Feline Immunodeficiency Virus

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Feline Immunodeficiency Virus
Systematics
Classification : Viruses
Area : Riboviria
Empire : Pararnavirae
Phylum : Artverviricota
Class : Revtraviricetes
Order : Ortervirales
Family : Retroviridae
Subfamily : Orthoretrovirinae
Genre : Lentivirus
Type : Feline Immunodeficiency Virus
Taxonomic characteristics
Genome : (+) ss RNA linear, dimeric
Baltimore : Group 6
Symmetry : complex
Cover : available
Scientific name
Feline immunodeficiency virus
Short name
FIV
Left
NCBI  Taxonomy: 11673
NCBI  Reference: M25381
ICTV Taxon History: 201855029
ICTVdB Virus Code : 00.061.1.06.004

The Feline Immunodeficiency Virus ( FIV ) is a virus from the retrovirus family . The virus causes an immune deficiency disease in cats known as feline immunodeficiency syndrome or, colloquially, feline AIDS , because it is very similar to AIDS in humans. However, humans cannot become infected with FIV. FIV belongs to the lentivirus genus within the retroviruses and was described for the first time in 1986, four years after the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The disease has not yet been effectively treatable, but is often symptom-free for a long time. In the long term, however, the immune system is destroyed and secondary infections lead to death. To date, nine different strains of the virus have been isolated from eleven different species of cats, including specific strains from lions and pumas . FIV was also found in the spotted hyena , which does not belong to the cat family. In addition to the feline coronavirus , the cause of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV), the causative agent of feline leukemia , is one of the virus to the triggers of the most clinically important viral infectious diseases in domestic cats.

History, Distribution and Nomenclature

The first FIV virus strains were isolated from domestic cats in 1986 . An immunodeficiency outbreak occurred in a household in Petaluma, California, that was home to a large number of cats. These animals were tested for Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) but all were negative. Blood samples were taken from them and injected into two healthy animals which, after four to six weeks, developed fever , a decrease in the number of white blood cells ( leukopenia ) and swelling of the lymph nodes . The first FIV was then isolated from the peripheral mononuclear blood cells ( PBMCs ) of these animals.

Positive FIV rapid test (left band in the upper window). Test principle: Lateral Flow Immunoassay

Soon after, it was discovered that serum samples from wild cats such as African lions and cheetahs, Asiatic lions and tigers, South American jaguars, and North American pumas also cross-reacted with the antigens of FIV and EIAV , an equine lentivirus. These reactions indicated infection with FIV. Serological tests of this kind (for example using ELISA ) are still the most important method to detect an infection with FIV. Initially, the antigens from domestic cats were also used to test sera from wild cat species. With increasing characterization of the species-specific FIV strains, their antigens were used, which greatly increased the sensitivity of the tests. At the same time it was recognized that FI viruses are a large and evolutionarily old group of retroviruses.

After the first description from North America, FIV was also gradually detected in domestic cats from all over the world. The global prevalence of FIV-infected domestic cats in regions and countries is between two and 30 percent. Since the domestic cat was spread from Europe with traders and explorers all over the world hundreds of years ago, it can be assumed that FIV domestic cats had also been infected for a long time. Frozen cat sera - the oldest sera tested come from Japan and the USA from 1968 - also gave positive serotests. The numbers on the distribution fluctuate depending on the preselection of the sample material and the population density . Large fluctuations also occur in different geographic regions. The lions in the Serengeti are practically 100 percent seropositive , while the lions in Namibia and wild Asiatic lions are consistently seronegative. Wyoming cougars are almost 100 percent positive, while Montana cougars are only 20 percent positive. Because the evolutionary development of lentiviruses is faster than that of cat species, the distribution and similarity of the FIV strains allow conclusions to be drawn about the spread, territories, migration behavior and population dynamics of the various cat species. However, the collection and analysis of this data is only just beginning.

