Edward Jenner

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Edward Jenner. Pastel by John Raphael Smith (1800)
Memorial plaque for Edward Jenner in Munich, Am Neudeck 1

Edward Anthony Jenner [ ɛdwəd dʒɛnə ] (born May 6 . Jul / 17th May  1749 greg. In Berkeley , Gloucestershire , † 26. January 1823 ) was an English country doctor, the modern vaccination against smallpox developed.

Life

Jenner was born the eighth of nine children and the fourth son of Vicar Stephen Jenner (* 1702; † 1754) and Sarah Jenner (* 1709; † 1754). Three of his siblings died before they were 5 years old. He grew up in the care of his older sisters, having been orphaned at the age of 5 .

At the age of seven he started school in Wotton-under-Edge in Cirencester . When the smallpox broke out in 1757, he and other children were subjected to a variation by the local pharmacist, Mr. Holbrook, from which he nearly died. During his school days at the Reverend Dr Washbourn's school (Cirencester) he made many lifelong friends, for example John Clinch , who introduced vaccination in North America in 1798. After graduating from school in 1763, at the age of 13, he was apprenticed to the surgeon Daniel Ludlow in Chipping Sodbury near Bristol , 1764 to the surgeon George Hardwicke , also in Chipping Sodbury, and in 1768 to the brothers Daniel and Edward Ludlow. In 1770 Jenner began a three-year medical apprenticeship in anatomy and surgery with surgeon John Hunter at St. George's Hospital in London and then returned to Berkeley in 1772 to open his own practice (Vale of Berkeley). A counseling practice was in Cheltenham . During his short time in London Jenner was able to make important contacts, for example with Joseph Banks , who later became President of the Royal Society , Henry Cline and Everard Home .

Even after his return to Berkeley, Hunter remained Jenner's mentor and encouraged Jenner to take up natural history. Jenner was involved in cataloging various newly discovered plant species that Joseph Banks brought back from his scientific expedition of James Cook in the South Pacific . Jenner was also offered to take part in Cook's second research trip, which he declined in favor of his medical work.

In Berkeley, Jenner was a member of two medical societies: one in Rodborough (Fleece Inn, founded in 1770) and the other in Alveston (Ship Inn, founded in 1780). Initially, he researched the isolation of emetic tartar . He later concluded from biopsies of patients with chest pain that fat deposits in the large arteries had something to do with the occurrence of angina pectoris . He also recognized a connection between narrowing of the mitral valve ( mitral valve stenosis ) and the rheumatic heart disease known today .

On March 6, 1788, he married Catherine Kingscote (* 1760; † 1815), with whom he had three children: Edward (Jr.) (* 1789; † 1810), Catherine (* 1794; † 1833) and Robert Fitzharding (* 1797; † 1854). His son Edward Jr. died of tuberculosis , presumably infected by his tutor John Worgan, who had died of it in 1808. Jenner's sisters Mary († 1810) and Anne († 1812) and his wife, who was often sick, also died of tuberculosis.

His health deteriorated in the last years of his life, so that he withdrew from public life. In 1820 he suffered a heart attack , which is why he restricted his medical activities. On January 24, 1823, he visited his last patient, an old, dying friend. The next day he was found in what was then diagnosed as having apoplexy . He died of another heart attack on January 26, 1823 at the age of 73. He was buried in the family vault in St. Mary's Church, Berkeley, on February 3, 1823 .

His house is now a museum and is used by the British Society for Immunology (BSI) for symposia .

Jenner was considered a respected, friendly and open-minded doctor with good social contacts and networking with the medical and scientific world.

