Prasinovirus
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||||||
Prasinovirus | ||||||||||||||||
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Prasinovirus is a genus of large double-stranded DNA viruses belonging to the Phycodnaviridae family thatinfectthe phytoplankton of the Prasinophyceae . Currently (as of July 2019) there are only two species in this genus: the type species Micromonas pusilla virus SP1 (MpV-SP1) and Ostreococcus tauri virus OtV5 (OtV5). Members of the genus Prasinovirus infect small, unicellular green algae of the order Mamiellales , which are common in seashore waters. Joint hosts of Prasinoviren include members of flagellate genera Ostreococcus and Micromonas . Three species of Ostreococcus have been identified as candidates that differ based on their light needs .
description
The type species of the genus Prasinovirus is the Micromonas pusilla virus SP1 (MpV-SP1), which was isolated from a water sample taken from San Diego.
The prasinovirus MpV-SP1 infects the flagellate Micromonas pusilla (UTEX 991, Plymouth 27), which is a dominant photosynthetic marine picoeukaryote, i.e. belongs to the eukaryotic pico plankton .
One of the most widely studied prasinoviruses, OtV5, the genome of which has been completely sequenced, infects Ostreococcus tauri , the smallest free-living eukaryotes to date (2008).
construction
Virions of the genus Prasinovirus have icosahedral and round geometry with T = 169 symmetry . The diameter is 104–118 nm . In the Ostreococcus tauri virus OtV5 (OtV-5) the diameter of the virions (virus particles) is 12 [beta] nm .
Propagation cycle
The viral replication is nucleocytoplasmic. The replication follows the DNA strand displacement model ( English DNA strand displacement model ). The method of transcription is based on DNA. The virus leaves the host cell by lysis via lytic phospholipids . Algae serve as a natural host and are transmitted through passive diffusion.
In the nucleo-cytoplasmic replication of the prasinoviruses, the virus particles (virions) attach to the surface of the host cell and then inject their DNA into the cytoplasm of the host cell. Apparently the remnants of the virions separate from the host membrane after their DNA has been injected. It was found that “empty” OtV5 virions or virus residues, in which only the capsid is bound to the host membrane, cannot be seen at any stage of the infection. The authors also found that a high proportion of virus after inoculation ( English inoculation of DNA did not adhere) to cells, suggesting that the attachment of viruses could be a limiting step in the infection. The viral DNA is then replicated in the host cell's machinery in the nucleus. The virus particles collect in the cytoplasm and usually occupy a space near the inside of the cell nucleus . Due to the extremely small size of the algal cells, an average burst size of only 25 virus particles per cell was found.
In the meantime, virus production without cell lysis has also been observed in O. tauri cells. Thomas et al. 2011 found out that replicated in resistant host cells the virus genome and viruses over a Knospungsmechanismus ( English budding mechanism ) were released. This low rate of release of viruses by budding enables the host and virus progeny to survive longer, resulting in stable coexistence.
Genome
- In Ostreococcus tauri virus OtV1 (OtV-1) the length of the genome is 191,761 bp , it is predicted to code for 230 proteins , and the GC content is 45%.
- In Ostreococcus tauri virus OtV5 (OtV-5) the length of the genome is 187 bp and the GC content is 45%.
- In Bathycoccus sp. RCC1105 virus BpV1 has a genome length of 198,519 bp, 203 proteins are predicted to be encoded and the GC content is 37%.
There is a large group of genetically distinct but related viruses that show strong evidence of lateral gene transfer .
