Saskatchewan
coat of arms | flag |
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( Details ) |
( Details ) |
Motto : Multis e gentibus vires "Strength of many peoples" |
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location | |
Basic data | |
Official language | English |
Capital | Regina |
Biggest town | Saskatoon |
surface | 651,036 km² (7.) |
Population (2016) | 1,098,352 (6.) |
Population density | 1.9 inhabitants / km² |
GDP in CAD (2006) | Total: 45.051 billion (5th) Per capita: 45,718 (5th) |
Time zone | UTC −6 to −7 |
ISO 3166-2 | CA-SK |
Postal abbreviation | SK |
Website | www.gov.sk.ca |
politics | |
Joined Confederation | September 1, 1905 |
Lieutenant governor | Vaughn Solomon Schofield |
prime minister | Scott Moe ( SK Party ) |
Sit in the lower house | 14th |
Seat in the Senate | 6th |
Saskatchewan [ səˈskæt͡ʃəwɨn or səsˈkæt͡ʃəwɑːn ] is a province in Canada . It is bordered by Alberta to the west, Manitoba to the east, the Northwest Territories to the north, and the states of the United States Montana and North Dakota to the south . In the northeast of the border runs Nunavut - territory . The name is derived from the Saskatchewan River , which means in the language of the Cree kisiskāchiwani-sīpiy (in German about fast flowing river ). During the 2016 census, the population was 1,098,352.
The Prairie Province covers an area of 651,900 km² (251,700 square miles), with about 10 percent being covered by inland waterways. With a population of around 1,163,925 people, Saskatchewan is one of the most sparsely populated provinces in Canada. The majority of the population lives in the south, while the northern part is predominantly boreally forested and barely inhabited. About half of the population lives in cities, including the two major cities Saskatoon (largest city) and Regina (provincial capital) as well as the smaller towns of Prince Albert , Moose Jaw , Yorkton , North Battleford , Melfort and Swift Current .
There has been evidence of settlement in Saskatchewan since the early days. The region was already inhabited by various indigenous peoples thousands of years ago. During the time of the seafarers, Europeans also explored the region around Saskatoon and Regina in 1690; from 1744 these areas were settled for the first time. For a number of years Saskatchewan was an integral part of the Northwest Territories until it was incorporated as a separate province in 1905.
geography
Saskatchewan is centrally located in southern Canada. The province borders on Alberta to the west, the Northwest Territories to the north and Manitoba to the east . In the south, the two US states of Montana and North Dakota border Saskatchewan. Together with Alberta, it forms the only landlocked province in the country. In addition, it is one of the three prairie provinces of Canada, along with Manitoba and Alberta. The longest border is the one with Alberta in the west with 1225 km. The border in the north reaches a length of around 445 km; the length of the southern border with the United States is 630 km. All four borders are approximately straight vertically (in the east and west) and horizontally (in the north and south). The border between Alberta and Saskatchewan is 110 degrees west; the border with the Northern Territories runs at 60 degrees north.
At 651,900 km² (251,500 square miles), Saskatchewan is the seventh largest province of the country's thirteen provinces by area. Around 59,366 km² (22,900 square miles) consist of inland waterways. A large number of lakes are mainly in the north. The Lake Athabasca , with an area of approximately 7849 square kilometers the largest lake in the province. Other large lakes are Reindeer Lake and Wollaston Lake in the northeast.
Some of the rivers that flow through Saskatchewan (e.g. the Saskatchewan River and the Churchill River ) belong to the Hudson Bay catchment area in northeast Canada. Only a few are in the catchment area of other rivers that drain into the Arctic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico .
Most of Saskatchewan's geographic relief consists of the Canadian Shield and the Interior Plains to the south. A large number of Precambrian, igneous and metamorphic rocks occurring here can only be found in the southern area. The highest point is at an altitude of 1,392 m in the Cypress Hills on the border with Alberta; the lowest point, on the other hand, is the shore of Lake Athabasca at 213 m.
