Joseph Banks

Banks in 1812 on the official portrait at the Royal Society (detail), painting by Thomas Phillips (1770–1845), engraving by Nicholas Schiavonetti († 1813)

Banks based on a 1773 painting by Joshua Reynolds

Banks around fifteen years old. The artist of the painting, created in 1757, is not known. It has been attributed to Lemuel Francis Abbott and Johann Zoffany .

Banks Memorial, Sydney

Sir Joseph Banks, 1st Baronet GCB PRS (* February 2, 1742 ^July / February 13,  1743 ^greg. In London , † June 19, 1820 ibid) was an English naturalist, especially a botanist , the mid-18th century James Cook accompanied on his first voyage and circumnavigation (1768–1771) and made numerous scientific discoveries. Its official botanical author abbreviation is " Banks ".

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Joseph Banks was born in Westminster as the only son of William Banks (1719–1761) and Sarah Banks, born Bate (1720–1804). The family home in Revesby Abbey , Lincolnshire had been bought by their great-grandfather in 1714.

The young Banks was initially homeschooled. From April 1752 he attended Harrow School and moved in September 1756 to Eton College . In December 1760 he entered Christ Church College, Oxford . Banks discovered his fondness for botany already in Eton and continued his studies in Oxford. As he came from a wealthy background, the 25-year-old contributed the same amount as the crown to the financing of James Cook's first expedition with the HMS Endeavor .

In 1766 he left England and went to Newfoundland and Labrador with Constantine John Phipps to conduct natural history studies. He described the plants and animals of northeastern North America. Banks described 34 species of birds, including the giant alca ( Alca impennis ), which became extinct in 1844.

Banks was appointed by the Royal Navy and the Royal Society as a participant in James Cook's scientific expedition to the South Pacific from 1768 to 1771. Banks had organized participation in this 1768 expedition well. He selected a staff of ten people. The 39-year-old botanist Daniel Solander was a student of Carl von Linné and also a member of the Royal Society. He had a lifelong friendship with Solander. Two artists were supposed to record the discoveries of the research trip: Sydney C. Parkinson the plants and Alexander Buchan the landscape. From this expedition he was the first to bring the eucalyptus , acacia and mimosa to Europe. The Endeavor traveled first to Brazil, then to other parts of South America. The scientific description of the bougainvillea (named after the French navigator Louis Antoine de Bougainville ) originated in Brazil . The journey then led to Tahiti , where the passage of Venus was to be observed, the actual task of this mission. It was followed by New Zealand and the east coast of Australia, where James Cook anchored in Botany Bay . Here the expedition spent almost seven weeks on land while the ship was being overhauled. During their stay in Australia, Banks, the Swedish botanist Daniel Solander and the Swedish-Finnish draftsman and naturalist Herman Spöring (1733–1771) created their first large collections of Australian flora and described many new species.

Further research trips took Banks to Tahiti, New Zealand, Australia ( Botany Bay , Port Jackson (now part of Sydney )) and Brazil. In 1772 he went on an expedition to Iceland with Solander with the St. Lawrence.

From 1773 he was the unofficial director of the Royal Gardens at Kew , which flourished under his influence. In 1774 he was accepted into the Society of Dilettanti . He was a founding member and was the driving force behind the African Association throughout his life . In 1779 he was elected a foreign member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences . After his election as President of the Royal Society on March 24, 1781 he was bestowed the hereditary title of Baronet , of Revesby Abbey in the County of Lincoln . In 1795 he was accepted as a Knight Companion in the Bath Order and in 1815 Knight Grand Cross of the Bath Order. In March 1779 he married Dorothea Hugessen (1758-1828). They didn't have any children.

As the longest-serving President of the Royal Society from 1778 to 1820, he was in contact with leading researchers of his time. He initiated the Bounty's breadfruit expedition , led by Lieutenant William Bligh . Bligh served as an officer on the Resolution on Cook's third circumnavigation.

For years he was in correspondence with the German naturalist and travel writer Georg Forster , who accompanied Cook on his second Pacific voyage. In 1785 Banks was made an honorary member of the Kgl. Appointed Bavarian Academy of Sciences . In 1787 he became an elected member of the American Philosophical Society . In 1788 he was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and in 1789 a member of the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina . Since 1806 he was a foreign member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences and since 1812 its honorary member. In 1772 he was accepted into the Académie des Sciences and in 1792 elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . Since 1780 he was an honorary member of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg .

On the mediation of Robert Brown he hired John Lindley as an assistant librarian in 1819 . Lindley completed his writings after his death. Most of the correspondence from Banks' estate is kept in Australia.

Since he had no children, his title of nobility expired on his death.

Honors

The Banks Island in the Canadian Northwest Territories , the fifth largest island in Canada, was named in his honor. A New Zealand peninsula, the Banks Peninsula , as well as the district located on it were named after him. In the Botany district of Sydney, a park, a street and an industrial area are named after Banks.

The plant genus Banksia L.f. from the silver tree family (Proteaceae) has been named in his honor. In addition, the genera Bankesia Bruce from the rose family , Banksea J.König from the ginger family (Zingiberaceae), Josephia R.Br. were named in his honor. ex Knight from the silver tree family (Proteaceae), plus the fossil genera Banksicarpus Velen. & Viniklář , Banksieaephyllum Cookson & SLDuigan and Banksites Saporta .

His portrait has been on Australia's $ 5 bill since 1967.

Fonts (selection)

• The Propriety of Allowing a Qualified Exportation of Wool . Printed for P. Elmsly, 1782 - Anonymous
• Account of Staffa . In: Thomas Pennant: A tour in Scotland and Voyage to the Hebrides, 1772 . Volume 1, London 1774, pp. 299-309 (online) .
  • likewise in: Uno by Troil: Letters on Iceland . London 1780, pp. 288-293 (online) .
• About Solander . In: Berlin monthly journal . Volume 6, Berlin 1785, pp. 240-249 (online) .
• [ A Report on Wool ]. In: Annals of Agriculture and other useful Arts . Volume 9, 1788, pp. 288-291 (online) .
• Instructions given to the Council against the Wool Bill . Annals of Agriculture and Other Useful Arts . Volume 9, 1788, pp. 479-506 (online) .
• Note on spinning . In: Annals of Agriculture and other useful Arts . Volume 10, 1788 p. 217 (online) .
• Letter from Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. President of the Royal Society, to the Marquis of Carmarthen, 4th June, 1788 . In: Annals of Agriculture and other useful Arts . Volume 11, 1789, pp. 407-411 (on-line) .
• Report of Sir Joseph Banks, Baronet, proposing the Mode of making Experiment on the American Wheat, 6th July, 1788 . In: Annals of Agriculture and other useful Arts . Volume 11, 1789, pp. 420-422 (on-line) .
• Further Account of the Hessian Fly, by Sir Joseph Banks, Baronet; and, a Statement of the printed Accounts published in America, July 8th, 1788 . In: Annals of Agriculture and Other Useful Arts. Volume 11, 1789, pp. 422-427 (online) .
• General Report of Sir Joseph Banks, respecting the Hessian Fly, and Flying Wevil, 24th July, 1788 . In: Annals of Agriculture and other useful Arts . Volume 11, 1789, pp. 437-447 (online) .
• Return from the Principal Officers of the Customs at Bristol, upon examining the Cargo of wheat imported in the Ship Coalition, from Virginia, August 6th, 1788. - Report of Sir Joseph Banks, Baronet, thereupon, August 8th, 1788. — Letter from the Clerk of the Council in Waiting to the Secretary of the Treasury, transmitting Copies of the above Papers, in pursuance of the Minute of the 5th August, not to admit the Entry of Wheat that should be found to have been infetled with the Flying Wevil , August 12th, 1788 . In: Annals of Agriculture and other useful Arts . Volume 11, 1789, pp. 449-453 (on-line) .
• Report of Sir Joseph Banks, Baronet, upon the above Correspondence and Information. Dated 2d March, 1789 . In: Annals of Agriculture and other useful Arts . Volume 11, 1789, pp. 556-600 (on-line) .
• On the late season. Extract of a Letter from Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. PRS In: Annals of Agriculture and other useful Arts . Vol. 15, 1791, pp. 76-77 (online) .
• On the Hastings Turnip. Extras of a Letter from Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. PRS In: Annals of Agriculture and other useful Arts . Vol. 15, 1791, pp. 77-78 (online) .
• Account of twelve Lincoln sheep . In: Annals of Agriculture and other useful Arts . Volume 15, 1791, pp. 357-361 (online) .
• On the Musca Pumilionis . In: Annals of Agriculture and other useful Arts . 16, 1791, pp. 176-177 (online) .
• Account of a Roman Sepulcher lately found in Lincolnshire . In: Archaeologia: or Miscellaneous tracts relating to antiquity . Volume 12, Society of Antiquaries of London, 1796, p. 96 (online) .
• Economy of a Park . In: Annals of Agriculture and other useful Arts . Volume 39, 1803, p. 550.
• A Report of the State of his Majesty's Flock of Fine Wooled Spanish Sheep, for the year ending Michaelmas, 1803 . In: A Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and the Arts . Volume 8, 1804 pp. 277-280.
• A short Account of the Cause of the Disease in Corn, called by Farmers the Blight, the Mildew, and the Rust . 1st edition 1805; 2nd edition J. Harding, 1806 (online) .
• An Attempt to ascertain the Time when the potato (Solanum Tuberorum) was first introduced into the United Kingdoms, with some Account of the Hill Wheat of India . In: Transactions of the Horticultural Society . Volume 1, 1815, pp. 8-12 (online) .
• Some Hints respecting the proper Mode of inuring Tender Plants to our Climate . In: Transactions of the Horticultural Society . Volume 1, 1815, pp. 21-25 (online , manuscript ).
• On the Revival of an Obsolete Mode of Managing Strawberries . In: Transactions of the Horticultural Society . Volume 1, 1815, pp. 54-56 (online) .
• An Account of the Method of cultivating the American Cranberry (Vaccinium Macrocarpum), at Spring Grove . In: Transactions of the Horticultural Society . Volume 1, 1815, pp. 75-78 (online) .
• On the Horticultural Management of Sweet or Spanish Chesnut Tree . In: Transactions of the Horticultural Society . Volume 1, 1815, pp. 140-141 (online) .
• On the Forcing Houses of the Romans, with a List of Fruits cultivated by them now in our Gardens . In: Transactions of the Horticultural Society . Volume 1, 1815, pp. 147-156 (online) .
• A Short Account of a new Apple, called the Spring-Grove Codling . In: Transactions of the Horticultural Society . Volume 1, 1815, pp. 197-198 (online) .
• On ripening the second crop of Figs, that grow on the new shoots . In: Transactions of the Horticultural Society . Volume 1, 1815, pp. 252-254, (online) .
• Some Horticultural Observations, selected from French Authors . In: Transactions of the Horticultural Society . Volume 1, Appendix, 1815, pp. 4-20 (online) .
• Notice from a Work of Monsieur Lelieur, on the hereditary Diseases of Fruit Trees . In: Transactions of the Horticultural Society . Volume 1, Appendix, 1815, Appendix. P. 27 (online) .
• Some Remarks on the Mildew of Wheat, and the Choice of Seed Corn . In: The Pamphleteer . Volume 8, Number 15, London 1816, pp. 107-126 (online) .
• Notes relative to the First Appearance of the Aphis Lanigera, or the Apple-Tree Insect, in this Country . In: Transactions of the Horticultural Society . Volume 2, 1818, 162-169 (online) .

