLV2, YSLV4, YSLV5, YSLV6, QLV, OLV, PgVV, RNV, SRHV with the RVPs, " Platanovirus saccamoebae virophage ", the TBH and TBE virophages are not assigned to any genus (officially or by proposal) , more Lake Mendota virophages ...

The phylogenetic relationships of the above representatives and candidates are still under discussion. You can find suggestions for systematics at:

• Chaowen Gong et al. (2016), Fig. 5
• Mart Krupovic et al. (2016), Fig. 4
• Simon Roux et al. (2017), Fig. 1
• Clara Rolland et al. (2019), Fig. 6a
• Disa Bäckström et al. (2019), Fig. 8

Web links

• Christelle Desnues, Bernard La Scola, Natalya Yutin, Ghislain Fournous, Catherine Robert, Saïd Azza, Priscilla Jardot, Sonia Monteil, Angélique Campocasso, Eugene V. Koonin Didier Raoult: Provirophages and transpovirons as the diverse mobilome of giant viruses . On: PNAS Volume 109, No. 44, October 30, 2012, pp. 18078-18083, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1208835109 .
• Graziel Oliveira, Bernard La Scola, Jônatas Abrahão: Giant virus vs amoeba: fight for supremacy . In: Virology Journal. (Virol J) Volume 16, No. 1, Article 126, published: November 4, 2019, doi: 10.1186 / s12985-019-1244-3 ( PDF ).
• Laurie O'Keefe: Sizing Up Viruses . On: The Scientist. Illustration for Didier Raoult: Viruses Reconsidered , ibid. February 28, 2014: Graphical representation of the proportions.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry: Archive Biology - Are Viruses Living Beings?
2. ↑ ^{a b} La Scola et al. : The virophage as a unique parasite of the giant mimivirus. In: Nature . Volume 455, September 4, 2008, pp. 100-105, doi: 10.1038 / nature07218 .
3. ↑ ^{a b c d} Jan Osterkamp: Friendly enemies of the enemy . On: Spektrum.de - News from March 31, 2011; last accessed on July 29, 2019.
4. ↑ ^{a b c d} Sheree Yau, Federico M. Lauro, Matthew Z. DeMaere, Mark V. Brown, Torsten Thomas, Mark J. Raftery, Cynthia Andrews-Pfannkoch, Matthew Lewis, Jeffrey M. Hoffman, John A. Gibson, and Ricardo Cavicchiolia: Virophage control of antarctic algal host – virus dynamics. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.) Volume 108, No. 15, April 12, 2011 (online March 28, 2011), pp. 6163-6168, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1018221108 , PMC 3076838 (free full text), PMID 21444812
5. ↑ J. Zhou, W. Zhang, S. Yan, J. Xiao, Y. Zhang, B. Li, Y. Pan, Y. Wang: Diversity of virophages in metagenomic data sets . In: Journal of Virology . (J Virol.) Volume 87, No. 8, April 2013, pp. 4225-4236, doi: 10.1128 / JVI.03398-12 . Epub February 2013.
6. ↑ ^{a b c} Chaowen Gong, Weijia Zhang, Xuewen Zhou, Hongming Wang, Guowei Sun, Jinzhou Xiao, Yingjie Pan, Shuling Yan, Yongjie Wang: Novel Virophages detected in a Freshwater Lake in China . In: Frontiers in Microbiology. (Front. Micribiol.) Volume 22, January 2016, doi: 10.3389 / fmicb.2016.00005 .
7. ↑ Hao Chen, Weijia Zhang, Xiefei Li, Yingjie Pan, Shuling Yan, and Yongjie Wang: The genome of a prasinoviruses-related freshwater virus reveals unusual diversity of phycodnaviruses. In: BMC Genomics. Volume 19, No. 49, January 15, 2018, doi: 10.1186 / s12864-018-4432-4 , PMC 5769502 (free full text), PMID 29334892 . Warning: O L V is the abbreviation for " Organic Lake Virophage ", O l V for Ostreococcus lucimarinus virus (genus Prasinovirus ).