Saskatchewan is made up of two main biomes. The boreal or taiga forest covers the entire Canadian Shield and part of the province's Interior Plains, while the grasslands occupy the southern part of the province. These two large regions are separated by the Aspen Parkland . This is a secondary biome in the transition between high grassland and boreal coniferous forest that mainly follows the North Saskatchewan River .
climate
The climate in Saskatchewan is predominantly cold-temperate. The province lies between the maritime and continental climatic zones. The humid continental climate sometimes causes very cold winters, preferably in the central and eastern parts of the province, whereas the summers can be very warm. The Cypress Hills in the southwest have a steppe-like climate all year round. Since the province is located in the northern latitudes of the North American continent, the regions around La Ronge in the north have a sub-arctic climate.
The annual rainfall averages 300–450 mm. The least precipitation falls during the winter months, while most of it falls in the summer months from June to August. In the months from November to March snow falls, in summer there are six to eight rainy days per month.
Saskatchewan's summer time mostly lasts from June to August. During these months, temperatures can rise to over 30 ° C, and values of up to 44 ° C have also been measured. At night, temperatures can sometimes drop to freezing. On average, the summer months are characterized by high temperature differences during the day and at night. In the months of July and August, warm air winds blow over the area from the lower plains and from the midwestern United States. In the south around Regina (Saskatchewan) and Moose Jaw , it is predominantly dry, and precipitation rarely falls in these regions. Arctic cold air inrushes can result in light frosts during the summer months, but also heat waves with high temperatures. The highest temperature recorded in Saskatchewan was 45 ° C in Midale and Yellow Grass .
Autumn usually begins in September, in November the night temperature drops to −11 ° C.
Winter lasts from December to February. The mean day and night temperatures are between −15 ° and −21 ° C, in isolated cases also −8 ° to −11 ° C, but the differences can increase to up to 60 ° C. However, the temperature differences between south and north are less pronounced. Low values of −40 ° C have so far only occurred in the months from November to March and found their lowest point at −49 ° C. The maximum values in the winter months are on average 9 ° C in January, in December and February these usually rise to 15 ° C. The average temperature here is −10 ° to −12 ° C, but it can sometimes drop to −17 ° C. In the southern latitudes, so-called warm " Chinook winds " from the west, comparable to the Alpine foehn in Europe, ensure a mild climate.
Saskatchewan is considered one of the most tornado-active regions in Canada. The subarctic climate in the northern latitudes and the submaritime climate in the south favor the development of tornadoes . About 18 to 20 such cyclones occur each year; some of them have already passed the F3 mark. In 2012, about 33 tornadoes were reported in the province. The formation of thunderstorms is also very pronounced, mainly in June and July, with accompanying hailstorms. About 28 people died in the devastating Regina cyclone in 1912.
history
Early history
Northern Saskatchewan was founded around 7000 BC. Free of ice (cf. History of the First Nations ). In 1995 , the oldest traces of a kill-butchery site were found near Heron Eden, 13 km south of Prelate in the south-west of the province, i.e. a place where hunting animals were killed and cut up. Traces of the Paleo-Indians of the so-called Agate Basin , a culture that dates from around 6000 to 5000 BC, are around a thousand years younger . Can be proven. The later Shield Archaic tradition extended from about 4000 to 2000 BC. From 1000 to about 500 BC. The Taltheilei tradition extended, finds in between are assigned to the Arctic Small Tool tradition (approx. 2000 to 1000 BC). These names conceal the early hunter-gatherer cultures that specialized in caribou hunting and that probably came to the later provinces with the large herds.
The northern Agate Basin Complex is characterized by lancet-shaped projectile points that go back to the 8th millennium BC. Their manufacturers were probably originally bison hunters who successfully transferred their hunting techniques to other herd animals. The Agate Basin is a relatively young offshoot of the Paleo-Indian cultures of the northwest. The density of finds is much lower than in the Northwest Territories , and only two sites can be assigned with certainty: near Lake Athabasca, one site on Black Lake and one on Hara Lake , north of Wollaston Lake . The hunters may have come to Saskatchewan infrequently, depending on how far the herds moved south. This certainly contributed to the fact that the period between 8000 and 5000 BC B.C. became milder, at times even had a considerably warmer climate than today. This in turn meant that the tree line ran further north and thus blocked the animals from passing through. In the south, the Agate Basin can be interpreted by the Parkhill Site in the south of Moose Jaw . The almost 7,000 year old finds are among the oldest in the province. The extreme north was reached by this culture, always in the wake of the retreating ice sheet, over 3000 years later.