vaccination

There were reports of "smallpox vaccinations" long before Jenner's method was practiced. Mary Wortley Montagu , wife of an English ambassador to the Ottoman court in Istanbul, reported in letters around 1717 as the first to report vaccinations with intact smallpox viruses ( variolation ) in Turkey. Empress Maria Theresia summoned the Dutch doctor Jan Ingenhousz in 1768 to vaccinate her children (sons Maximilian and Ferdinand and a daughter) in Vienna. From 1770 Benjamin Jesty (1774) and Peter Plett (1791) vaccinated with the cowpox lymph. According to Jenner's biographer John Baron, Jenner is said to have used the popular belief that milkmaids who were infected with cowpox usually did not develop smallpox ("milkmaid myth"). In fact, Jenner had close contact with his country doctor colleague, the doctor and pharmacist John Fewster (* 1738; † 1824), as well as the Ludlow brothers when he returned to Gloucestershire in 1774. Smallpox was discussed a lot there, so Jenner took notice of Fewster's discovery. Fewster had observed that a patient who had previously suffered from (harmless) cowpox could not be varied with smallpox. Jenner therefore hypothesized that inoculation with cowpox enables the same immunity as a survived illness from cowpox and therefore offers protection against smallpox. First, he collected case and observational studies of people who had previously contracted cowpox or horsepox, but then turned out to be immune to a later variation or a real outbreak of smallpox. He was also supported by his nephew and assistant Henry Jenner.

Painting by Ernest Board : Edward Jenner receiving the first vaccination against smallpox, which he gave eight-year-old James Phipps on May 14, 1796

On May 14, 1796, he vaccinated the 8-year-old boy James Phipps with cowpox or vaccinia viruses, which he had taken from a cowpox pustule from the hand of the cowpox milkmaid Sarah Nelmes. About six weeks later, on July 1, 1796, Jenner varied the boy with smallpox; he turned out to be immune. When Jenner's article was rejected by the Royal Society because his approach had only been carried out on one person, he made further attempts - mostly with children, including his 11-month-old son Robert. In 1798 he published his results under the title An Inquiry Into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae, Or Cow-Pox . In 1799 and 1800 he published further findings as a supplement. Jenner concluded from his results that his method enables lifelong immunity, that it can be spread (through arm-to-arm inoculations from person to person) and that inoculated cowpox is never fatal, at most it causes local pustules, and non-infectious.

The public received this new method very positively, also because Jenner waived a patent . Jenner feared that a patent would increase costs to such an extent that the poorer population would no longer be able to afford them. Jenner's method was also well received and spread in Europe and beyond. In Germany, the first vaccination attempts were made in 1799 in Hanover by Christian Friedrich Stromeyer or in 1800 in Göttingen ( Friedrich Benjamin Osiander ) and Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland in Jena and Weimar . In Berlin , a group of doctors gave free vaccinations, including Ernst Ludwig Heim . Jenner's method was also recognized by Napoleon , who had his soldiers vaccinated against smallpox. And although he was at war with England at the time, he honored Jenner with a Medal of Honor in 1804, viewed Jenner's method as one of mankind's greatest achievements, and released two of his English friends from captivity at Jenner's request. Jenner also received thanks from Russia from the Empress in the form of a diamond ring and from Thomas Jefferson in 1806, who expressly thanked Jenner: “Medicine has never before produced any single improvement of such utility […] You have erased from the Calendar of human afflictions one of it's greatest. [...] Future nations will know by history only that the loathsome smallpox has existed, and by you has been extirpated ”( Thomas Jefferson ). Massachusetts was the first American state to introduce compulsory vaccinations.

The principle of vaccination was also spread beyond Europe: Francisco Javier de Balmis led an expedition financed by the Spanish Crown from 1803 to 1806 to the New World to America, the Philippines , Macau and China , during which thousands of people were vaccinated against smallpox .

In England, due to this continuous success of the vaccination, the variolation was finally banned by law in 1840, after further changes in the legislation Jenner's method was made mandatory in 1853 ("Vaccination acts"). After the USA, the Kingdom of Bavaria introduced compulsory vaccination as early as 1807, Russia in 1812. In the German Empire, compulsory vaccination against smallpox was introduced in 1874 with the then partially controversial Reich Vaccination Act.

Because of his further work on vaccinations, Jenner withdrew from his practice and was supported by colleagues and government agencies. For example, in 1802 he was given £ 10,000 , which in 2005 would be equivalent to a monetary value of around £ 660,000. Another £ 20,000 followed in 1807 after the Royal College of Physicians confirmed the effectiveness of his method.