8. ↑ Seungdae Oh, Dongwan Yoo, Wen-Tso Liu: Metagenomics Reveals a Novel Virophage Population in a Tibetan Mountain Lake. In: Microbes and Environments. Volume 31, No. 2, June 2016, pp. 173–177, doi: 10.1264 / jsme2.ME16003 , PMC 4912154 (free full text), PMID 27151658
9. ↑ Weijia Zhang, Jinglie Zhou, Taigang Liu, Yongxin Yu, Yingjie Pan, Shuling Yan, Yongjie Wang: Four novel algal virus genomes discovered from Yellowstone Lake metagenomes . In: Scientific Reports. Volume 5, No. 15131, 2015, doi: 10.1038 / srep15131 , see Fig. 6
10. ^ Virus host DB: Yellowstone lake mimivirus
11. ↑ ^{a b c} Said Mougari, Dehia Sahmi-Bounsiar, Anthony Levasseur, Philippe Colson, Bernard La Scola: Virophages of Giant Viruses: An Update at Eleven . In: Viruses. Volume 11, No. 8, July / August 2019, p. 733, doi: 10.3390 / v11080733 , PMC 6723459 (free full text), PMID 31398856 .
12. ↑ NCBI: Phaeocystis globosa virus virophage . (species)
13. ↑ NCBI: Guarani virophage (species)
14. ↑ ^{a b c} Clara Rolland, Julien Andreani, Amina Cherif Louazani u. a .: Discovery and Further Studies on Giant Viruses at the IHU Mediterranee Infection That Modified the Perception of the Virosphere . In: Viruses. Volume 11, No. 4, March / April 2019, pii: E312, doi: 10.3390 / v11040312 , PMC 6520786 (free full text), PMID 30935049 .
15. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Simon Roux, Leong-Keat Chan, Rob Egan, Rex R. Malmstrom, Katherine D. McMahon, Matthew B. Sullivan: Ecogenomics of virophages and their giant virus hosts assessed through time series metagenomics . In: Nature Communications . Volume 8, No. 858, October 11, 2017, doi: 10.1038 / s41467-017-01086-2 , PMID 29021524 , PMC 5636890 (free full text), OSTI: DOE Pages on Office of Scientific and Technical Information ( United States Department of Energy ), PDF .
16. ↑ Natalya Yutin, Vladimir V. Kapitonov, Eugene V. Koonin: A new family of hybrid virophages from an animal gut metagenome. In: Biology Direct. Volume 10, No. 19, April 25, 2015, doi: 10.1186 / s13062-015-0054-9 , PMC 4409740 (free full text), PMID 25909276 .
17. ↑ ^{a b} Disa Bäckström, Natalya Yutin, Steffen L. Jørgensen, Jennah Dharamshi, Felix Homa, Katarzyna Zaremba-Niedwiedzka, Anja Spang, Yuri I. Wolf, Eugene V. Koonin, Thijs J. G. Ettema; Richard P. Novick (Ed.): Virus Genomes from Deep Sea Sediments Expand the Ocean Megavirome and Support Independent Origins of Viral Gigantism . In: mBio Volume 10, No. 2, 2019, doi: 10.1128 / mBio.02497-18 .
18. ↑ ^{a b c} Meriem Bekliz, Jonathan Verneau, Samia Benamar, Didier Raoult, Bernard La Scola, Philippe Colson: A New Zamilon-like Virophage Partial Genome Assembled from a Bioreactor Metagenome. In: Frontiers in Microbiology. (Front. Microbiol.) November 27, 2015, doi: 10.3389 / fmicb.2015.01308 .
19. ↑ ^{a b c d e} ICTV: ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1 , New MSL including all taxa updates since the 2018b release, March 2020 (MSL # 35)
20. ↑ English la rge vi rus- d ependent or - a ssociated vir uses
21. ↑ NCBI: Lavidaviridae (family)
22. ↑ Mart Krupovic, Jens H. Kuhn, Matthias G. Fischer: A classification system for virophages and satellite viruses . In: Archives of Virology. January 2016, Volume 161, No. 1, pp. 233-247, doi: 10.1007 / s00705-015-2622-9 .