The group of finds that followed the Paleo-Indian group, the Shield tradition , characterized by projectile tips attached to the side , represents more of a technological development than a change in the population. The density of finds is even lower, so that it can be assumed that the warm climate and the northward expanding forests, the caribou herds dodged far north. Sites such as the Near Norbert site on the Haultain River or the site at the confluence of the Umpherville River and Wollaston Lake are more evidence of summer camps than winter villages.
Around 1500 BC A strong cooling began, the tree line moved southward. People with a new range of prey and new weapons become tangible. Their culture was close to that of the Arctic Inuit . This population, known as the pre-Dorset culture (cf. Inuit culture ), used tools made of or with small stones and is therefore called the Small Tool tradition . Sites are the Black Lake and the Athabasca Lake, but also the Reindeer Lake .
Around 600 BC The region warmed up and Indian cultures dominated again. Similar to the arctic hunters, they also hunted the caribou. This Taltheilei tradition lasted until historical times. Taltheilei is traditionally divided into an early, a middle and a late phase according to the changes in stone tool types, the main source - with broad transition periods around 100 BC. And around 800 AD The culture existed in northern Saskatchewan north of the Churchill River .
The majority of the 60 to 70 rock drawings found north of the 55th parallel belong to the Taltheilei tradition. Most of them are located in the catchment area of the Churchill River, which was the main transport route in the north.
But the sequence is not clear. There were repeated immigration of groups from neighboring areas, as evidenced by finds of Pelican Lake projectiles, which are otherwise common in Alberta (Black Lake and Lake Athabasca). Some sites, such as the Long Creek site excavated in 1957, have a useful life of 5000 years in this case, representing numerous traditions, including a. Avonlea and Besant (around 625 ± 325 years), Pelican Lake (around 350 ± 100 years), Hanna (around 1360 BC ± 115 years), Oxbow (around 2600 BC), possibly also Mummy Cave ( approx. 3000 BC ± 125 years). A group of 13 deposits at the Mortlach Site in south-central Saskatchewan, which is considered to be the first scientific excavation in the province (1954), has a service life of 3500 years .
The late phase, the Clearwater Lake complex , can be found at many locations on the Churchill, Sturgeon-Weir and Reindeer Rivers. Triangular arrowheads and clay pots with dot patterns are their hallmarks. They are probably the ancestors of today's Cree tribes, which belong to the Algonquin group . These groups moved north as far as the Fond du Lac River , their contemporaries, the later Anishinabe (also called Ojibwa or Chippewa), lived further east at that time. They moved further west and in the late 18th century drove the Dakota out of what is now Minnesota . As of 1840, they have settled north of Lake Superior and Lake Huron, as well as in Minnesota, North Dakota , Wisconsin , Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. The Algonkins or Woodland Cree (also Kristinaux) lived up to the tree line, while the Plains Cree lived in the open park and grasslands.
Conflicts relax between these groups in which Blackfoot , Atsina , Cree, Assiniboine , Saulteaux , Sioux and Dene were involved. Place names like Battle River are a reminder of this. The tribes formed confederations , like the Blackfoot Confederacy , which ousted the Gros Ventre from Saskatchewan. Woodland Cree and Anishinabe also repeatedly got into conflicts, the continuation of which became a downright tradition.
First contacts with Europeans
The first European to set foot on Saskatchewan was Henry Kelsey in 1690, who drove up the Saskatchewan River in hopes of trading in fur with the province's residents. The first permanently inhabited European settlement was a Hudson's Bay Company trading post at Cumberland House , founded by Samuel Hearne in 1774. As early as 1768, the independent fur traders François le Blanc and James Finlay Sr. had established a trading post on the Saskatchewan River, west of Nipawin, which was abandoned and burned down in 1773.