Jenner and his new method of vaccination also generated resistance. Ingenhousz, who was well known for his variations, denied in October 1798 that a cowpox infection he had experienced offered protection against smallpox. Opponents of the vaccination made his attempts ridiculous and described his method as "fumigation" of the blood. The idea of ​​inoculating a human with material made from animals (cows) was controversial at the time, especially in the Church. Nevertheless, the method he propagated caught on worldwide.

Jenner even used for the vaccine, the term "vaccine", while his friend Richard Dunning in 1800 the process as a "vaccination" ( German  vaccination called). In English, this term still stands for the vaccination of a healthy person with weakened or inactivated pathogens or their immunogenic components. Jenner's vaccination was able to push back the widespread disease and is the only infectious disease to date to eliminate it. However, Jenner realized in 1810 that immunity to smallpox with his method did not last for life without knowing the exact reason for it.

Nature watcher

Jenner was also a close observer of nature: it was he who first noticed on June 19, 1787 that a young cuckoo was gradually pushing his "step-siblings" out of the nest until he was fed as the sole protégé of his "hosts". He also noticed a pit on the back of the hatched cuckoos, which made it easier for the host's other eggs or young birds to be pushed out of the nest. In 1788 he published these and other observations and in 1789 was elected a " Fellow " of the Royal Society . Jenner's observations about the brood parasitism of the cuckoo were questioned for a long time until the age of photography.

He also studied how migratory birds generally spent the winter.

Freemasonry

In 1802 Edward Jenner became a member of the Freemasons ' Union , his Faith and Friendship Lodge is located in Berkeley, Gloucestershire . In 1812/1813 he held the position of master from the chair . Two of his nephews and his son Robert were also Freemasons. His son was the lodge master in 1827, 1828, 1847 and 1848.

Memberships

In 1801 he was elected a foreign member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and in 1802 in the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and in 1804 in the American Philosophical Society . In 1808 he became a corresponding member of the Académie des sciences ; since 1811 he was associé étranger of the academy.

Honors

The Jenner Institute , a British microbiological research facility based at the University of Oxford , is named in his honor , as is the Jenner Glacier on the Antarctic Brabant Island and the Jenner lunar crater and the asteroid (5168) Jenner .

Statues

Street names and settlements

Settlements and parishes in Pennsylvania were also named in honor of Jenner, e . B. Jenner Township ( Somerset County ), Jennerstown or Jennerville . There has been a Jennerplatz in Vienna since 1931 .

Trivia

In a 2002 television program on the BBC, he was voted one of the 100 Greatest Britons by viewers .

See also

Publications

  • The Three Original Publications on Vaccination Against Smallpox (= Harvard Classics . Volume 38). Collier & Son, New York 1910.
  • Eduard Jenners of Arzneywissenschaft Doctor and member of the Königl. Society of Sciences Investigations into the causes and effects of cowpox, a disease which has been noted in some western provinces of England, especially in Gloucestershire. Translated from English by G [eorg] Fr [iedrich] Ballhorn d. AWD, Gebr. Hahn, Hannover 1799 ( urn : nbn: de: gbv: 3: 1-163949 , translation of An Inquiry Into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae ).
  • Eduard Jenners ... continued observations on cowpox (translated from English with some comments) by G. [Georg] F. [Friedrich] Ballhorn, Ritscher, Hannover 1800 ( urn : nbn: de: gbv: 3: 1-228507 , Translation by Further Observations on the Variolae Vaccinae ).
  • Wolfgang U. Eckart (Ed.): Jenner. Investigations into the causes and effects of cowpox (= classical texts of science ). Springer Spectrum, Berlin, Heidelberg 2015, ISBN 978-3-642-41678-1 ( doi: 10.1007 / 978-3-642-41679-8 ).

literature

Contemporary

Against Jenner

  • Carl Georg Gottlob Nittinger
    • The vaccination time and the Protestants against Jenner's poison and magic before the Württemb. Chamber of Estates in Sept. 1858, in front of the Engl. Parliament in July 1858. Verlag von Gustav Brauns, Leipzig 1859 ( urn : nbn: de: bvb: 12-bsb10391639-1 ).
    • The vaccine poisoning. First view, part two. Hallberger'sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart 1852 ( urn : nbn: de: bvb: 12-bsb10085769-3 ).
    • Jenner's Gant before the Scientific Congress of France at Cherbourg 1860, at Bordeaux 1861. Verlag von Gustav Brauns, Leipzig 1862 ( urn : nbn: de: bvb: 12-bsb10391642-4 ).

