Measles virus

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Measles virus
Measles virus.JPG

Measles virus, thin-layer TEM.

Systematics
Classification : Viruses
Area : Riboviria
Empire : Orthornavirae
Phylum : Negarnaviricota
Subphylum : Haploviricotina
Class : Monjiviricetes
Order : Mononegavirals
Family : Paramyxoviridae
Genre : Morbillivirus
Type : Measles virus
Scientific name
Measles morbillivirus
Short name
MeV
Left
NCBI  Taxonomy: 11234
NCBI  Reference: AB016162
ICTV Taxon History: 201851616
ICTVdB Virus Code : 01.048.1.02.001

The measles virus (MeV) is an exclusively human pathogen , such as 100-250 nanometers large excitation of measles of the family of Paramyxoviridae (genus Morbillivirus ). The infected person is the only reservoir . Dogs can also be infected experimentally, but do not develop any symptoms (despite the relationship between the measles virus and the distemper pathogen ). Both natural and artificially induced measles diseases have been observed in various species of monkeys ; however, it can be assumed that their populations are too small to serve as a natural reservoir for the virus. The measles virus is one of the so-called neurotropic viruses , as it can enter the central nervous system along peripheral nerves and usually hematogenously via the blood-brain barrier . Hence, infection often leads to neurological complications.

features

origin

The timing of the development and spread of the measles virus has not been researched with certainty. It is believed that the measles virus did not evolve from the rinderpest virus until the 11th or 12th century AD . Reports from the 7th century, which were ascribed to a Jewish doctor named Al-Yehudi, are assigned the measles virus as the causative agent. The first known detailed description of measles was made by the Persian doctor Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (Rhazes), who stated at the beginning of the 10th century that it was "more feared than smallpox ". The evaluation of a sequencing of the measles virus DNA in the lung preparation of a girl who died of measles in 1912 as well as another 129 different measles virus isolates showed that the most likely point in time for the development of the measles virus was already the 6th century BC. In the text of the study, the hypothesis was put forward that, due to the formation of large cities and population sizes at that time, the virus was only able to spread sustainably among humans at this point in time.

construction

The measles virus contains a single-stranded, non-segmented RNA with negative polarity (ss (-) RNA). The genome consists of 15,894 nucleotides that code for six proteins : a nucleoprotein (N-protein), phosphoprotein (P-protein), matrix protein (M-protein), fusion protein (F-protein), hemagglutinin (H-protein), a "large protein" (L, large protein ), and two nonstructural proteins V and C. N, P and L proteins form a complex with the RNA. The V and C proteins are involved in viral transcription and replication .

The measles virus has a viral envelope that contains the glycoprotein hemagglutinin, a second glycoprotein that contains fusion protein, both of which are transmembrane proteins . Matrix proteins are found on the inside, but no neuraminidases . These surface proteins are responsible for the fusion of the virion with the host cell and the uptake by it. The receptors through which the virus is taken up into human cells are CD46 , CD150 (SLAM, signaling lymphocyte-activation molecule ) and nectin-4. Nectin-4 is presented by epithelial cells , CD150 by certain cells of the immune system ( lymphocytes , monocytes , macrophages and dendritic cells ) and is the main receptor for the virus. These cells therefore play a major role in the pathogenesis of measles infection (with the wild virus). The CD46 receptor serves as an additional cellular receptor in vaccinations with measles vaccines .

The F protein is involved in the cell-to-cell spread of the virus.

properties

The antibodies caused by vaccination with measles vaccines are directed against the surface proteins of the measles virus, in particular the H protein.

Due to the virus envelope, the measles virus is very sensitive to external influences such as increased temperatures , light , ultraviolet radiation , lipid solvents, disinfectants and mild detergents . Its survival time in the air is only two hours. It has a high infectiousness ( contagion index ) of around 95%. The viral RNA polymerase can be inhibited with ERDRP-0519 .

The WHO defines over 24 genotypes (variations of the genetic information) in eight groups (A – H), which are relatively stable, which enables traceability of the worldwide infection routes. The genotypes arise due to the different gene sequences of the H and N proteins. The following genotypes are described: A, B1, B2, B3, C1, C2, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9, D10, D11, E, F, G1, G2, G3, H1 and H2. All strains used in measles vaccines (Moraten, Edmonston-Zagreb) belong to genotype A. So-called reference strains are available for identification, for example New York.USA / 94 Ibadan.NIE / 97/1 for B3. The reference strains are stored in the biobank of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and in the Virus Reference Department, Public Health England (PHE) in London .

The genotypes predominantly occurring in (Western) Europe in the last few years (from 2013) are B3 and D8. Of 24 genotypes, 19 have been detected since the 1990s (A, B2, B3, C1, C2, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9, D10, D11, G2, G3, H1 and H2) , thirteen between 2005 and 2014 and only eight since 2009. This suggests that many genotypes are no longer circulating. The stable serotypes with their constant combination of surface features also made it possible to produce a highly effective measles vaccine.

transmission

The virus is only transmitted from person to person, so it can theoretically be eradicated. It spreads through droplet infection (coughing, sneezing, speaking) or direct human contact. Infection is possible even after a short exposure , the contagion index is 0.95. This means that 95% of all people without adequate immunity become infected and develop clinical symptoms as a result.

Pathogen detection

The indirect pathogen detection is carried out by detecting specific antibodies using ELISA or KBR ( complement fixation reaction ). The detection of the virus RNA is complex and only takes place in special laboratories; it is only useful if subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is suspected after measles infection and is carried out with liquor as sample material.