In 1670 the British crown "Governor and Company of Adventurers of England trading into Hudson's Bay" awarded the huge catchment area of the tributaries of the Hudson Bay to the fur trading company later known as the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) . Numerous dealers of the French-Canadian North West Company competed with her; they founded their own forts, such as Fort Espérance in 1787 . In 1821 the two companies were forcibly merged. From 1824 to 1856, in the central east of the province, Fort Pelly 1, a fort that was excavated in the 1970s.
The first missionaries came to Cumberland House around 1840. In the late 1850s and early 1860s, scientific expeditions led by John Palliser and Henry Youle Hind explored the province's prairie region.
Saskatchewan as part of the Northwest Territories
When the newly founded Canada (cf. Canadian Confederation ) took over the huge monopoly of the HBC, Fort Garry in later Manitoba became the first capital of the Northwest Territories. However, it was replaced in this function by Fort Livingstone in 1876/77 . But even here, where the North West Mounted Police barracks were built quickly, a severe winter prevented permanent settlement. Lieutenant Governor David Laird moved the capital to Battleford from 1877 to 1883 . On May 8, 1882, the huge area was divided into temporary districts, the boundaries of which, however, shifted several times. These districts were Alberta, Assiniboia , Athabasca, and Saskatchewan. Only the Keewatin District was not considered provisional.
During this time the huge herds of bison disappeared and the Indians were forced to cede their territories for food and blankets. To this end, eight of the eleven Numbered Treaties were signed between 1871 and 1899 .
Immigration and Railway Construction
A groundbreaking event in the history of western Canada was the march west of the federal government in 1874 by the North-West Mounted Police . Despite poor equipment and lack of provisions, these men established the federal presence in the new territories. Had this expedition been unsuccessful, or if the Canadian Pacific Railway had been built later or further north, the United States would have entered this political vacuum and British Columbia might have joined the United States. The North West Mounted Police established several posts and forts across Saskatchewan, including Fort Walsh in the Cypress Hills and Wood Mountain Post in the southern central part of the province, near the American border.
Settlement began with the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the early 1880s. The construction of the railroad across Canada changed the settlement and economic structure of the region dramatically. On the one hand, the more southerly route chosen made it easier to defend the border against the USA and protect it against illegal immigration, and on the other hand, from 1882 onwards, the economic focus shifted from the Battleford- Edmonton line towards Pile O'Bones (later Regina ) - Calgary . The settlement structure was increasingly based on a chain of settlements on both sides of the railway lines.
Furthermore, the immigrants were drawn to the existing foundations of their compatriots, which led to ethnic agglomerations. The Doukobor , led by Pyotr Werigin (1859–1924), represent a specialty . They came from the Ukraine and southern Russia and from there avoided the political and religious pressure to Canada. In addition, the more than 7,000 people received three colonies, the North Colony in the districts of Pelly and Arran, the South Colony in Canora , Kamsack and Veregin and the Good Spirit Lake Annex - together over 770,000 acres . But in 1918 many of them were given private property or moved to British Columbia, and the reservations were dissolved. Around this time a group of them came from British Columbia and purchased more than 11,000 acres of land in the Kylemore District.
Métis and Northwest Rebellion
Around 1800 the Métis , descendants of the French and Indians, shifted their settlement focus to the region of what later became Manitoba. They were of the utmost importance in supplying the forts with pemmican . Some groups moved further west when the bison populations collapsed in Manitoba and became ranchers after the herds were almost completely eradicated. At the same time, they had become small farmers based on the French model.
The Métis have long viewed the HBC's immigration policy as the greatest threat, which also threatened its second economic mainstay, agriculture. They called for their own province in the newly formed Canada. The Canadian government apparently continued the HBC policy. So it came in 1869 to the Red River Rebellion and in 1885 to the Northwest Rebellion . In 1870 the Manitoba Act took into account the demands of the Métis, so that the rebellion ended bloodlessly, but the Métis, which have since evaded further west to Saskatchewan, especially around Batoche , continued to try to maintain their own province.