Recent literature

Web links

Commons : Edward Jenner  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Edward Jenner  - Sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Wolfgang U. Eckart : Illustrated History of Medicine , Springer Verlag Heidelberg, Berlin, New York 2011, pp. 31, 95 + 96, ISBN 978-3-642-12609-3 ; Online resource Illustrated History of Medicine 2011
  2. ↑ a b c d Darren R. Flower: Bioinformatics for Vaccinology . John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK 2008, ISBN 978-0-470-69983-6 , pp. 24 , doi : 10.1002 / 9780470699836 .
  3. ↑ Gareth Williams: Angel of Death: The Story of Smallpox . Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke 2010, ISBN 978-0-230-27471-6 , pp. 176 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f Darren R. Flower: Bioinformatics for Vaccinology . John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK 2008, ISBN 978-0-470-69983-6 , pp. 25 , doi : 10.1002 / 9780470699836 .
  5. ↑ a b c Arthur W. Boylston: The Myth of the Milkmaid . In: New England Journal of Medicine . tape 378 , no. 5 , February 2018, ISSN  0028-4793 , p. 414-415 , doi : 10.1056 / NEJMp1715349 .
  6. ↑ a b c Derrick Baxby: Edward Jenner's Role in the Introduction of Smallpox Vaccine . In: History of Vaccine Development . Springer, New York, NY, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4419-1338-8 , pp. 13-19 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-1-4419-1339-5_3 .
  7. ↑ a b c S. L. Kotar, JE Gessler: Smallpox: A History . McFarland, 2013, ISBN 978-0-7864-6823-2 , pp. 46 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DECRnmrTVv9YC~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3DPA46~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D [accessed on August 31, 2018]).
  8. ↑ Gareth Williams: Angel of Death . The Story of Smallpox. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke 2010, ISBN 978-0-230-27471-6 , pp. 193 .
  9. ↑ Gareth Williams: Angel of Death . The Story of Smallpox. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke 2010, ISBN 978-0-230-27471-6 , pp. 232 .
  10. ^ Darren R. Flower: Bioinformatics for Vaccinology . John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK 2008, ISBN 978-0-470-69983-6 , pp. 25 + 28 , doi : 10.1002 / 9780470699836 .
  11. ↑ a b c Darren R. Flower: Bioinformatics for Vaccinology . John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK 2008, ISBN 978-0-470-69983-6 , pp. 28 , doi : 10.1002 / 9780470699836 .
  12. ↑ a b Cedric Mims et al .: Medical microbiology - Infectiology: with virology, immunology . 2nd Edition. Urban & Fischer Verlag / Elsevier GmbH, Munich 2006, ISBN 978-3-437-41272-1 , p. 548 .
  13. ↑ Erol Gülsen: The great vaccination attempt of Constantinople. Istanbulpark.de 2003-2014, accessed on September 20, 2018 .
  14. ^ JF Hammarsten, W. Tattersall, JE Hammarsten: Who discovered smallpox vaccination? Edward Jenner or Benjamin Jesty? In: Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association. Volume 90, 1979, pp. 44-55, PMID 390826 , PMC 2279376 (free full text) (review).
  15. ↑ PC Plett: Peter Plett and the rest of the discoverers of the cowpox vaccination before Edward Jenner. In: Sudhoffs Archive , Journal for the History of Science, Volume 90, Issue 2, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2006, pp. 219–232. ( ISSN  0039-4564 )
  16. ↑ a b L. Thurston, G. Williams: An examination of John Fewster's role in the discovery of smallpox vaccination . In: The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh . tape 45 , no. 2 , 2015, p. 173-179 , doi : 10.4997 / JRCPE.2015.217 , PMID 26181536 .
  17. ^ A b Darren R. Flower: Bioinformatics for Vaccinology . John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK 2008, ISBN 978-0-470-69983-6 , pp. 26 , doi : 10.1002 / 9780470699836 .
