Vaccinia virus

Vaccinia virus
Vaccinia virus PHIL 2143
Systematics
Classification : Viruses Area : Varidnaviria Empire : Bamfordvirae Phylum : Nucleocytoviricota Class : Pokkesviricetes Order : Chitovirals Family : Poxviridae Subfamily : Chordopoxvirinae Genre : Orthopoxvirus Type : Vaccinia virus
Taxonomic characteristics
Genome : dsDNA linear Baltimore : Group 1 Symmetry : complex Cover : available
Scientific name
Vaccinia virus
Short name
VACV
Left
NCBI  Taxonomy: 10245 NCBI  Reference: NC_006998.1 ICTV Taxon History: 201854775

The vaccinia virus ( VACV or VV ) is an enveloped DNA virus that belongs to the smallpox viruses (family Poxviridae ).

properties

The vaccinia virus has formed the basis of all smallpox vaccines since Edward Jenner , as it produces few symptoms of smallpox disease and immunity to human pox virus in humans compared to human pox . Examples of vaccinia viruses are the modified vaccinia Ankara virus , NYVAC and ACAM2000. Vaccinia was originally thought to be the causative agent of cowpox , which is where the name comes from (lat. Vacca 'cow'). Due to the many passages in cell cultures , the exact origin is unknown, but the human smallpox viruses, cowpox viruses and vaccinia viruses are descendants of a common ancestor. It is now known that the vaccinia virus is more closely related to horsepox than to cowpox. Vaccinia viruses can be propagated in cell culture in vitro in Vero cells , A549 cells or CEF cells , among others .

Virion

The Virion of the vaccinia virus has dimensions of 360 × 270 × 250  nm ³ and a mass of about 5-10 fg . Like all smallpox viruses, it has a multilayered virus envelope and replication takes place in the cytosol . In the course of their production vaccinia form of four distinct forms: intracellular mature virions ( intracellular mature virion , IMV), intracellular enveloped virions ( intracellular enveloped virion , IEV), cell-bound enveloped virions ( cell-associated enveloped virion , CEV) and extracellular enveloped virions ( extracellular enveloped virion , EEV). Presumably, the IMV consists of a lipoprotein membrane, the CEV and the EEV are surrounded by a double virus membrane, and IEV by three. IMV is the most common infectious form.

Genome

The vaccinia virus genome consists of 194,711 base pairs of double-stranded DNA and is predicted to encode about 2233 proteins (about 250 genes ). The genome is present as a concatamer .

Two or more vaccinia viruses with partially defective genomes can recombine when the same cell is infected at the same time , so that a functional virus can emerge from them. This recombination process is as Multiplizitätsreaktivierung ( english multiplicity reactivation called). The damage can be caused by UV light , nitrogen mustard , or gamma or X-ray radiation .

Symptoms

A vaccinia virus disease can be divided into four groups.

• Generalized vaccinia
• Eczema vaccinatum
• Progressive Vaccinia (Vaccinia gangrenosum, Vaccinia necrosum)
• Roseola Vaccinia

history

The first evidence of the effectiveness of vaccinia viruses as smallpox vaccines was provided by Edward Jenner in 1798. The term Vaccinia is the root of a synonym for vaccination, the vaccination . Before the cold chain, vaccinia viruses were transmitted from arm to arm as smallpox vaccines as soon as the smallpox developed at the vaccination site. In 1861, 41 Italian children contracted syphilis through this method . From 1913, vaccinia viruses could be cultivated in cell cultures from pig corneas . In 1939, Allan Watt Downie was able to show that vaccinia viruses and cowpox viruses are different, but serologically similar. Various of the smallpox vaccines have been generated from the vaccinia virus , e.g. B. Modified Vaccinia Ankara Virus .

Subtypes

Some subtypes according to NCBI are:

• Species: Vaccinia virus alias Orthopoxvirus vaccinia , Vacciniavirus - final hosts of all mammals → smallpox

• Orthopoxvirus vaccinia var. Equi alias horse pox virus , English Horsepox virus - final hosts horse , donkey
• Orthopoxvirus vaccinia var. Bubali = buffalo pox virus , en. Buffalopox virus - final host buffalo
• Orthopoxvirus vaccinia var. Cuniculi = rabbitpox virus , en. Rabbitpox virus - final host rabbit
• Modified Vaccinia Ankara Virus , en. Modified Vaccinia Ankara virus

literature

• S. R. Walsh, R. Dolin: Vaccinia viruses: vaccines against smallpox and vectors against infectious diseases and tumors. In: Expert review of vaccines. Volume 10, number 8, August 2011, ISSN  1744-8395 , pp. 1221-1240, doi : 10.1586 / erv.11.79 , PMID 21854314 , PMC 3223417 (free full text).
• D. M. Knipe, Peter M. Howley , D. E. Griffin, (Eds.): Fields Virology. 5th edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2007, ISBN 978-0-7817-6060-7 .

