Bobcat

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Bobcat
Bobcat photo.jpg

Bobcat ( Lynx rufus )

Systematics
Order : Predators (Carnivora)
Subordination : Feline (Feliformia)
Family : Cats (Felidae)
Subfamily : Small cats (Felinae)
Genre : Lynx ( Lynx )
Type : Bobcat
Scientific name
Lynx rufus
( Schreber , 1777)

The bobcat ( Lynx rufus ), called "bobcat" in America because of its comparatively short tail, is a species of lynx that ranges from southern Canada to northern Mexico . Bobcats are adaptable and use habitats as diverse as forests, semi-deserts, the fringes of cities and wetlands. The species is not considered to be threatened.

The bobcat's favorite prey are rabbits and hares . Bobcats, however, are opportunistic hunters whose prey range includes all small and medium-sized mammals and birds in their respective habitat . They also eat fish and insects. Like most feline species , bobcats are territorial and mostly solitary.

Appearance

Height and weight

Bobcats are, on average, smaller than the three other lynx species Canadian lynx , Eurasian lynx, and Iering lynx . Adult male bobcats are between 70 and 120 centimeters long. The average body length is 90 centimeters. The short tail accounts for between 10 and 18 centimeters. The shoulder height in males is between 36 and 38 centimeters. They weigh between 7 and 14 kilograms. The largest and heaviest bobcats are found in the northern part of the range.

Bobcat in Tucson

Females are slightly smaller than males and weigh an average of nine kilograms. A morphological study carried out in the eastern states of the USA showed that the largest male and female animals can be found in different regions of the range. This suggests that the selection criteria that influence body size differ depending on the sex.

Young animals are born with a weight between 280 and 340 grams and have a body length of 25 centimeters. By the end of their first year of life, they usually have reached a weight of 4.5 kilograms.

Further features of appearance

The fur color of the upper side of the body is very variable and ranges from pale yellow to reddish brown. Bobcat that live in the desert regions in the southwest of the distribution area tend to have the lightest coat coloration. The bobcats that occur in the northern part of the range are, however, the darkest in color.

Bobcat

The spotting of the fur is individually different. In some individuals, the spotting may be almost completely absent or limited to the legs. Other individuals, on the other hand, have clearly recognizable, dark brown to black points and lines on their fur, which are particularly clearly set off from the basic color of the fur on the forelegs and tail. In Florida, however, some melanistic bobcats have been sighted and also caught. Their black fur may be caused by a particularly dense pattern of spots. The fur on the chin, chest and underside of the body is gray-white to creamy white.

As with the other lynx species, the bobcat's hind legs are significantly longer than the front legs. The triangular ears are colored black on their upper back. Bobcats have significantly shorter hair brushes on the tips of their ears than the Eurasian lynx. In some individuals these can even be completely absent. The head looks rounded because of the pronounced whiskers. The nose is reddish on its front, gray to brownish red on the sides. The eye color is yellowish to ocher.

The diameter of the paw prints can vary between two and eight centimeters, the average bobcat track is about four centimeters wide. It is about twice as big as that of a house cat. The stride length for calmly running bobcats is between 20 and 40 centimeters and can be between one and 2.4 meters for sprinting bobcats. The imprint of the hind paws usually overlaps that of the front paw.

distribution

The range of the bobcat originally extended from southern Canada over the entire territory of the United States to Oaxaca , Mexico . Until today the bobcat has been able to keep this distribution area largely. Bobcats are no longer found in some parts of the Midwest and Eastern United States where they have lost their habitats to intensive farming. The regions no longer populated by bobcats include southern Minnesota , eastern South Dakota , parts of Iowa and Missouri . Although bobcats are believed no longer to be found in western New York and Pennsylvania , there have recently been multiple confirmed sightings of bobcats on the southern border and even in the central northern part of New York ( Syracuse metropolitan area).