  18. ↑ a b c Susan L. Plotkin and Stanley A. Plotkin: A Short History of Vaccination . In: Stanley A. Plotkin et al. (Ed.): Plotkin's Vaccines . 7th edition. Elsevier, Philadelphia 2017, ISBN 978-0-323-35761-6 , pp. 2 f ., doi : 10.1016 / B978-0-323-35761-6.00001-8 ( elsevier.com ).
  19. ↑ Gareth Williams: Angel of Death: The Story of Smallpox . Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke 2010, ISBN 978-0-230-27471-6 , pp. 198 .
  20. ^ A b Darren R. Flower: Bioinformatics for Vaccinology . John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK 2008, ISBN 978-0-470-69983-6 , pp. 27 , doi : 10.1002 / 9780470699836 .
  21. ^ SL Kotar, JE Gessler: Smallpox: A History . McFarland, 2013, ISBN 978-0-7864-6823-2 , pp. 50 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DECRnmrTVv9YC~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3DPA50~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D ).
  22. ↑ Thomas Hartung: On the development of the smallpox vaccination with special consideration of Thuringia in the 18th and 19th centuries. Medical dissertation ( online version ) Jena, Weimar 2001, especially p. 33.
  23. ^ Juliane Bluhm: Ernst Ludwig Heim. In: memorial days of the month. Historical Cemeteries Foundation in Berlin-Brandenburg, September 2013, accessed on September 19, 2018 .
  24. ↑ Wolfgang U. Eckart: Jenner , p. 13 digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3Djvq4CgAAQBAJ~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3DPA13~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D
  25. ↑ Gareth Williams: Put Edward Jenner's statue back in Trafalgar Square . In: BMJ (Clinical research ed.) . tape 340 , March 25, 2010, p. c1582 , PMID 20338943 ( nih.gov [accessed September 23, 2018]).
  26. ^ A b A. J. Morgan, Gregory A. Poland: The Jenner Society and the Edward Jenner Museum: tributes to a physician-scientist . In: Vaccine . 29 Suppl 4, December 30, 2011, p. D152-154 , doi : 10.1016 / j.vaccine.2011.08.128 , PMID 22486976 .
  27. ^ Gavin Rylands De Beer: The relations between fellows of the Royal Society and French men of science when France and Britain were at war . In: Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond. tape 9 , no. 2 , May 1, 1952, p. 244-299 , doi : 10.1098 / rsnr.1952.0016 .
  28. ^ Gareth Williams: Dr Jenner's House: the birthplace of vaccination . In: Lancet (London, England) . tape 378 , no. 9788 , July 23, 2011, p. 307-308 , PMID 21789788 .
  29. ↑ Axel Helmstädter: On the history of active immunization. Prevention is better than cure . In: Pharmacy in our time . tape 37 , no. 1 , 2008, p. 12-18 , doi : 10.1002 / pauz.200700247 .
  30. ^ C. Franco-Paredes, L. Lammoglia, JI Santos-Preciado: The Spanish Royal Philanthropic Expedition to Bring Smallpox Vaccination to the New World and Asia in the 19th Century . In: Clinical Infectious Diseases . tape 41 , no. 9 , November 1, 2005, pp. 1285-1289 , doi : 10.1086 / 496930 .
  31. ^ Robert M. Wolfe, Lisa K. Sharp: Anti-vaccinationists past and present . In: BMJ: British Medical Journal . tape 325 , no. 7361 , August 24, 2002, p. 430-432 , PMID 12193361 , PMC 1123944 (free full text).
  32. ↑ Ernst T. Mader: Why Bavaria introduced a compulsory vaccination as early as 1807. Retrieved June 2, 2020 .
  33. ↑ Wolfgang U. Eckart: Jenner , p. 12 digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3Djvq4CgAAQBAJ~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3DPA12~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D
  34. ↑ JN Hays: The Burdens of Disease: Epidemics and Human Response in Western History . REV - Revised. Rutgers University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-8135-4612-4 , pp. 126 , JSTOR : j.ctt1bmznzq .