Systematics
Internal system
System according to ICTV (as of June 2019, Master Species List # 34 2018b):
- Family: Phycodnaviridae
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- Genus: Prasinovirus
- Species: Micromonas pusilla virus SP1 (MpV-SP1, MPV SP1, type species)
- Species: Ostreococcus tauri virus OtV5 (OtV-5, OtV5)
So far not confirmed by the ICTV:
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- Species: Ostreococcus tauri virus OtV1 (OtV-1)
- Species: Ostreococcus tauri virus OtV2 (OtV-2)
- Species: Bathycoccus prasinos. virus (BpV, alias Bathycoccus sp. RCC1105 virus BpV , BpV-1)
- Bathycoccus sp. RCC1105 virus BpV1 (alias Bathycoccus prasinos. Virus 1, BpV-1)
- Bathycoccus sp. RCC1105 virus BpV2 (alias Bathycoccus prasinos. Virus 2, BpV-2)
- Species: Ostreococcus lucimarinus virus OlV1 (OlV-1)
- Species: Ostreococcus lucimarinus virus OlV2 (OlV-2)
- Species: Ostreococcus lucimarinus virus OlV7 (OlV-7)
- Species: Ostreococcus mediterraneus virus OmV1 (OmV-1)
- Species: Micromonas pusilla virus MpV1 (MpV-1)
- Species: Micromonas pusilla virus PL1 (MpV PL1)
- Species: Micromonas pusilla virus 12T (MpV 12T, T stands for Texel , Netherlands)
- Species: Ostreococcus tauri virus RT-2011 (OtV RT-2011)
- Species: Ostreococcus tauri virus OtV05 (OtV06)
- Species: Ostreococcus tauri virus OtV08 (OtV08)
- Species: Ostreococcus tauri virus OtV09 (OtV09)
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Phylogenetic tree according to Hao et al. (2018):
Prasinovirus |
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External system
The following system follows Schulz et al. (2018) with corrections and additions according to Hao et al. (2018):
Phycodnaviridae |
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Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e ICTV: ICTV Master Species List 2019.v1 , New MSL including all taxa updates since the 2018b release, March 2020 (MSL # 35)
- ↑ a b c ICTV: Virus Taxonomy . Retrieved July 7, 2019, from: International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses Master Species List (MSL) # 34 2018b.
- ↑ a b Viral Zone . ExPASy. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
- ↑ Camille Clerissi, Yves Desdevises, Nigel Grimsley: Prasinoviruses of the Marine Green Alga Ostreococcus tauri Are Mainly Species Specific . In: Journal of Virology . 86, No. 8, 2012, pp. 4611-4619. doi : 10.1128 / JVI.07221-11 . PMID 22318150 . PMC 3318615 (free full text).
- ↑ Home Ostreococcus lucimarinus . Retrieved February 28, 2017.
- ^ Matthew T. Cottrell, Curtis A. Suttle: Wide-spread occurrence and clonal variation in viruses which cause lysis of a cosmopolitan, eukaryotic marine phytoplankter Micromonas pusilla . In: Marine Ecology Progress Series . 78, 1991, pp. 1-9. bibcode : 1991MEPS ... 78 .... 1C . doi : 10.3354 / meps078001 .
- ^ Matthew T. Cottrell, Curtis A. Suttle: Wide-spread occurrence and clonal variation in viruses which cause lysis of a cosmopolitan, eukaryotic marine phytoplankter, "Micromonas pusilla" . (PDF) In: Marine Ecology Progress Series . 78, 1991, ISSN 1616-1599 , pp. 1-9. doi : 10.3354 / meps078001 .
- ^ Matthew T. Cottrell, Curtis A. Suttle: Dynamics of lytic virus infecting the photosynthetic marine picoflagellate Micromonas pusilla . In: Limnology and Oceanography . 40, No. 4, 1995, pp. 730-739. doi : 10.4319 / lo.1995.40.4.0730 .
- ↑ a b c Nigel Grimsley, Hervé Moreau, Laure Bellec, Yves Desdevises, Gwenaël Piganeau, Richard Cooke, Sophie Eychenié, Marie-Line Escande, Conchita Ferraz, Evelyne Derelle: Life-Cycle and Genome of OtV5, a Large DNA Virus of the Pelagic Marine Unicellular Green Alga Ostreococcus tauri . In: PLOS ONE . tape 3 , no. 5 , May 28, 2008, p. e2250 , doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0002250 , PMID 18509524 , PMC 2386258 (free full text), bibcode : 2008PLoSO ... 3.2250D .
- ↑ a b Jean-Michel Claverie, Chantal Abergel: [ Mimiviridae : An Expanding Family of Highly Diverse Large dsDNA Viruses Infecting a Wide Phylogenetic Range of Aquatic Eukaryotes]. In: Viruses . 2018 Sep; 10 (9), September 18, 2018, p. 506, doi: 10.3390 / v10090506 , PMC 6163669 (free full text), PMID 30231528 , Tab. 2
- ↑ Thomas Rozenn, Nigel Grimsley, Marie-Line Escande, Lucie Subirana, Evelyne Derelle, Hervé Moreau: Acquisition and maintenance of resistance to viruses in eukaryotic phytoplankton populations . In: Environmental Microbiology . 13, No. 6, 2011, pp. 1412-1420. doi : 10.1111 / j.1462-2920.2011.02441.x . PMID 21392198 .