The Indians in the vast area were extremely concerned at the time, as they too were starving because of the disappearance of the bison. Therefore troops were concentrated in the east. In 1885 the Frog Lake massacre broke out in the far east of what would later become the province of Alberta . The initially successful Métis rebellion collapsed with the Battle of Batoche, and the Cree under Big Bear also had to give in. Some of their warriors, such as Wandering Spirit , were executed, as was the metis leader Louis Riel .
The now 70 recognized Indian tribes were finally forced into reservations, the Métis were observed suspiciously for decades and only recognized as an ethnic group in 1982.
Saskatchewan Province
Founding of the province and era of Walter Scott (1905 to 1916)
In 1905 Regina was made the capital of the new province of Saskatchewan. The first prime minister was the liberal Thomas Walter Scott (until 1916). One of his first acts was to prevent the transfer of the capital from Regina to Saskatoon . In 1908 the construction of the government building began, which lasted four years. The Rural Municipality Act of 1908 created around 300 rural parishes, each of which was 324 square miles. They represent a form of organization that is otherwise only available in Manitoba. In addition, the government promoted the expansion of the transport and communication networks. In 1909 the province's university was opened, the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon.
In the dispute between denominations and languages, i.e. between Francophone Catholics and Anglophone Protestants, Scott took a moderate position. After Manitoba introduced women's suffrage, he abandoned his hesitant stance and introduced it on Valentine's Day in 1916. In December of the same year, 80% of those eligible to vote, including women for the first time, opted for alcohol prohibition . Prime Minister Scott had to resign over allegations of corruption - a phenomenon that has run through the history of the province.
From the first to the end of World War II
Scott's successor, William Melville Martin , managed to restore the Liberal Party's tarnished image so quickly that he won the 1917 election. As an outsider, he was free from allegations of corruption. While the Liberal Party was being pressured by the farmers' parties across Canada, Martin managed to get them into his government. At the same time he managed to assert himself against the Progressive Party . He was followed by Charles Avery Dunning (until 1926).
While in some provinces the farmers leaned towards the Progressive Party or the United Farmers , Dunning managed to keep them going too. But the recurring scandals brought the Liberal Party, after James Garfield Gardiner was able to hold out until 1929, ultimately for political power. Although he succeeded in another election victory in 1934, Gardiner left the province for Ottawa the next year.
Socialist government
He was followed by the liberal William John Patterson , but with his resignation in 1944, with Tommy Douglas, a socialist party came to power in North America for the first time, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF). For the first time, it introduced a comprehensive sickness insurance program. Douglas' successor Woodrow Stanley Lloyd had to prevail against a doctors strike in 1962 (1962) and lost the 1964 elections.
Corruption scandals and the dispute over the role of the state
The Liberals returned in 1964 with Ross Thatcher . After he was re-elected in 1967, he implemented an austerity program that included tax increases, fees for medical treatment, reduced government services and increased resource prospectors in the province. But in 1971 he lost the election against his old opponents, who were now running under the name Saskatchewan New Democratic Party . Allan Blakeney was the new prime minister . He promoted the establishment of a Crown Corporation (a public company ) for the raw materials industry, above all a company for the mining of potassium carbonate or potash. The government founded SaskOil , a state-owned oil and gas company, and vehemently opposed federal government interference.
From 1982 to 1991 the Conservatives ruled again for the first time under the leadership of Grant Devine . He promoted the raw materials industry through generous tax cuts, gave it an increasingly free hand over other interests and sold SaskOil. Substantial parts of the infrastructure, such as road construction, were also privatized. The final years of Devine's administration have been marred by scandals of unusual proportions even for North America.
The Saskatchewan New Democratic Party, which won the 1991 election, took on $ 14 billion in debt. In 1999, Prime Minister Roy Romanov was forced to form a coalition with the Saskatchewan Liberal Party and include several of its members in his conservative cabinet. He was followed from 2001 to 2007 by his party colleague Lorne Calvert .
Brad Wall served as Prime Minister of the Saskatchewan Party (SP) from 2007 to 2017 . This party emerged in 1997 from a union of former progressive-conservative and liberal politicians. At first, however, in view of the predominance of the conservatives, it was assumed that they were trying to free themselves from the corruption scandals in this way. In 2003 the SP propagated a withdrawal of the state and tax cuts, but has since moved in the direction of the political center.