Reporting requirement

In Germany, direct or indirect evidence of the measles virus must be reported by name in accordance with Section 7 of the Infection Protection Act (IfSG), if the evidence indicates an acute infection. The obligation to notify primarily concerns the management of laboratories ( § 8 IfSG).

In Switzerland is the positive laboratory analytical results (and the negative finding in PCR analysis) a measles virus laboratory notifiable namely after the epidemic law (EPG) in conjunction with the epidemic Regulation and Appendix 3 of the regulation of the EDI on the reporting of observations of communicable Diseases of man .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ ICTV Master Species List 2018b.v2 . MSL # 34, March 2019
  2. ↑ a b ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Akabane orthobunyavirus , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
  3. ↑ Erik C. Böttger, Fritz H. Kayser: Pocket Textbook Medical Microbiology. 12th edition. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2010, ISBN 3131514426 , p. 519
  4. ↑ Birgid Neumeister, Heinrich K. Geiss, Rüdiger Braun: Microbiological diagnostics: Bacteriology - Mycology - Virology - Parasitology. 2nd edition. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2009, ISBN 3131579420 , p. 913
  5. ^ RA Moura, J. Warren: Subclinical infection of dogs by canine-adapted measles virus evidenced by their subsequent immunity to canine distemper virus. In: Journal of bacteriology. Volume 82, November 1961, pp. 702-705, PMID 14476677 , PMC 279238 (free full text).
  6. ↑ https://www.msdvetmanual.com/exotic-and-laboratory-animals/nonhuman-primates/viral-diseases-of-nonhuman-primates ; accessed on March 13, 2020
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  8. ^ Rik L. de Swart: Measles: What we have learned from non-human primate models . In: Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models (=  Use of non-human primate disease models ). tape 23 , March 1, 2017, p. 31–34 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ddmod.2018.01.002 .
  9. ↑ Central nervous system, systematics of diseases. In: International Medical College (IMC Wiki). Accessed January 30, 2020 .
  10. ↑ F. Zepp: Impfmythen in pediatrics . In: Monthly Pediatrics . tape 166 , no. December 12 , 2018, p. 1115 , doi : 10.1007 / s00112-018-0610-3 .
  11. ↑ Halmut Renz: Diseases caused by neurotropic viruses. In: Pharmaceutical newspaper . January 20, 2003, accessed January 30, 2020 .
  12. ^ Y. Furuse, A. Suzuki, H. Oshitani: Origin of measles virus: divergence from rinderpest virus between the 11th and 12th centuries. In: Virology Journal. Volume 4, 2010, PMID 20202190 , p. 52.
  13. ↑ El Yehudi: 68 BC. Chr., Cit. n. Babbot, FL, Jr., a. IE Gordon: Modem measles. Amer. J. Med. Sci. 288, 334 (1954).
  14. ↑ Measles . In: Epidemiology & Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases - “The Pink Book” , 9th Edition, Public Health Foundation, pp. 131–144 PDF, 830 kB
  15. ↑ Nadja Podbregar: Measles developed 2500 years ago. In: Wissenschaft.de. Konradin Medien , June 19, 2020, accessed on June 20, 2020 . How measles got on humans. In: scinexx.de. Fachmedien und Mittelstand, June 19, 2020, accessed on June 20, 2020 .
  16. ↑ Jan Dönges: Is measles a product of the first big cities? on Spektrum.de from June 19, 2020.
  17. ↑ Alice Lanzke: Change from animals to humans - measles virus is much older than expected , on: n-tv.de from June 19, 2020
  18. ↑ Ariane Düx, Sebastian Lequime, Livia Victoria Patrono, Bram Vrancken, Sengül Boral, Jan F. Gogar et al. : Measles virus and rinderpest virus divergence dated to the sixth century BCE . In: Science. Volume 368, No. 6497, pp. 1367-1370, June 19, 2020, doi: 10.1126 / science.aba9411 .
  19. ↑ T. Betáková et al .: Overview of measles and mumps vaccine: origin, present, and future of vaccine production . In: Acta Virologica . tape 57 , no. 2 , 2013, p. 91-96 , doi : 10.4149 / av_2013_02_91 , PMID 23600866 .
  20. ^ A b William J. Moss: Measles . In: The Lancet . tape 390 , no. 10111 , December 2, 2017, p. 2490-2502 , doi : 10.1016 / S0140-6736 (17) 31463-0 .
  21. ↑ a b Brigitta M. Laksono et al .: Measles Virus Host Invasion and Pathogenesis . In: Viruses . tape 8 , no. 8 , July 28, 2016, doi : 10.3390 / v8080210 , PMID 27483301 , PMC 4997572 (free full text).
  22. ^ Yusuke Yanagi et al .: Measles virus receptors and tropism . In: Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases . tape 59 , no. 1 , February 2006, p. 1-5 , PMID 16495625 .
  23. ↑ a b c Measles virus nomenclature update: 2012 . In: Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire . tape 87 , no. 9 , March 2, 2012, p. 73-81 , PMID 22462199 .
  24. ^ WJ Bellini, PA Rota: Genetic diversity of wild-type measles viruses: implications for global measles elimination programs. In: Emerging Infectious Diseases . Volume 4 (1), 1998, PMID 9452396 , pp. 29-35.
  25. ↑ a b Genetic Analysis of Measles Virus. In: CDC. June 5, 2018, Retrieved July 17, 2020 (American English).
  26. ^ Reference Strains for Genetic Analysis Wild-type Measles Virus. In: CDC. June 5, 2018, Retrieved July 17, 2020 (American English).
  27. ↑ WHO | Measles and Rubella Surveillance Data. Retrieved December 18, 2018 .