Appalachian Mountains
Appalachian Mountains | |
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Extension of the Appalachian Mountains |
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View of the Blue Mountains on the Blue Ridge Parkway |
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Highest peak | Mount Mitchell ( 2037 m ) |
location | Eastern USA , Maritime Provinces in Canada |
Coordinates | 36 ° N , 82 ° W |
The Appalachians ( English Appalachian Mountains ) are a forested mountain system in eastern North America , which extends over a length of 2400 kilometers from the Long Range Mountains on the west coast of the Canadian island of Newfoundland to the north of the US state of Alabama extends. Although their highest peak is more than 2000 meters high, the Appalachians have a low mountain character both in terms of their height and their morphology . Only a few mountains rise above 1200 m and many mountain peaks remain well below 800 m.
Are named after the Appalachian the indigenous strain of Apalachee . The term Appalachia is also used for the Appalachian region as a cultural and economic area.
Geographical classification
The Appalachians limit the North American craton ( Laurentia ) or the North American platform to the southeast. They are thus a kind of morphological counterpart to the North American Cordillera , which limits the craton to the west. The geological history of the Appalachians, however, differs significantly from that of the western mountains of North America. Their fold belts are much older and were originally related to similarly old fold belts in north-west Africa as well as western and central Europe, some of which now also appear in the form of mountainous countries (e.g. the Anti-Atlas in Morocco and the Massif Central in France) (see below ) . As a result of continental drift and the resulting breakup of the North Atlantic , the folds of the Appalachian belts were separated from those of Western Europe and Northwest Africa. This also led to the emergence of the coastal lowlands, which join the Appalachians to the southeast and east. There are rocks with "Appalachian" folds deep underground, overlaid by sediments from more recent geological epochs.
With their foothills, the Appalachian Mountains stretch from Mississippi to Canada ( Newfoundland's Long Range Mountains ). The special geographic constellation with the Appalachian Mountains in the east and the North American Cordillera in the west enables polar, cold air masses from the north, moving south from Hudson Bay, to meet tropical, very warm, humid air masses in the American Midwest moving north from the Gulf of Mexico . In such weather conditions, severe thunderstorms and even tornadoes form , sometimes with catastrophic effects, which is why the corresponding region is also known as Tornado Alley .
Historical geology
The folded and stacked rock complexes of the Appalachians, which consist to a not inconsiderable part of marine sedimentary rocks , represent the North American part of an ancient chain of mountains that is geologically older than the Atlantic . It extended in the late Carboniferous around 300 million years ago across what was then the ancient continent of Pangea and is known as the Hercynian system . The corresponding mountain formation is called Alleghenian orogeny and is the counterpart of Variscan orogeny in Western and Central Europe . Today's North America began to detach itself from Northwest Africa around 200 million years ago, in the late Triassic , so that the now heavily eroded Hercynian system was torn apart. Its rocks can be found east of the Atlantic in the Anti-Atlas in Morocco , in the Iberian Meseta in Spain, in the Massif Central in France and in the Rhenish and Bohemian Massif in Central Europe.
In the Appalachians, however, there are also fold complexes that arose before the Alleghenian orogeny and can also be traced across the Atlantic, including to the Grampian Mountains in Scotland . They are assigned to the Taconian orogeny ( Ordovician , approx. 440 million years ago) and Acadian orogeny ( Devonian , approx. 400 million years ago). The geological history of the Appalachians therefore goes back well into the Old Paleozoic and includes the closure of at least two ocean basins.
In contrast to the mountains of the young chain mountains such as the Himalayas , the Rocky Mountains and the Alps , today's relief of the Appalachians was not created as a result of plate tectonic convergence , but rather by simply lifting part of the old mountain block from the underground in the Middle Miocene , around 15 Millions of years. The relief was partially reversed in that the old foreland basin was also lifted out and today, in the form of the Appalachian Plateau, sometimes forms higher mountains than the old folded mountain hull (for example with the approx. 1450 meter high Mount Porte Crayon in West Virginia). Since the beginning of the opening of the Atlantic, at least two “Ur-Appalachian Mountains” have been excavated and removed again, one in the Middle Jurassic and one in the Early Cretaceous .