See also: List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Saskatchewan
population
At 651,036 km², Saskatchewan is about the same size as France , the Benelux countries and Switzerland combined, but with only 1.6 inhabitants per km² (2006) almost as sparsely populated as Tibet. 13.2 percent of the population are Indians or Métis (2001). This means that Saskatchewan has the highest proportion of Indians in the total population of the Canadian provinces . The province is also home to Canada's only Native American university, the First Nations University of Canada in Regina.
According to the 2006 census, the population is composed of 30.0% of German origin , 26.5% of English of origin, 19.2% of Scottish origin, 15.3% of Irish of origin, 13.6% of Ukrainian origin and 12.6% of French origin (multiple answers were possible) .
location
The north of the province lies in the area of influence of Hudson Bay and the surrounding lowlands, which are between around 200 and 500 m above sea level. To the south and southwest, however, the land rises steadily, up to the Cypress Hills in the extreme southwest on the border with the neighboring province of Alberta (up to 1500 m). In the northern regions there are isolated groups of hills that interrupt the lowlands; the south, on the other hand, is characterized by deeply cut river valleys such as the northern and southern Saskatchewan River or the Qu'Appelle River .
In the north are extensive extend boreal forest , partly in Waldtundren pass and between which large lake areas extend, of which the largest of the Athabasca and reindeer Lake are. In central Saskatchewan , the landscape is flat and the forests are giving way to extensive arable and grassy areas that were created by the settlement of farmers. The density and intensity of agricultural use increase towards the south . The main products are spring wheat, rye, oats and oilseeds, as well as beef cattle breeding and feed cultivation.
In the southern Saskatchewan Valley and in the Cypress Hills there are grass steppes, where extensive grazing is predominant . Only close to the border with the USA is the last remnant of the prairie preserved from Grasslands National Park . Another national park is located in the middle of the province: the Prince Albert National Park . In addition, there are provincial parks that serve both nature conservation and recreation, which often leads to conflicts. The majority of the 602 Indian reservations , in which mainly members of the Cree nation live, can be found in central and southeastern Saskatchewan .
The main river is the Saskatchewan River , which divides into a northern and a southern arm, which unite in the center of the province east of the city of Prince Albert .
Biggest cities
The largest cities by inhabitants of the province are (2011):
- Saskatoon - 222,189
- Regina - 193,100
- Prince Albert - 35,129
- Moose Jaw - 33,274
- Yorkton - 15,669
- Swift Current - 15,503
- North Battleford - 13,888
- Estevan - 11,054
See also: List of Cities in Saskatchewan
politics
The Saskatchewan political system is based on the Westminster system with a unicameral parliament. The legislative assembly consists of 58 members who are elected by majority voting in as many constituencies . The lieutenant governor , who represents the head of state, can, in consultation with the prime minister, dissolve parliament ahead of time and call new elections, in accordance with British parliamentary tradition. The Prime Minister is always the leader of the party which has won the most seats. This office is currently held by Scott Moe and Vice-Governor is Vaughn Solomon Schofield .
In the Canadian House of Saskatchewan is represented by 14 deputies. According to the Canadian Constitution , the province has six seats in the Senate .
→ See also: List of Prime Ministers of Saskatchewan , List of Vice-Governors of Saskatchewan
economy
Saskatchewan's economy is often associated with agriculture. Forestry, fishing and hunting only account for 6.8% of the province's gross domestic product. The province's economy is heavily influenced by the oil and gas industry. Large reserves of natural gas are particularly available in the west of the province. In addition, in the north under the mines McArthur-River , Cigar Lake , Key Lake, Cluff Lake and other enormous uranium deposits lie . McArthur-River is currently the largest underground uranium mine in the world.
In the extremely sparsely populated boreal forests, subsistence-oriented hunting and gathering as well as commercial fur hunting are still of primary importance for the Indians there. Mining in the Athabaskan area , however, severely restricts these activities and the indigenous peoples - who argue with economic losses, but also with high cancer rates due to radioactive emissions from uranium mining - are fighting against it.