- ↑ Télesphore Sime-Ngando: Environmental bacteriophages: Viruses of microbes in aquatic ecosystems . In: Frontiers in Microbiology . 5, 2014, p. 355. doi : 10.3389 / fmicb.2014.00355 . PMID 25104950 . PMC 4109441 (free full text).
- ^ A b Curtis A. Suttle, Amy M. Chan, Danielle M. Winget, Jan F. Finke: Variation in the Genetic Repertoire of Viruses Infecting Micromonas pusilla Reflects Horizontal Gene Transfer and Links to Their Environmental Distribution . In: Viruses . tape 9 , no. 5 , 2017, p. 116 , doi : 10.3390 / v9050116 , PMID 28534829 .
- ↑ a b c David M. Needham, Alexandra Z. Worden et al .: A distinct lineage of giant viruses brings a rhodopsin photosystem to unicellular marine predators , in: PNAS, 23 September 2019, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1907517116 , ISSN 0027-8424, here: Supplement 1 (xlsx)
- ↑ Laure Bellec, Nigel Grimsley, Evelyn Derelle, Herve Moreau, Yves Desdevises: Abundance, spatial distribution and genetic diversity of Ostreococcus tauri viruses in two different environments . In: Environmental Microbiology Reports . 2, No. 2, 2010, pp. 313-321. doi : 10.1111 / j.1758-2229.2010.00138.x . PMID 23766083 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Hao Chen, Weijia Zhang, Xiefei Li, Yingjie Pan, Shuling Yan, Yongjie Wang: The genome of a prasinoviruses-related freshwater virus reveals unusual diversity of phycodnaviruses , in: BMC Genomics, December 2018, doi: 10.1186 / s12864-018-4432-4
- ↑ a b c d Camille Clerissi, Yves Desdevises, Nigel Grimsley: Prasinoviruses of the Marine Green Alga Ostreococcus tauri Are Mainly Species Specific , in: Journal of Virology 86 (8), pp. 4611–4619, February 2012, doi: 10.1128 / JVI.07221-11
- ↑ Weynberg KD, Allen MJ, Ashelford K, Scanlan DJ, Wilson WH: From small hosts come big viruses: the complete genome of a second Ostreococcus tauri virus, OtV-1 , in: Environmental Microbiology, 23 July 2009, 11 (11 ). Pp. 2821-2920, PMID 19650882 , doi: 10.1111 / j.1462-2920.2009.01991.x
- ↑ Karen D. Weynberg, Michael J. Allen, Ilana C. Gilg, David J. Scanlan, William H. Wilson: Genome Sequence of Ostreococcus tauri Virus OtV-2 Throws Light on the Role of Picoeukaryote Niche Separation in the Ocean , in: J Virolv. 85 (9); May 2011, PMC 3126241 (free full text), PMID 21289127 , doi: 10.1128 / JVI.02131-10
- ↑ NCBI: Bathycoccus sp. RCC1105 virus BpV (Species)
- ↑ William H Wilson,. * Ilana C Gilg, Mohammad Moniruzzaman, Erin K Field, Sergey Koren, Gary R LeCleir, Joaquín Martínez Martínez, Nicole J Poulton, Brandon K Swan, Ramunas Stepanauskas, Steven W Wilhelm: Genomic exploration of individual giant ocean viruses , in: ISME Journal 11 (8), August 2017, pp. 1736–1745, doi: 10.1038 / ismej.2017.61 , PMC 5520044 (free full text), PMID 28498373
- ↑ NCBI: Bathycoccus sp. RCC1105 virus BpV1 (no rank)
- ↑ NCBI: Bathycoccus sp. RCC1105 virus BpV2 (no rank)
- ↑ Frederik Schulz, Lauren Alteio, Danielle Goudeau, Elizabeth M. Ryan, Feiqiao B. Yu, Rex R. Malmstrom, Jeffrey Blanchard, Tanja Woyke: Hidden diversity of soil giant viruses , in: Nature Communicationsvolume 9, Article number: 4881 (2018 ) from November 19, 2018, doi: 10.1007 / s00705-016-2853-4
- ↑ Fumito Maruyama, Shoko Ueki: Evolution and Phylogeny of Large DNA Viruses, Mimiviridae and Phycodnaviridae Including Newly Characterized Heterosigma akashiwo Virus. In: Front. Microbiol. November 30, 2016, doi: 10.3389 / fmicb.2016.01942 , PMC 5127864 (free full text), PMID 27965659 .