literature

Biographies

• [Anonymous]: Sir Joseph Banks and the Royal Society. A popular biography, with a historical introduction and sequel . JW Parker, London 1844 (online) .
• Georges Cuvier : Eloge Historique de M. Banks . In: Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle . Volume 13, 1825, pp. 297-326 ( PDF ).
• LA Gilbert: Banks, Sir Joseph (1743-1820) . In: Douglas Pike (Ed.): Australian Dictionary of Biography . Volume 1. Melbourne University Press, Carlton (Victoria) 1966. 2nd revised edition 1977, ISBN 0-522-84121-X (English).
• Patrick O'Brian : Joseph Banks. A life . University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1997, ISBN 0-226-61628-2 .
• Edward Smith: The life of Sir Joseph Banks, president of the Royal society, with some notices of his friends and contemporaries . John Lane, London 1911 (online) .

Letters

• Harold B. Carter (Ed.): The Sheep and wool correspondence of Sir Joseph Banks, 1781-1820 . [London] 1979.
• Neil Chambers (Ed.): The letters of Sir Joseph Banks. A selection 1768-1820 . Imperial College Press, London 2000, ISBN 1-86094-204-0 .
• Neil Chambers (Ed.): The Indian and Pacific correspondence of Sir Joseph Banks, 1768-1820 . Pickering & Chatto, London 2008–2011
  • Volume 1: Letters 1768-1782 . 2008, ISBN 978-1-85196-835-0 .
  • Volume 2: Letters 1783-1789 . 2009, ISBN 978-1-85196-836-7 .
  • Volume 3: Letters 1789-1792 . 2010, ISBN 978-1-85196-837-4 .
  • Volume 4: Letters 1792-1798 . 2011, ISBN 978-1-85196-838-1 .
• Warren Royal Dawson: The Banks letters: A calendar of the manuscript correspondence of Sir Joseph Banks, preserved in the British Museum, the British Museum (Natural History) and other collections in Great Britain . London 1958.

Fiction

• Martin Davies: Die Pflanzenmalerin , C. Bertelsmann, Munich 2006, ISBN 3-570-00888-6 (The novel is based on a mixture of historical facts and assumptions about Banks' early years).

Others

• JC Beaglehole: The Endeavor Journal of Joseph Banks 1768-1771 . 2 volumes, Trustees of the Public Library of NSW in association with Angus & Robertson, Sydney 1962 ( Volume 1 , Volume 2 ).
• Jonas Dryander : Catalogus Bibliothecae Historico Naturalis Josephi Banks . 4 volumes, London 1796–1800.
  • Volume I: Scriptores Generales . London 1798 (online) .
  • Volume II: Zoologi . London 1796 (online) .
  • Volume III: Botanici . London 1797 (online) .
  • Volume IV: Mineralogi . London 1799 (online) .
  • Volume V: Supplementum et Index Auctorum . London 1800.
• Joseph D. Hooker (Ed.): Journal of the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks during Captain Cook's first voyage in HMS Endeavor in 1768-71 to Terra del Fuego, Otahite, New Zealand, Australia, the Dutch East Indies, etc. Macmillan , London 1896 (online) .

Web links

Commons : Joseph Banks  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Wikisource: Joseph Banks  - Sources and full texts (English)

• Literature by and about Joseph Banks in the catalog of the German National Library
• Literature by and about Joseph Banks in the catalog of the Virtual Library of Biology (vifabio)
• Author entry and list of the plant names described for Joseph Banks at the IPNI
• Exchange of letters from Joseph Banks to Carl von Linné
• Entry to Banks, Sir Joseph (1744-1820); Naturalist in the Archives of the Royal Society , London
• The Papers of Sir Joseph Banks in the State Library of New South Wales
• Guide to the Papers of Sir Joseph Banks at the National Library of Australia
• Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, 1st and last Bt. On thepeerage.com

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Patrick O'Brian: Joseph Banks: A Life . 1987, pp. 23-24.
2. ^ J. Ardagh: Birth-date of Sir Joseph Banks . In Notes and Queries , Volume 172, Number 19, 1937, p. 334 doi: 10.1093 / nq / 172.19.334-e .
3. ^ RSB: Birth-date of Sir Joseph Banks . In: Notes and Queries , Volume 172, Number 21, 1937, p. 375 doi: 10.1093 / nq / 172.21.375-b .
4. ^ Before 1752 the Julian calendar was used in England . In addition, the year began on March 25th ^July. .
5. ^ LA Gilbert: Banks, Sir Joseph (1743-1820) . In: Douglas Pike (Ed.): Australian Dictionary of Biography . Volume 1. Melbourne University Press, Carlton (Victoria) 1966. 2nd revised edition 1977, ISBN 0-522-84121-X (English).
6. ↑ Holger Krahnke: The members of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen 1751-2001 (= Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, Philological-Historical Class. Volume 3, Vol. 246 = Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, Mathematical-Physical Class. Episode 3, vol. 50). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2001, ISBN 3-525-82516-1 , p. 31.
7. ↑ Member entry of Sir Joseph Banks (with picture) at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences , accessed on February 3, 2016.
8. ↑ Member entry of Sir Joseph Banks (with picture) at the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina , accessed on February 3, 2016.
9. ^ Members of the previous academies. Sir Joseph Banks. Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities , accessed on February 18, 2015 . 
10. ^ List of members since 1666: Letter B. Académie des sciences, accessed on September 16, 2019 (French). 
11. ^ Biographical Index: Former RSE Fellows 1783–2002. Royal Society of Edinburgh, accessed October 7, 2019 . 
12. ↑ Бэнкс (Бенкс) Джозеф сэр, баронет. Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1724: Banks. Joseph, sir. Russian Academy of Sciences, accessed November 30, 2019 (Russian). 
13. ^ Richard Drayton, 'Lindley, John (1799–1865)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2009 accessed 15 Oct 2013
14. ↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names . Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018.
15. ^ The Reserve Bank and Reform of the Currency: 1960–1988 - Australia's First Decimal Banknotes . Reserve Bank of Australia Museum , accessed April 18, 2018 .