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e} ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Variola virus , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
2. ^ G. Antoine, F. Scheiflinger, F. Dorner, FG Falkner: The complete genomic sequence of the modified vaccinia Ankara strain: comparison with other orthopoxviruses. In: Virology. Volume 244, Number 2, May 1998, ISSN  0042-6822 , pp. 365-396, doi : 10.1006 / viro.1998.9123 , PMID 9601507 .
3. ↑ Huygelen C: Jenner's cowpox vaccine in light of current vaccinology . In: Verh. K. Acad. Geneeskd. Belg. . 58, No. 5, 1996, pp. 479-536; discussion 537-8. PMID 9027132 .
4. ↑ Henderson DA, Moss B [1988]: Smallpox and Vaccinia . In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA (ed.): Vaccines , 3rd. Edition, WB Saunders, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1999, ISBN 0-7216-7443-7 (accessed July 25, 2007).
5. ^ KA Smith: Smallpox: can we still learn from the journey to eradication? In: The Indian journal of medical research. Volume 137, number 5, May 2013, ISSN  0971-5916 , pp. 895-899, PMID 23760373 , PMC 3734679 (free full text)
6. ↑ Livia Schrick, Simon H. Tausch, P. Wojciech Dabrowski, Clarissa R. Damaso, José Esparza: An Early American Smallpox Vaccine Based on Horsepox . In: New England Journal of Medicine . tape 377 , no. 15 , October 11, 2017, p. 1491–1492 , doi : 10.1056 / nejmc1707600 ( nejm.org [accessed October 13, 2017]).
7. ^ Luke Johnson, Amit K. Gupta, Azam Ghafoor, Demir Akin, Rashid Bashir: Characterization of vaccinia virus particles using microscale silicon cantilever resonators and atomic force microscopy. In: Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 115, 2006, p. 189, doi : 10.1016 / j.snb.2005.08.047 .
8. ↑ Tolonen N, Doglio L, Schleich S, Krijnse Locker J: Vaccinia Virus DNA Replication Occurs in Endoplasmic Reticulum-enclosed Cytoplasmic Mini-Nuclei . In: Mol. Biol. Cell . 12, No. 7, July 1, 2001, pp. 2031-46. doi : 10.1091 / mbc.12.7.2031 . PMID 11452001 . PMC 55651 (free full text).
9. ↑ Smith GL , Vanderplasschen A, Law M: The formation and function of extracellular enveloped Vaccinia virus Archived from the original on April 23, 2010. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: J. Gen. Virol. . 83, No. Pt 12, December 1, 2002, pp. 2915-31. PMID 12466468 . Retrieved June 5, 2015. 
10. ↑ David M. Needham, Alexandra Z. Worden et al .: A distinct lineage of giant viruses brings a rhodopsin photosystem to unicellular marine predators , in: PNAS, 23 September 2019, doi: 10.1073 / pnas.1907517116 , ISSN 0027-8424 , here: Supplement 1 (xlsx)
11. ↑ ABEL P: Multiplicity reactivation and marker rescue with vaccinia virus . In: Virology . 17, No. 4, August 1962, pp. 511-9. doi : 10.1016 / 0042-6822 (62) 90150-2 . PMID 13858909 .
12. ↑ Michod RE, Bernstein H, Nedelcu AM: Adaptive value of sex in microbial pathogens . In: Infect Genet Evol . 8, No. 3, 2008, pp. 267-285. doi : 10.1016 / j.meegid.2008.01.002 . PMID 18295550 .
13. ^ Sharp DG, Kim KS: Multiplicity reactivation and radiation survival of aggregated vaccinia virus. Calculation of plaque titer based on MR and particle aggregation seen in the electron microscope . In: Virology . 29, No. 3, July 1966, pp. 359-66. doi : 10.1016 / 0042-6822 (66) 90211-X . PMID 5922451 .
14. ↑ Kim KS, Sharp DG: Multiplicity reactivation of vaccinia virus particles treated with nitrogen mustard . In: J. Virol. . 1, No. 1, February 1967, pp. 45-9. PMID 5623957 . PMC 375503 (free full text).
15. ↑ Kim KS, Sharp DG: Multiplicity reactivation of gamma- and x-irradiated Vaccinia virus in L cells . In: Radiat. Res. . 33, No. 1, January 1968, pp. 30-6. doi : 10.2307 / 3572239 . PMID 5634978 .
16. ↑ James, William D .; Berger, Timothy G .; et al .: Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology . Saunders Elsevier, 2006, ISBN 0-7216-2921-0 , p. 391.
17. ↑ D Baxby: Edward Jenner's Inquiry; a bicentenary analysis . In: Vaccine . 17, No. 4, 1999, pp. 301-7. doi : 10.1016 / S0264-410X (98) 00207-2 . PMID 9987167 .
18. ^ Tucker, Jonathan B. Scourge: The Once and Future Threat of Smallpox. New York: Grove / Atlantic Inc., 2001. ISBN 978-0-8021-3939-9 .
19. ↑ Steinhardt E, Israeli C, Lambert RA: Studies on the cultivation of the virus of vaccinia . In: J. Inf Dis . 13, No. 2, September 1913, pp. 294-300. doi : 10.1093 / infdis / 13.2.294 .
20. ^ AW Downie: The Immunological Relationship of the Virus of Spontaneous Cowpox to Vaccinia Virus . In: British Journal of Experimental Pathology . 20, No. 2, 1939, pp. 158-176. PMC 2065307 (free full text).
21. ↑ Tyrrell, DAJ; McCarthy, K. (1990). Allan Watt Downie. September 1901-26. January 1988 . Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 35: 98-112. doi : 10.1098 / rsbm.1990.0004
22. ↑ NCBI: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=10245 (species)

Web links

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