Distribution area

The northern limit of the range of the bobcat is mainly determined by the height that the snow cover can reach in winter. Unlike the Canadian lynx, the bobcat does not cope well with high snowfall. It lacks the large, hairy paws that are characteristic of the Canadian lynx. Bobcat walking on a blanket of snow therefore break in deeper than the bobcat and are thus hindered from moving in snow. However, where the ranges of the Canadian lynx and the bobcat overlap, the bobcat is not necessarily inferior to its larger cousin. In Nova Scotia , the bobcat was able to partially displace the Canadian lynx after the coniferous forests there were partially felled to be converted into agricultural land.

In northern and central Mexico , the bobcat lives in dry scrub areas and in pine and oak forests. It reaches the southern limit of distribution in the transition area to the tropics.

Habitat requirements

A male bobcat in the urban area

Bobcats are very adaptable. They prefer forest areas without showing a preference for coniferous, deciduous or mixed forests. However, apart from in forest areas, they occur in a wide range of different habitats. They are found in the Florida Everglades as well as in the high rocky regions of the Rocky Mountains , the Appalachians or the semi-deserts of California . They also use agriculturally used areas as a hunting ground if they have sufficient forest cover or if bordering marshland or quarries offer them sufficient opportunities to retreat. If this is the case, the population density depends mainly on the number of potential prey animals. Bobcats can occasionally be observed in the outskirts of the city if they border largely natural areas.

The prey spectrum of the bobcat overlaps with that of other medium-sized predators. Investigations in Maine showed little competition between bobcats and coyote or red fox . The interspecific territorial overlaps did not reveal any pattern. It is different with the Canadian lynx . The food competition with the bobcat prevents the Canadian lynx from spreading further south.

Way of life

The bobcat is crepuscular. The first phase of activity usually begins three hours before sunset and lasts until midnight. The second phase of activity begins at sunrise and ends three hours after sunrise. During these two phases of activity, the bobcat usually covers a distance of between three and eleven kilometers. He roams his territory on paths that he regularly uses.

The activity phases are subject to seasonal fluctuations. In autumn and winter the bobcat is more active during the day, as its prey is also more active during this time.

Territory size

Bobcat in tall grass, Tennessee Valley, Marin, California

Bobcats are territorial. The size of the territory depends on the gender of the animal in question and the number of potential prey. Territory boundaries are marked by urine, solution and scratch marks on trees. The bobcat uses a number of different hiding spots within its territory. Usually he prefers one of these hiding spots and only occasionally uses the other retreats. Typical hiding places can be found in hollow tree trunks, in dense undergrowth or in thickets and under rock overhangs.

In the studies carried out so far, areas with a size of only 0.6 and those with a size of 326 square kilometers could be detected as extreme values. Research in Kansas has shown that established male lynxes average 20 square kilometers of territory. The territories of the females, on the other hand, are only half as big. Lynx without established territories often roam an area that is significantly larger. Not yet fully grown lynx have the smallest territories in Kansas with an average size of seven square kilometers. In individual studies it could also be shown that the territories of male lynxes are furthest away from the animals' place of birth.

So far, it has been controversial whether the size of the lynx territories fluctuates depending on the season. The results of individual studies are contradictory: In one study, the average territory size of male lynxes was 41 square kilometers in summer, while it was 100 square kilometers in winter. Another study showed, however, that female bobcats with offspring use larger territories during the winter, while males only move their territory, but do not roam any larger area than in summer. These results also agree with those of numerous previous studies. In other studies in a number of US states, little or no seasonal fluctuation in the size of the area was found.

Like most feline species, bobcats are mostly solitary. However, their territories often overlap. Due to the smaller territorial size of the females, two or more females often live in the territory of one male. Female bobcats rarely cross the territorial boundaries of another female animal. Unlike most other feline species, male bobcats tolerate when their territory overlaps with a same-sex animal. In this case, however, a male is often the more dominant.