The name of the virus with FIV refers in most cases to the isolate from domestic cats. The standard nomenclature for the designation of strains from different species is an abbreviation placed in the end, which is composed of the first letter of the genus name and the first two letters of the species name. The FIV of the domestic cat (Felis catus) is therefore also known as FIVfca, that of the African lion (Panthera leo) is called FIVple and that of Puma concolor FIVpco. The Puma FIV is sometimes referred to as PLV and Löwen FIV with LLV, but these two virus strains are the only exceptions to the nomenclature in terms of their own name.

Art virus Subgroups Distribution (where investigated)
Domestic cat ( Felis catus ) FIV, FIVfca five, A through E worldwide
Lion ( panthera leo ) FIVple (LLV) Africa
Puma ( Puma concolor ) FICpco (PLV) North, Central and South America
Bobcat ( Lynx rufus ) FIVlru California, Central Europe
Manul ( Otocolobus manul ) FIVoma Mongolia
Jaguarundi ( Puma yagouaroundi ) FIVhya Central and South America
Cheetah ( Acinonyx jubatus ) FIVaju Africa
Leopard ( panthera pardus ) FIVppa Africa (Botswana), Asia
Ocelot ( Leopardus pardalis ) FIVlpa Central and South America
Tiger ( panthera tigris ) - Asia, zoos in Europe (infected with FIVple )
Spotted hyena ( Crocuta crocuta ) and
striped hyena ( Hyaena hyaena )		 FIVccr Serengeti

Phylogeny

Distribution of the subtypes of FIVfca . Data is not available for all regions

The previously known FIV strains are very divergent, but monophyletic , that is, they originated from one parent form. For three of the FIV strains from the different animal species, subtypes could be determined. The FIV of the house cat has been the best researched so far and has five subtypes that occur in different frequencies around the world and that are designated A to E. The division into five subgroups was carried out after comparing the DNA sequence of the env gene, which encodes the coat proteins. The subgroups A to C are distributed worldwide, D occurs mainly in East Asia and E only in South America.

Also by FIVple were determined three subgroups, designated A to C. This division was based on sequence differences in the pol gene, the viral enzymes ( protease , integrase and reverse transcriptase encoded). For FIVpci, two subgroups were identified based on the differences in pol and designated A and B. The differences in the DNA sequence between the individual FIV strains are sometimes considerable and are, for example , 30 percent for the pol gene of FIVple, FIVfca and FIVpco.

The known FIV strains form their own cluster within the lentiviruses and can be roughly divided into old and new world species. The closest relationship exists to the lentiviruses of cattle and horses .

construction

Genome organization of the FIV

FIV is structured like other lentiviruses that cause immunodeficiency syndromes in mammals. The complete virion has a diameter of 105 to 125 nanometers, is spherical or ellipsoid in shape and has short, poorly defined protrusions ( spikes ) in the virus envelope , which consist of the viral glycoproteins gp95 and gp44. Like other retroviruses, it has a density of 1.15 to 1.17 grams per cubic centimeter. The virus particles (virions) are destroyed by conventional disinfectants containing alcohol or chlorine and inactivated by briefly (a few minutes) heating to 60 degrees Celsius .

The virus genome is diploid . It consists of two identical single-stranded RNA molecules, each consisting of about 9400 nucleotides , in plus-strand orientation. It has the typical genomic structure of the retroviruses, which consists of the genes gag-pol-env , and like other lentiviruses has additional (additional) genes . These are vif , vpr, and rev . There are no tat , vpu , vpx and nef , so FIV is less complex than HIV. FIV has a deoxyuridine pyrophosphatase (dUTPase) which occurs in lentiviruses of non-primates and has so far been described for EIAV and the Visna Maedi virus (VMV) in addition to FIV . The dUTPase is encoded in the pol region, the finished enzyme breaks down dUTP to dUMP and pyrophosphate , which probably helps the virus to prevent incorrect incorporation of dUTP into the genome. Six different splice variants of the mRNA are generated from the proviral genome .

