James Phipps

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Painting by Ernest Board (early 20th century) depicting the vaccination of James Phipps by Edward Jenner

James Phipps (* 1788 in the Parish Berkeley ; † 25. April 1853 ) is widely recognized as the first person who by Edward Jenner with cowpox against smallpox vaccination was. Many publications refer to Phipps as the first person to be vaccinated. However, from a medical history perspective, this is not correct.

Life

Depiction of the vaccination by James Phipps, lithograph by Gaston Mélingue (around 1894)

Phipps was the son of a poor farm laborer who worked as a gardener for Jenner. On May 14, 1796, at the age of eight, James Phipps was vaccinated against smallpox with cowpox by the English country doctor Edward Jenner.

To do this, Jenner took liquid from a pustule on the hand of the milkmaid Sarah Nelmes, who had suffered from cowpox (in a later letter, Jenner wrote from Lucy Nelmes ) and inoculated James Phipps with it.

Jenner made two superficial incisions in the boy's skin. He wrote: On the seventh day he complained of discomfort in the armpit and on the ninth day he felt a little cold, lost his appetite and had a little headache. He was noticeably indisposed all day and spent the night with a certain degree of restlessness; but the next day he was fine.

After six weeks Jenner carried out a variation with Phipps using material from a “real” smallpox pustule. The boy did not get sick. Jenner concluded that the protection was complete.

When Phipps married years later and had a family with two children, Edward Jenner gave him a house in Berkeley. The Edward Jenner Museum was located in this house from 1968, the year it was founded, until 1982 .

Before Phipps, other people were successfully vaccinated against smallpox with cowpox. For example, Peter Plett from Kiel carried out vaccinations on three children in 1791 and Benjamin Jesty from England in 1774 on three members of his family.

reception

Considered by today's standards of medical ethics , Jenner's human experiment on James Phipps was ethically untenable. However, it represents an important milestone for medicine.

literature

  • RE Spier: Jenner Jabs James Phipps with live cowpox. In: Vaccine 14, 1996, pp. 17-18. PMID 9032882
  • D. Baxby: The Jenner bicentenary: the introduction and early distribution of smallpox vaccine. In: FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 16, 1996, pp. 1-10.
  • D. Baxby: Jenner and the control of smallpox. In: Trans Med Soc Lond 113, 1996, pp. 18-22. PMID 10326082
  • AJ Stewart and PM Devlin: The history of the smallpox vaccine. In: Journal of Infection 52, 2006, pp. 329-334. PMID 16176833
  • JM Eyler: Smallpox in history: the birth, death, and impact of a dread disease. In: J Lab Clin Med 142, 2003, pp. 216-220. PMID 14625526
  • AV Deshpande: The man who saved us all. In: J Postgrad Med 48, 2002, p. 79. PMID 12082340
  • DA Henderson: Edward Jenner's vaccine. In: Public health reports (Washington, DC: 1974). Volume 112, Number 2, 1997 Mar-Apr, pp. 116-121, PMID 9071273 , PMC 1381857 (free full text).
  • DR Hopkins: The greatest killer: smallpox in history. The University of Chicago Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-226-35168-1 , p. 79.
  • JF Hammarsten, W. Tattersall, JE Hammarsten: Who discovered smallpox vaccination? Edward Jenner or Benjamin Jesty? In: Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association. Volume 90, 1979, pp. 44-55, PMID 390826 , PMC 2279376 (free full text) (review).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ About Edward Jenner. The Jenner Institute, accessed May 14, 2021 (UK English).
  2. ↑ D. Baxby: The genesis of Edward Jenner's Inquiry of 1798: a comparison of the two unpublished manuscripts and the published version. In: Medical history. Volume 29, Number 2, April 1985, pp. 193-199, PMID 3884936 , PMC 1139508 (free full text).
  3. ^ PM Dunn: Dr Edward Jenner (1749-1823) of Berkeley, and vaccination against smallpox. In: Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition. Volume 74, Number 1, January 1996, pp. F77-F78, PMID 8653442 , PMC 2528332 (free full text).
  4. ↑ On the seventh day he complained of uneasiness in the axilla and on the ninth he became a little chilly, lost his appetite, and had a slight headache. During the whole of this day he was perceptibly indisposed, and spent the night with some degree of restlessness, but on the day following he was perfectly well. SY: Tan: Edward Jenner (1749-1823): conqueror of smallpox. In: Singapore Med J 45, 2004, pp. 507-508. PMID 15510320
  5. ^ A b A. J. Morgan, S. Parker: Translational mini-review series on vaccines: The Edward Jenner Museum and the history of vaccination. In: Clinical and experimental immunology. Volume 147, Number 3, March 2007, pp. 389-394, doi : 10.1111 / j.1365-2249.2006.03304.x , PMID 17302886 , PMC 1810486 (free full text).
  6. ^ NJ Willis: Edward Jenner and the eradication of smallpox. In: Scott Med J 42, 1997, pp. 118-121. PMID 9507590
  7. ↑ PC Plett: Peter Plett and the rest of the discoverers of the cowpox vaccination before Edward Jenner. In: Sudhoffs Archive , Journal for the History of Science, Volume 90, Issue 2, Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, 2006, pp. 219–232. ( ISSN  0039-4564 )
  8. ^ JF Hammarsten, W. Tattersall, JE Hammarsten: Who discovered smallpox vaccination? Edward Jenner or Benjamin Jesty? In: Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association. Volume 90, 1979, pp. 44-55, PMID 390826 , PMC 2279376 (free full text) (review).
  9. ↑ br-online.de: Success story of vaccination. ( Memento of October 30, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) of January 24, 2007
  10. ↑ Wibke Schmidt: Human experiments in medicine: test object human. In: Handelsblatt . December 10, 2008, accessed May 14, 2021 .
personal data
SURNAME James, Phipps
BRIEF DESCRIPTION English smallpox vaccine patient
DATE OF BIRTH 1788
DATE OF DEATH April 25, 1853