Structure from west to east
- Appalachian plateau , consisting of horizontal layers of carbon with significant coal seams
- Valley and Ridge Zone , with longitudinal valleys, breakthrough valleys and mountain ranges (ridges) and Great Valley (large longitudinal valley from Alabama to the Hudson , which is of great importance for transport)
- Blue Ridge Mountains , crystalline main zone with Black Mountains (with Mount Mitchell , in North Carolina ) and Great Smoky Mountains (with the national park of the same name between Tennessee and North Carolina and foothills to Virginia and Kentucky , reach heights of over 2000 m)
- Piedmont (200-500 m above sea level. M. ), foot zone of the Appalachian Mountains, rich in mineral resources (coal, iron ore), there on the basis of heavy industry in Pittsburgh and Birmingham settled
In the west of the Appalachian Mountains lie the Allegheny Plateau and the Cumberland Plateau .
Highest mountains
The highest mountains in the Appalachian Mountains in the American states and Canadian provinces as well as territories with a proportion of these mountains are listed below, sorted in descending order by height:
- Mount Mitchell , 2037 m ( North Carolina )
- Clingmans Dome , 2025 m (North Carolina, Tennessee )
- Mount Washington , 1917 m ( New Hampshire )
- Mount Rogers , 1746 m ( Virginia )
- Mount Marcy , 1629 m ( New York )
- Mount Katahdin , 1606 m ( Maine )
- Spruce Knob , 1482 m ( West Virginia )
- Brasstown Bald , 1458 m ( Georgia )
- Mount Mansfield , 1339 m ( Vermont )
- Mont Jacques-Cartier , 1268 m ( Québec , Canada)
- Black Mountain , 1263 m ( Kentucky )
- Sassafras Mountain , 1085 m ( South Carolina )
- Mount Greylock , 1064 m ( Massachusetts )
- Hoye-Crest , 1020 m ( Maryland )
- Mount Davis , 979 m ( Pennsylvania )
- Mount Carleton , 817 m ( New Brunswick )
- The Cabox , 814 m ( Newfoundland )
- Mount Frissell , 748 m (Massachusetts; with its southern slope also the highest point in Connecticut , 725 m )
- Cheaha Peak , 726 m ( Alabama )
- High Point , 550 m ( New Jersey )
Historical meaning
Historically, the Appalachians were the first hurdle for the first immigrants on their way west. In 1763, at the end of the Seven Years' War , Great Britain established the main ridge of the Appalachians as a border of white settlement as a gesture for the Indian peoples allied with it. The Royal proclamation 1763 stated that the relationship between British settlers and Indians henceforth by separation ( segregation ) and not through interaction ( interaction should be determined). However, this was already broken in the 1770s by the settlement of Kentucky under the direction of Daniel Boone . The later General and 1st President of the USA , George Washington , worked as a geometer in their surveying development .
Economical meaning
There are large deposits of hard coal in the Appalachian Mountains . These are dismantled using Mountaintop Removal Mining . First of all, the hilltops under which the coal stands are blasted and removed, then the coal is extracted in the open pit . In total, around 500 mountain peaks were removed over an area of 5700 square kilometers in the Appalachian Mountains, the landscape being seriously changed and long-term impacted by mining residues.
Development
The first connection through the Appalachians was the Wilderness Road through the Cumberland Gap . The first modern road was the National Road from Cumberland, Maryland, to Vandalia, Illinois, completed in 1839 .
The first rail line through the Appalachians was built by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad . In 1853 it connected Baltimore with the Ohio in Wheeling (West Virginia) . In 1854 the Pittsburgh – Harrisburg (–Philadelphia) line of the Pennsylvania Railroad was closed.
