DNA vaccine

DNA vaccines (engl. DNA vaccines ) denote vaccines , the genes contain. This type of vaccination with DNA (also known as DNA vaccination) mostly uses plasmids that contain one or more genes from foreign proteins . The gene is expressed in the cells of the vaccinee , and the pathogen protein produced is then proteolyzed in the cell into peptides , which are presented at MHC I and, to a lesser extent, at MHC II . Membrane proteins are presented (in addition to the MHC presentation of the peptides) on the cell surface. This process simulates a symptom-free infection in the host body at the cellular level, which triggers an immune response. DNA vaccines can be injected intramuscularly or administered bioballistically . Needle-free injection systems are being developed for DNA vaccinations: the DNA is bound to gold particles and injected into the muscle using a vaccination gun . When injected into the muscle tissue, a higher expression rate was found than in other tissue types. It is believed that the structure of the muscle cells plays a role.

The main advantages of this technique compared to vaccination with purified or recombinant antigens are the simple and very inexpensive production by fermentation , the biological and chemical stability, the simple adaptation of the vaccines and the activation of cellular immunity . In addition, mass vaccinations could be carried out more safely and quickly. In addition, sequences of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-2 or GM-CSF ) can be incorporated into the plasmids, which are then expressed.

Possible disadvantages are a possible increased tumor formation as a result of the activation of oncogenes or the deactivation of tumor-suppressing genes through the random insertion of DNA into the genome, a theoretically possible destabilization of the chromosomes, a possible transfer of antibiotic resistance to bacteria and the possible induction of autoimmune diseases against the DNA. So far there is no evidence of the development of tumors or lupus erythematosus after plasmid immunizations in vivo . Finally, the built-in DNA contains strong promoters. One possible measure to prevent accidental insertions is mRNA vaccines. The proteins should be produced directly from the mRNA.

developments

The first DNA vaccines were tested on HIV- positive patients, further tests were carried out on healthy people to test vaccines against HIV. Although the immune response in humans is rather weak, a protective effect was shown in primates when used with recombinant vectors and auxiliary substances.

In addition to HIV vaccines, research into influenza vaccines is also intensifying . In 2002, researchers suggested that DNA vaccinations might be a first step against high lethal influenza A / H5N1 strains, but they also found that DNA vaccination alone provided very limited protection against pandemic HD in mice / 483 strain offered. In veterinary medicine , the first attempts at DNA vaccination in poultry began in 1993 , and the effect on avian influenza was tested . There is now a DNA vaccination against the bird flu H5N1 in chickens .

A DNA vaccine has been developed for the oral vaccination of bees against the Varroa mite , but no practical application is known (as of May 2020).

There are still no approved DNA vaccines for humans (as of 2019).

literature

Jihui Lee et al .: Engineering DNA vaccines against infectious diseases . In: Acta Biomaterialia . tape 80 , October 15, 2018, p. 31-47 , doi : 10.1016 / j.actbio.2018.08.033 .

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Barbara Bröker, Christine Schütt, Bernhard Fleischer: Basic knowledge of immunology . Springer-Verlag, 2019, ISBN 978-3-662-58330-2 , pp. 252 .
↑ Vaccines. on: Naturwissenschaften-verhaben.de - Biology for school, study and training - explained in an understandable way. Retrieved May 20, 2020 .
↑ SL Epstein, TM Tumpey, JA Misplon, CY Lo, LA Cooper, K. Subbarao et al .: DNA Vaccine Expressing Conserved Influenza Virus Proteins Protective Against H5N1 Challenge Infection in Mice . In: Emerging Infectious Diseases . 2002, PMC 2732511 (free full text).
↑ ^a ^b Seyed Davoud Jazayeri and Chit Laa Poh: Recent advances in delivery of veterinary DNA vaccines against avian pathogens . In: Veterinary Research . tape 50 , no. 1 , October 10, 2019, p. 78 , doi : 10.1186 / s13567-019-0698-z , PMID 31601266 , PMC 6785882 (free full text).
^ S. Giese, M. Giese: Oral Vaccination of Honeybees Against Varroa Destructor . In: M. Giese (Ed.): Molecular Vaccines: From Prophylaxis to Therapy . Volume 1, Volume 1. Springer-Verlag, 2013. P. 269 ff. ( Limited preview in the Google book search)

[:0-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Barbara Bröker, Christine Schütt, Bernhard Fleischer: Basic knowledge of immunology . Springer-Verlag, 2019, ISBN 978-3-662-58330-2 , pp. 252 .

[:2-2] Vaccines. on: Naturwissenschaften-verhaben.de - Biology for school, study and training - explained in an understandable way. Retrieved May 20, 2020 .

[3] SL Epstein, TM Tumpey, JA Misplon, CY Lo, LA Cooper, K. Subbarao et al .: DNA Vaccine Expressing Conserved Influenza Virus Proteins Protective Against H5N1 Challenge Infection in Mice . In: Emerging Infectious Diseases . 2002, PMC 2732511 (free full text).

[:1-4] Seyed Davoud Jazayeri and Chit Laa Poh: Recent advances in delivery of veterinary DNA vaccines against avian pathogens . In: Veterinary Research . tape 50 , no. 1 , October 10, 2019, p. 78 , doi : 10.1186 / s13567-019-0698-z , PMID 31601266 , PMC 6785882 (free full text).

[5] S. Giese, M. Giese: Oral Vaccination of Honeybees Against Varroa Destructor . In: M. Giese (Ed.): Molecular Vaccines: From Prophylaxis to Therapy . Volume 1, Volume 1. Springer-Verlag, 2013. P. 269 ff. ( Limited preview in the Google book search)