Pathogenicity and Specificity

This article describes the infectious properties of FIV at the cellular level, for the more detailed disease course in cats and the transmission of the virus see Feline Immunodeficiency Syndrome

The pathogenicity of the FIV strains is difficult to determine for cats in the wild . Epidemiological studies, in which the survival rates were compared with the infection and reproduction rates, could not find any statistically significant disadvantages for the infected animals. Many of the strains that occur can therefore be regarded as non-pathogenic. In captivity, on the other hand, when the average life expectancy of the animals increases significantly, the symptoms of the disease develop. The low pathogenicity of FIV strains in wild cats suggests a long pathogen-host interaction, which, like SIV, has probably existed for about one to two million years. It is not known in which precursor species FIV first developed. Transmission between different cat species is rare in the wild, but more common in captivity.

The feline immunodeficiency virus is very host-specific; there are no known transmissions from cats to humans. Like HIV-1, FIV mainly infects CD4-positive T lymphocytes . However, compared to HIV-1, one of the two relatives found in humans, FIV has a slightly wider range of cells that it can infect. In addition to CD4-positive T cells, monocytes , macrophages and glial cells , FIV also infects CD8-positive T and B cells . The primary receptor for the external glycoprotein (gp95) of FIV is not CD4, as in HIV-1, but CD134 . For the interaction between FIV gp95 and CD134, CXCR4 is required as an essential coreceptor. The envelope protein gp95 of the virus binds to CD134 with its spikes , which results in a conformational change in gp95, which enables interaction with CXCR4. This interaction with the coreceptor stimulates the fusion of the virus envelope with the cell membrane and enables entry into the cell. Since virus strains have also been described that do not require CD134, the characterization of the receptors is not yet fully completed.

So far, in no single case has it been possible to induce the FI virus to multiply in human cells or cell lines. The “block”, i.e. the barrier that prevents the virus from going through a complete replication cycle, lies neither when the cell enters the cell nor when it crosses the nuclear membrane, but consists in the fact that the provirus integrated and detectable in the DNA takes the critical step of transcription no longer runs through. Therefore, no further virus particles can be formed after infection of the cell. The block is thus similar to that of EIAV in human cells and HIV in mouse cells.

After an initial infection, the cat immediately produces virus-specific antibodies and cytotoxic T cells , but is unable to completely overcome the infection despite the violent immune reaction. The virus therefore remains permanently in the body in all cases examined so far.

FIV vaccine

The development of an FIV vaccine , which was approved in the USA in 2002, has received relatively much attention . It is hoped that the experience will provide information for the development of a vaccine against HIV . The development of such a vaccine has advanced since the discovery of the FI virus and various types of vaccines have been tested, including inactivated viruses, virus-infected cells, DNA vaccines, and viral vectors . It is unclear whether these laboratory results are reproducible under field conditions with a large number of different FIV strains.

As with HIV, developing an effective vaccine against FIV is difficult because of the high numbers and variations of the virus strains. So-called “single strain” vaccines, ie vaccines that only protect against one virus variant that occurs, have already been shown to be effective against homologous FIV strains. With the development of a "dual-subtype" FIV vaccine (name: Fel-O-Vax FIV ) it became possible to immunize cats against other FIV strains. The vaccine consists of inactivated (killed) FIV particles of the two strains Petaluma subtype A and Shizuoka subtype D . In laboratory conditions, 82 percent of the cat subjects developed immunity to FIV from vaccine administration. A general immunization against primary isolates from the wild, however, still seems to be insufficiently possible. In addition, so far only a small amount of knowledge from vaccine development has been used to develop an HIV vaccine. The most important point of criticism of the available vaccine is the fact that vaccinated animals cannot be distinguished serologically from infected animals. We are working on the development of a test for differentiation.

Due to the comparable clinical picture and the possibility of immunization, the house cat is nevertheless playing an increasingly important role in research into HIV and AIDS.

FIV as a viral vector

Viral vectors for gene therapy in humans are being developed on the basis of FIV . The lack of clinical picture in humans is seen as an advantage of FIV. The FIV vectors are also used in basic research.