By 1857, the Norfolk and Western Railway pierced the Appalachian Mountains in the New River Valley and the Southern Railway near Asheville, North Carolina. In 1873 the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway connected Richmond to Huntington (West Virginia) via Staunton .
tourism
The Appalachians offer good hiking and touring opportunities, including:
- the Appalachian Trail , with 3440 km one of the longest hiking trails in the world, which runs through the entire Appalachian Mountains.
- the Blue Ridge Parkway , a scenic country road that begins at the Great Smoky Mountains to the south and continues northward, Skyline Drive through Shenandoah National Park , to the height of Washington DC ;
- the Great Smoky Mountains National Park to the south;
- the Natural Bridge in Virginia, a 66 m high and 27 m wide natural bridge, which has been counted among the Seven Wonders of Nature in some statements.
Mountain people
The Americans living in the Appalachian Mountains have developed their own identity and are called English mountain people (or mountainmen ) in the USA . Characteristic of the mountain people is their own dialect, their own music, their own self-confidence and low income.
Trivia
- The Appalachians were the scene of the FBI's long-term manhunt for the Christian fundamentalist terrorist Eric Rudolph . He had been able to hide in the woods for five years - possibly because the local population sympathized with him at least insofar as they did not give the authorities any information about possible whereabouts.
- The Appalachians were the backdrop and the location of the horror film series Wrong Turn . In the films, unsuspecting travelers and tourists are persecuted and killed by degenerate cannibalistic backwoodsmen. Other films (partially) shot in the Appalachian Mountains are: 28 Days , Blair Witch Project , Blair Witch 2 , The Descent and The Descent 2 - The Hunt Goes On , and The Hunger Games - The Hunger Games . The film characters who play Brad Pitt in Inglourious Basterds and Patrick Swayze in Call for Retribution come from the Appalachians.
- The Appalachians or Appalachia are the setting of the online role-playing game Fallout 76 .
- Figures from sagas and legends of the Appalachians are for example Bigfoot , the Mothmann or the Ohio-Grassman .
See also
- Caledonian orogeny
- Variscan orogenesis
- White Mountains (New Hampshire) , Green Mountains (Vermont), Longfellow Mountains (Maine)
literature
- Mari-Lynn Evans, Robert Santelli, Holly George-Warren (Eds.): The Appalachians: America's First and Last Frontier. West Virginia University Press, Morganstown 2012, ISBN 978-1-935978-96-1 .
Web links
- The American Cyclopædia (1879) / Appalachian Mountains
- Jack Share: Champlain Thrust Fault at Lone Rock , blog entry by the geologist in the blog Written in Stone seen through my lens , October 23, 2011 (including on the geology of the Appalachians )
Individual evidence
- ^ The Appalachian Region - Appalachian Regional Commission ( Memento of December 2, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ a b C. Wylie Poag, William D. Sevon: A record of Appalachian denudation in postrift Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary deposits of the US Middle Atlantic continental margin. Geomorphology. Vol. 2, No. 1-3, 1989, pp. 119-157, doi: 10.1016 / 0169-555X (89) 90009-3
- ^ Colin Gordon Calloway: The Scratch of a Pen, 1763 and the Transformation of North America , Oxford University Press, 2006, pp. 92 ff.
- ↑ The crests fly away . In: Frankfurter Rundschau , July 1, 2008. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
- ↑ Away with the mountains . In: Die Zeit , October 18, 2007. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
- ↑ Appalachian Mountain People: A Study Of Stereotypes
- ^ Grace Toney Edwards: Mountain Culture Sheltered Rudolph. ( Memento of June 11, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Newsday, June 10, 2003
- ^ Appalachian Film List. The Historic Struggle (blog by high school history teacher Robert Baker, who specializes in the history of the Appalachian region), as accessed June 19, 2019, last updated February 11, 2013