The population density fluctuates strongly depending on the different area sizes. Between one and 38 bobcats can live in an area of ​​65 square kilometers. However, the average is one animal per 13 square kilometers, and a relationship between population density and gender ratio has been established. In California, 2.1 males per female have been counted in areas where bobcats are not hunted and where there is a high population density. This ratio changes with decreasing population density, so that in sparsely populated regions only 0.86 males per female live. These studies suggest that males are better able to survive in regions where competition from other bobcats is high.

Hunting strategies and range of prey

Bobcat with prey
The snowshoe hare is one of the most important prey of the bobcat in the north of its range.

The bobcat is a surprise or ambush hunter. The hunt takes place according to the type of cat by ambushing or sneaking up with a final jump or a short spurt. Unlike the Canadian lynx , which specializes in a few species of prey, the bobcat is an opportunistic hunter whose prey range is largely determined by the species of animal in the respective habitat. Bobcats prefer prey animals weighing between three quarters and six kilograms. In the east of the United States, cottontail rabbits are one of the species frequently hit by the bobcat. In the north of its range, however, the snowshoe hare is an essential prey animal. In New England , where the range of these two species overlap, they both together represent the major part of the hunted prey. In the southern range, cotton rats are occasionally the most important prey.

Bobcats adapt their hunting technique to the size of the prey. The bobcat lies in wait for smaller rodents, birds, fish and insects in the places where they are abundant, and then beats them when jumping. He sneaks up to slightly larger animals such as rabbits and hares up to a distance of six to ten meters and then sprints towards his prey.

Foxes, martens, skunks, smaller dogs and domestic cats are also among the prey animals struck by bobcats. Also species of deer are among the prey of the bobcat. He prefers to hunt them in winter when smaller prey animals are rare or when there is a high population of deer. He prefers to beat young animals. But he is also able to kill adult animals that weigh eight times more than him. He sneaks up to the deer when it is lying down, sprints towards it and grabs its prey by the neck before it bites its throat. On the rare occasion that it kills a prey as large as a deer, it returns to its rift several times to eat its fill. He buries the remains of the prey under snow or leaves.

Reproduction

Bobcats usually reach their reproductive capacity in the second summer. Females are occasionally able to conceive by the end of their first year of life. Females have a 44 day cycle, within which they are ready to conceive for five to ten days. In adult male bobcat sperm production begins in September or October, and the male is able to mate a female until the next summer. Bobcats are usually able to reproduce until the end of their life.

The mating season varies somewhat depending on the region, but usually lasts from winter to early spring. Mating occurs most often in February and March. A dominant male stays near a female during this time. Part of the mating game of the bobcats is that the animals playfully hunt and scuffle each other. Other males can be nearby but are not involved in these mating games. As soon as the female is ready to conceive, mating occurs, whereby the male grabs the female with the nape bite characteristic of cats. The female occasionally mates with other males afterwards. For males, on the other hand, it is characteristic that they mate with several females. Loud screams and hissing can be heard from the otherwise silent bobcat both during foreplay and during mating. Research conducted on bobcat populations native to Texas suggests that bobcats do not reproduce until they have established territory. Examined animals that have not yet occupied a territory did not have any offspring.

The young are born 60 to 70 days after a successful mating and are only raised by the female. The litter size varies between one and six young animals; usually two to four young animals are born. Most births occur in April and May. In exceptional cases the female throws a second time. These young animals are usually not born until September. The female usually chooses a hollow tree trunk or a small cave as a litter. The young are born blind and open their eyes for the first time on their ninth or tenth day of life. They explore their surroundings for the first time when they are four weeks old. They suckle their mother until about the end of their second month. From the age of three to five months they begin to accompany the mother on their forays. Bobcats born in spring hunt independently for the first time in autumn and usually leave their mother's territory shortly afterwards. Occasionally the mother will tolerate her offspring until next spring.

Age, diseases and predators

Bobcats reach an average age of six to eight years. The maximum age that has so far been proven for a bobcat living in the wild is 16 years. In captivity, bobcats can be up to 32 years old.