Transfer of FIV

FIV is mainly transmitted through bite wounds. In contrast, vertical transmission (from mother to child in utero or via milk) or between cats in a stable household is rare. Experimentally, FIV can also be transmitted parenterally , i.e. intravenously , intraperitoneally or subcutaneously . Transmission via mucous membranes (nose, mouth, vagina, rectum) is also possible experimentally, but far less effective than with human HIV . However, many studies examining the infection of FIV-negative (FIV-) cats in households with FIV-positive (FIV +) cats have yielded conflicting results. Here, however, no attention was paid to the aggression between the cats, and the observation periods were very short.

Some studies looked at vertical transmission of the virus either after experimental or natural infections.

In one study, no vertical or horizontal transmission of the virus was observed among 25 cats (six FIV +, 19 FIV-) and 48 kittens (30 born of FIV + cats) (closed colony, observation of nine months). One study showed the transmission of a naturally infected mother to the child. It could also be shown in chronically experimentally infected dams that about half of the children were also FIV +. According to Sellon et al. in over 60% of kittens from acutely infected cats. Many of the studies mentioned above are, however, experimentally induced infections which appear to be essentially more infectious than natural ones.

In a study with naturally infected FIV + cats, no transmission from five FIV + cats to their 19 kittens was found. Likewise, no transmission to FIV cats could be determined after natural exposure to FIV + cats for 38 months. Therefore, the authors consider it unlikely that naturally infected cats can transmit vertically or horizontally (except through bite wounds). When integrating new cats, care should be taken to ensure that they do not show any aggression.

Course of disease

When kittens become infected with FIV, they develop a transient fever (a few days to two weeks) and neutropenia (a decrease in white blood cells) that begin four to eight weeks after infection. This is accompanied by lymphadenopathy (swelling of the lymph nodes) that can last up to nine months. Most cats recover from this initial phase and remain carriers of the virus for life. A number of cats develop symptoms similar to human AIDS after a long, asymptomatic period . This can lead to infections of the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urethra or skin. Anemias, neoplasms ( tumors ) or neurological damage are also possible. The latter can lead to dementia and behavioral disorders.

The prognosis is highly dependent on the age of the cat at the time of infection. Newborn cats develop thymic atrophy, a loss of tissue in the thymus that leads to severe immunodeficiency and premature death. Older cats often show regressive infections or milder forms. Likewise, the FIV subtype and exposure of other pathogens are important for the length of the asymptomatic phase.

In summary, most naturally infected FIV cats do not show severe clinical symptoms and can live without health problems for years after infection.

treatment

There are already numerous antiviral drugs that prevent FIV from replicating . The active ingredient AMD3100 was well tolerated in cats and was able to reduce FIV replication. The components zidovudine , stavudine , PMEA, dideoxycytidine, Fozivudin , WHI-07, Stampidin and lamivudine had viral replication in vivo and vitro prevent and lowered viral titer in chronically infected cats. Atazanavir , tipranavir , lopinavir and TL-3 were also able to inhibit virus replication, reduced neurodegenerative effects and were tolerated by the cats.

Sources and further information

Individual evidence

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literature

  • Niels C. Pedersen: The Feline Immunodeficiency Virus. In: The Retroviridae. Volume 2, edited by Jay A. Levy, Plenum Press, New York 1993.
  • Sue VandeWoude, Cristian Apetrei: Going wild: lessons from naturally occurring T-lymphotropic lentiviruses . In: Clinical Microbiology Reviews . tape 19 , no. 4 , October 1, 2006, ISSN  0893-8512 , p. 728-762 , doi : 10.1128 / CMR.00009-06 , PMID 17041142 (English).
  • Stephen P. Dunham: Lessons from the cat: development of vaccines against lentiviruses . In: Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology . tape 112 , no. 1-2 , July 15, 2006, ISSN  0165-2427 , p. 67-77 , doi : 10.1016 / j.vetimm.2006.03.013 , PMID 16678276 (English).

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This article was added to the list of excellent articles on December 21, 2007 in this version .