  35. ↑ Wolfgang U. Eckart : History of Medicine. With theory, ethics, law , 6th edition. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg / Berlin / New York 2009, ISBN 978-3-540-79215-4 , pp. 182 and 212. Online resource history of medicine 2009 ; 7th edition. History, theory and ethics of medicine, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin, New York 2013, pp. 162 + 196, ISBN 978-3-642-34971-3 ; Online resource History, Theory and Ethics of Medicine 2013
  36. ↑ a b c d René Schils: Edward Jenner. In: How James Watt Invented the Copier: Forgotten Inventions of Our Great Scientists . Springer-Verlag, New York 2012, ISBN 978-1-4614-0859-8 , pp. 43 ff . ( springer.com ).
  37. ↑ Eberhard Wolff: Edward Jenner. In: Wolfgang U. Eckart , Christoph Gradmann (Hrsg.): Ärztelexikon. From antiquity to the present. 1st edition 1995, CH Beck, Munich, 2nd edition 2001 and 3rd edition 2006 each Springer, Heidelberg / Berlin / New York, p. 186; Online Resource Medical Dictionary 2006
  38. ^ Edward Jenner: Observations on the Natural History of the Cuckoo . Ed .: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. tape 78 , 1788, pp. 219-237 , JSTOR : 106657 .
  39. ↑ Eugen Lennhoff, Oskar Posner, Dieter A. Binder: Internationales Freemaurerlexikon , revised and expanded new edition of the 1932 edition, Munich 2003, 951 pages, ISBN 3-7766-2161-3
  40. ↑ a b Trevor W. McKeown: Edward Jenner , Homepage: Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon (accessed October 7, 2012)
  41. ↑ Holger Krahnke: The members of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen 1751-2001 (= Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, Philological-Historical Class. Volume 3, Vol. 246 = Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, Mathematical-Physical Class. Episode 3, vol. 50). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2001, ISBN 3-525-82516-1 , p. 124.
  42. ^ Member History: Edward Jenner. American Philosophical Society, accessed October 13, 2018 .
  43. ^ List of members since 1666: letter J. Académie des sciences, accessed on December 1, 2019 (French).
  44. ^ Edward Jenner in the Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature of the IAU (WGPSN) / USGS
  45. ↑ Edward Jenner at the IAU Minor Planet Center (English)
  46. ↑ http://e-monumen.net/patrimoine-monumental/monument-a-edward-jenner-boulogne-sur-mer/
  47. ^ Administrator: Jenner Township - PA-Roots. Retrieved October 6, 2018 (UK English).
  48. ↑ Townships in Chester County, Pa. Retrieved October 6, 2018 .
  49. ^ Brian Butko: Greetings from the Lincoln Highway: America's First Coast-To-Coast Road . Stackpole Books, 2005, ISBN 978-0-8117-4300-6 , pp. 69 .
  50. ^ Charles E. Williams: Along the Allegheny River: The Southern Watershed . Arcadia Publishing, 2006, ISBN 978-0-7385-3846-4 , pp. 72 .
  51. ↑ J. Smith Futhey, Gilbert Cope: History of Chester County, Pennsylvania, with Genealogical and Biographical Sketches . Heritage Books, 1995, ISBN 978-0-7884-0206-7 , pp. 200 .
  52. ↑ EDWARD JENNER - FATHER OF IMMUNOLOGY | Infinite Fire . In: Infinite Fire . April 30, 2016 ( infinitefire.org [accessed October 6, 2018]).
  53. ↑ Jennerplatz , Wien Geschichte Wiki , accessed on February 11, 2021.
  54. ↑ Edward Jenner's Life. (Review) In: Magazine for the Literature of Foreign Countries , No. 99, August 17, 1838, pp. 395–396, digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DlXkDAAAAYAAJ~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3DPA395~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D
personal data
SURNAME Jenner, Edward
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Jenner, Edward Anthony (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION English doctor and discoverer of the vaccination against smallpox
DATE OF BIRTH May 17, 1749
PLACE OF BIRTH Berkeley , Gloucestershire
DATE OF DEATH January 26, 1823
PLACE OF DEATH Berkeley, Gloucestershire