Skull of a bobcat

Adult bobcats have few predators. Pumas and wolves are capable of killing an adult bobcat. Observations in Yellowstone National Park indicate that this occurs regularly. Young animals, on the other hand, are killed by a number of predators. These include large species of owls , eagles , coyotes and foxes. Male bobcats also occasionally kill the offspring of their own species. Cannibalism can occur when prey animals are rare. Overall, however, cannibalism is rare and has very little impact on population size.

The main causes of death for bobcats are disease, accidents and human hunting. Similar to the Eurasian lynx , many bobcats starve to death. This is especially true for young animals after they have separated from their mother and have yet to perfect their hunting techniques. Out of 10 adult bobcats usually only experience the next year of life between six and seven.

Bobcats suffer from a variety of ecto- and endoparasites . The most important ectoparasites are ticks and fleas. Toxoplasma gondii is one of the main endoparasites . The individual populations are affected to different degrees. In individual studies, however, an infection rate of 52 percent was proven. The mite species Lynxacarus morlani has so far only been detected in bobcats. It has not yet been adequately clarified what influence parasites and diseases have on the mortality rate. However, it is conceivable that these factors have a more significant influence on the probability of survival than hunger, accidents and hunting.

Duration

The bobcat is listed in Appendix II of the CITES agreement, which means that this species is not critically endangered, but that both the hunting of this species and its trade must be monitored. In both Canada, the United States, and Mexico, regulations regulate bobcat hunting. In the United States, as the main habitat, the bobcat is found in a variety of protected areas. In 1988, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service estimated the number of bobcats living in the United States at 700,000 to 1,500,000. Since then, both the population and the area of ​​distribution have increased. For this reason, the USA has applied for this species no longer to be listed in Appendix II of the CITES agreement. The population in Canada and Mexico also appear to be stable. The IUCN therefore lists the species as not endangered, but points out that there is insufficient information about the occurrence of bobcat from the southern range in Mexico.

Although the bobcat originally colonized the entire Midwestern region of the United States, it is now extinct in some areas. It is considered critically endangered in Ohio , Indiana and Iowa . In contrast, the Illinois population has recovered so much that it has not been on the list of endangered species since 1999. In Pennsylvania, bobcat hunting has been permitted again since 1999. In New Jersey , populations fell sharply as early as the beginning of the 20th century, when the increasing industrialization and agricultural development of this state led to an increasing fragmentation of its habitat. The species has been listed as threatened there since 1991. L. rufus escuinipae , a subspecies native to Mexico, was for a period classified as critically endangered by the US Fish and Wildlife Service. In 2005, however, the authority came to the conclusion that this classification was no longer justified.

Systematics

External system

For a long time it has been discussed whether lynxes are not just a subgenus of the genus Felis . For these reasons one finds the bobcat occasionally referred to as Felis rufus in the older literature . Today the classification of the lynx in the independent genus Lynx is accepted, and the bobcat is accordingly listed as Lynx rufus .

According to the molecular biological investigations carried out by Stephen J. O'Brien in the 1990s, the genus of the lynx can be traced back to a group of big cats, which divided into several side branches in a period around 3 to 7 million years ago. The most recent split in phylogenetic terms occurred 2.8 million years ago, with the big cats clouded leopard, lion, tiger, jaguar, leopard and snow leopard developing from one branch. From the other branch, the original lynx ( Lynx issiodorensis ), which was widespread in the Pliocene around the Arctic, developed into today's genus of lynx and the marble cat .

The bobcat evolved from the trunk form of the Eurasian lynx , which reached North America via the Bering Strait about 200,000 years ago . Some of these lynxes, which established themselves in the southern part of North America, were very soon cut off from the northern populations by glaciers . This lynx population developed into today's bobcat. Today's Canadian lynx descends from the northern populations. According to a recent analysis, the Eurasian lynx and the Canadian lynx are more closely related to each other than either to the bobcat. Occasionally there are also hybrids of the bobcat and the Canadian lynx.