The following economic sectors contribute to the gross domestic product:
%-Proportion of | sector |
---|---|
17.1 | Banks, insurance companies, real estate and general financial services |
13.0 | Oil and gas production |
11.9 | Health, education and other social institutions |
11.7 | Trade and sales services |
9.1 | Transport, utilities (electricity, water, telecommunications) |
7.7 | Manufacturing |
6.8 | Agriculture (fishing, farming, hunting) |
6.5 | general services |
5.8 | Government services |
5.1 | construction industry |
5.3 | general Services |
The largest companies in the province include the Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan . The company is the world's largest producer of potassium chloride . Furthermore, the company has Federated Co-operatives from the petrochemical industry headquartered in the province. The Swedish steel group SSAB has an important branch in the province.
literature
- Arthur J. Ray, Jim Miller, Frank Tough: Bounty and Benevolence: A History of Saskatchewan Treaties , McGill-Queen's University Press 2000
- Robert Alexander Innes: “I'm On Home Ground Now. In the Safe ": Saskatchewan Aboriginal Veterans in the Immediate Postwar Years, 1945-1946, in: The American Indian Quarterly 28/3 & 4 (2004), pp. 685-718
- Saskatchewan Bureau of Statistics: Saskatchewan Population Report: 2006 Census of Canada . ( archive.org [PDF; 50 kB ]).
Web links
- Official website of the Government of Saskatchewan (English)
- The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan
- Métis Culture & Heritage Resource Center
- Métis National Council
- Hudson's Bay Company Archives
- The Center for Rupert's Land Studies at The University of Winnipeg
- Saskatchewan Indigenous Cultural Center
- Notukeu Museum, with archaeological material
- Saskatchewan ( English, French ) In: The Canadian Encyclopedia .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b 2016 Census, Statistics Canada (English)
- ↑ Name of the Canadian government: Saskatchewan ( Memento of June 4, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ [2]
- ↑ [3]
- ↑ [4] ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ [5]
- ↑ MC Corbeil: The Archeology and Taphonomy of the Heron Eden Site, Southwestern Saskatchewan , unpublished Master of Arts thesis of the University of Saskatchewan, Department of Anthropology and Archeology 1995.
- ↑ See Tim EH Jones: The Aboriginal Rock Paintings of the Churchill River , Regina 1981.
- ↑ A site of the Mummy Cave Complex was found in Saskatoon in 1988 (Suzanne Caroline Zurburg: The Norby site: a mummy cave complex bison kill on the northern plains , Thesis, MA, Saskatoon 1991).
- ↑ Boyd Wettlaufer: The Mortlach Site , Regina 1955.
- ↑ Finally on the clay pots of the Woodland phase: Patrick S. Young: An Analysis of Late Woodland Ceramics. From Peter Pond Lake, Saskatchewan , Master of Arts (Thesis), Saskatoon 2006.
- ↑ Alice B. Kehoe: Francois' House: An Early Fur Trade Post of the Saskatchewan River , Regina 1978.
- ↑ See Olga Klimko: The Archeology and History of Fort Pelly 1: 1824-1856 . Regina 1983.
- ↑ See Distribution of Doukhobor Villages in Saskatchewan .
- ↑ See Doukhobor Genealogy Website .
- ↑ Maurice FV Doll, Robert S. Kidd and John P. Day examined their situation at the end of the 19th century: The Buffalo Lake Métis Site: A Late Nineteenth Century Settlement in the Parkland of Central Alberta , Calgary 1988.
- ^ David Roberts, Romanow cuts spending, hikes taxes , in: Globe and Mail. March 19, 1993.
- ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of February 10, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ 2001 Census Aboriginal Population Profiles
- ↑ Statistics Canada - Census 2011 , accessed December 25, 2012
- ↑ Monika Seiller: "We will not give way!" - Blockade of the "Northern Trapper Alliance" . In: Coyote, Indianische Gegenwart , No. 27th year - 105, Action Group Indians & Human Rights e. V., Munich, spring 2015, ISSN 0939-4362 , p. 19.
Coordinates: 54 ° 0 ′ N , 105 ° 58 ′ W