Simian immunodeficiency virus
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The simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV, engl. Simian immunodeficiency virus , simian = monkeys -, simian) is a retrovirus and is regarded as the origin virus to the human immunodeficiency virus HIV . SIV describes a whole group of different viruses that have been isolated from the blood or organ materials of various species of monkeys. It was probably formed before the last ice age 32,000 to 75,000 years ago. In the 1980s, these viruses were called Simian T-lymphotropic virus 3 (STLV-III) .
features
The SIV is an enveloped single (+) - strand RNA - virus , (ss (+) RNA), whose genetic information is present as RNA, but as DNA into the genome of the host cell is installed. Genetically, it is closely related to HIV.
Subclasses of the SIV
There are three subclasses of the SIV:
- SIVcpz (from chimpanzee , the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes ). This virus is mainly found in captive chimpanzees. SIVcpz is closely related to the HIV-1 virus, from which HIV-1 M / N / O are derived. Investigations on gorillas in Cameroon have shown antibodies in the feces of SIV infected animals , which are also produced by people who have become infected with group O HIV-1.
- SIVsm or SIV smm (sooty mangabey monkey from the sooty mangabey Cercocebus atys , a Mangabenart ). This virus is also found in animals in captivity and in the wild.
- SIVmac (from Rhesus macaque ). SIVmac is closely related to HIV-2, which was discovered in 1986. HIV-2 is less common and less virulent than HIV-1.
These subclasses are further subdivided.
Occurrence
In connection with the occurrence of AIDS and the isolation of the virus causing this disease, it was subsequently reported in various African monkey species in the wild, e.g. B. Vervet Monkeys and Mangaben , later also found in chimpanzees and gorillas SIV. The isolates from chimpanzees are most closely related to HIV of all SIV.
The first SIV isolates were found in rhesus monkeys kept in captivity in zoos or primate centers who had died of AIDS-like diseases. Rhesus and related monkey species are native to Asia and their populations are not infested with SIV. Only if they are kept in unnatural proximity with African monkeys, for example in shared or neighboring enclosures, can SIV be transmitted from the infected to them through biting. For a long time it was assumed that none of the African monkeys got sick with “their virus”, but the Asian monkeys did. However, investigations in the Gombe National Park in Tanzania have shown that SIVcpz can also make chimpanzees sick. In ten years of study, highly sensitive SIV testing of faeces and urine found in 17 of 94 known animals an SIV infection and a 10 to 16 times higher risk of death compared to the non-infected animals. In addition, it was found in tissue samples from three dead, SIV-positive chimpanzees that, like in people with AIDS, the number of CD4 T cells was extremely low in the late phase .
With regard to the transmission of immunodeficiency viruses to humans, it is assumed that a chimpanzee SIV was introduced into the human population decades ago - with the known consequences. According to the common thesis regarding the transmission of the virus to humans, it is assumed that hunters who hunted and ate monkeys were infected with the virus for the first time. Another theory assumes that in 1959 , virus-contaminated cell cultures from monkeys were used in the manufacture and testing of the first poliomyelitis vaccines, which were then tested in the Congo region . However, an analysis of the mutations showed that there is a 95 percent probability that the origin of the strain HIV-1 dates back to before 1930. In February 2000 a sample of the oral vaccinations was found and examined. There were no traces of HIV or SIV.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d ICTV: ICTV Taxonomy history: Commelina yellow mottle virus , EC 51, Berlin, Germany, July 2019; Email ratification March 2020 (MSL # 35)
- ↑ Deutsches Ärzteblatt, September 17, 2010: HIV precursors older than assumed ( memento of the original from September 19, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Dezhong Xu, Huimin Sun, Haixia Su, Lei Zhang; Jingxia Zhang, Bo Wang, Rui Xu: SARS coronavirus without reservoir originated from an unnatural evolution, experienced the reverse evolution, and finally disappeared in the world , in: Chinese Medical Journal, Volume 127, No. 13, July 5, 2014, p . 2537-2542, doi: 10.3760 / cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20131328
- ↑ a b Francisco Van Heuverswyn, Yingying Li u. a .: Human immunodeficiency viruses: SIV infection in wild gorillas. In: Nature. 444, 2006, pp. 164-164, doi : 10.1038 / 444164a .
- ↑ Marlink et al .: Reduced rate of disease development after HIV-2 infection as compared to HIV-1 ; Science, Vol. 265, pp. 1587-1590.
- ↑ Brandon F. Keele, James Holland Jones et al. a .: Increased mortality and AIDS-like immunopathology in wild chimpanzees infected with SIVcpz. In: Nature. 460, 2009, pp. 515-519, doi : 10.1038 / nature08200 .
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^ Edward Hooper : The River. A Journey to the Source of HIV and AIDS ; Boston: Little, Brown, Harmondsworth : The Penguin Press, 1999
Edward Hooper: Aids and the Polio Vaccine ; London Review of Books , 25 (2003), No. 7
Edward Hooper: Untruths, misrepresentations and spin: the dubious methods and tactics used by Stanley Plotkin's group in the "Origins of AIDS" debate ; 2004
Edward Hooper: The New Round of Legal Threats by Doctors Kowprowski and Plotkin ; 2004
Edward Hooper: aidsorigins.com
NDR: The Origin of Aids (in the WebArchive ) - ↑ Korber B, Muldoon M, Theiler J, et al .: Timing the origin of the HIV-1 pandemic . In: Programs and abstracts of the 7th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections . Abstract L5, January 30 - February 2, 2000.
- ↑ Blancou, P. et al .: Polio vaccine samples not linked to AIDS , in: Nature: 410, p. 1045-1046 (2001), doi : 10.1038 / 35074171
Web links
- HIV and SIV Nomenclature , HIV sequence database, Los Alamos National Laboratory, April 26, 2007 (in the WebArchive)