Internal system

Up to twelve subspecies have been described on the basis of morphological features:

  • L. rufus rufus (Schreber) is the nominate form. It is found in the east and the Midwest of the United States.
  • L. rufus gigas (Bangs) - The distribution area of ​​this subspecies extends from northern New York to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
  • L. rufus floridanus (Rafinesque) - southeastern United States to the Mississippi Valley , southwest Missouri and southern Illinois * L. rufus superiorensis (Peterson & Downing) - the area west of the Great Lakes including northern Michigan , Wisconsin , southern Ontario and most of Minnesota .
  • L. rufus baileyi (Merriam) - southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico
  • L. rufus californicus (Mearns) - California west of the Sierra Nevada
  • L. rufus escuinipae (JA Allen) - the interior of Mexico. In the north the distribution area extends to the west coast and the south of the Sonoran Desert
  • L. rufus fasciatus (Rafinesque) - Oregon , Washington west of the Cascade Range , northwestern California, and southwestern British Columbia
  • L. rufus oaxacensis (Goodwin) - Oaxaca, Mexico
  • L. rufus pallescens (Merriam) - Northwestern United States as well as southern British Columbia , Alberta, and Saskatchewan .
  • L. rufus peninsularis (Thomas) - Baja California
  • L. rufus texensis (Mearns) - the west of Louisiana , the eastern area of ​​Texas, the south of Oklahoma. The distribution area extends in the south to Tamaulipas , Nuevo León and Coahuila , Mexico

The division into twelve subspecies is controversial, as the differences between the individual subspecies are only minor and their respective distribution areas are not clearly delimited from one another.

Recent genetic analyzes reveal two subspecies:

  • L. rufus fasciatus east of the Great Plains and
  • L. rufus rufus west of the Great Plains.

The status of the two Mexican L. rufus escuinipae and L. rufus oaxacensis is uncertain and requires further research.

Bobcat and human

The hunt for the bobcat

The bobcat is an important game that has been hunted by the indigenous people of North America. The lynx fur is still an essential hunting motif . The hunt for the lynx is now legally regulated in all three states in which it occurs. The hunting season falls in the winter half of the year, so that a correspondingly distorted mortality rate results. Young animals in particular are indirectly affected by the hunt, as they are dependent on the mother animal in their first few months of life. Despite hunting, the population numbers are high. This also applies to the southern United States, where the bobcat is traditionally very heavily hunted.

The bobcat in myths and fairy tales

In the mythology of the indigenous population of North America, no distinction is made between bobcat and Canadian lynx. However, the geographical distribution of the two animal species means that most of the myths and fables relate to the bobcat.

The Mohave believed that the supernatural powers of living beings or objects were transmitted to them if they regularly dreamed about them. Dreams in which the two deities puma and lynx appeared could give them hunting abilities that far surpassed those of their neighboring tribes. Similar to the mythologies of the ancient world, certain features of the appearance are explained by fables. The Shawnee say, for example, that the lynx has a spotted coat because a rabbit once outwitted it. After catching the rabbit, it convinced him to start a fire. When it burned, the rabbit strewed the glowing coals on the lynx's fur and left him with dark burn marks.

Often the figure of the lynx appears together with that of the coyote . In some narratives, such as that of the Nez Percé people, the lynx and coyote are twin figures, which in an open dualism represent opposites to which different values ​​are assigned. The two animals are regularly associated with wind and fog, two elements that are also understood as opposing in North American mythology. In other narratives this dualism is canceled and both figures are equivalent. According to Claude Lévi-Strauss , the concept of twin figures representing opposites of different values ​​is an inherent theme in American mythology. Where this no longer appears in the stories of the North American peoples, it is due to close contact with European settlers, whose world of ideas is alien to this form of dualism. Settlers who moved from Europe to North America often had close contact with a lynx species there for the first time. In the folklore of the European settlers who settled in North America, the bobcat, admired for its ferocity and grace, quickly assumed an important role.

Individual evidence

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Web links

Commons : Bobcat  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Bobcat  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations