Manitoba
| coat of arms | flag |
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| Motto : Gloriosus et Liber "Glorious and free" | |
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| Basic data | |
| Official language | English , French |
| Capital | Winnipeg |
| Biggest town | Winnipeg |
| surface | 647,797 km² (8.) |
| Population (2016) | 1,318,128 (5.) |
| Population density | 2.1 inhabitants / km² |
| GDP in CAD (2006) | Total: 44.757 billion (6th) Per capita: 38,001 (8th) |
| Time zone | UTC −6 |
| ISO 3166-2 | CA-MB |
| Postal abbreviation | MB |
| Website | www.gov.mb.ca |
| politics | |
| Joined Confederation | July 15, 1870 |
| Deputy Governor | Janice Filmon |
| prime minister | Brian Pallister (PCP) |
| Sit in the lower house | 14th |
| Seat in the Senate | 6th |
Manitoba [ mænɪˈtoʊbə ] is the easternmost of Canada's Prairie Provinces . It borders on the west by Saskatchewan , east to Ontario , north to Nunavut and the south by the US - states North Dakota and Minnesota . The name is derived from the Cree word "Manitou bou" ("The Bottleneck of the Great Spirit") and refers to Lake Manitoba , which is just under a kilometer wide in the middle.
geography
Lakes such as Winnipegsee take up a large part of the area . The landscape is dominated by hilly farmland and the Red River Valley, which in Manitoba extends from the US border to Lake Winnipeg in a width of up to 80 km. Due to its very good clay soils, intensive arable farming is possible despite the climatic disadvantages. Spring wheat (Manitoba durum wheat), summer rape, flax, sunflowers, potatoes, spring barley and oats are grown and exported. To the north of the 51st parallel, the cultivated arable pastureland changes into an extensive bush forest with birches and conifers. The tundra extends even further north to Hudson Bay .
climate
Manitoba has a continental climate, with temperatures and rainfall dropping from south to north and rainfall from east to west. The province is not protected by mountain ranges and does not find compensation in the form of large bodies of water. It has extremely low temperatures, especially in January and February, while in summer the heat penetrates far north from the south. The highest temperature was measured in Carman at 53.0 ° C.
In the south, tornadoes occur frequently, 15 in 2006 alone. On June 22, 2007, an F5 tornado raged in Elie . He was the strongest ever measured in Canada.
| city | July | January |
|---|---|---|
| Winnipeg | 26/13 ° C | −13 / −24 ° C |
| Brandon | 27/12 ° C | −12 / −24 ° C |
| Thompson | 23/9 ° C | −20 / −31 ° C |
| Portage la Prairie | 26/14 ° C | −12 / −22 ° C |
| Steinbach | 26/13 ° C | −13 / −23 ° C |
| dauphin | 25/12 ° C | −13 / −24 ° C |
| The pas | 23/12 ° C | −16 / −27 ° C |
history
Early history
Paleo Indians
The area of Manitoba was settled by Indian groups after the end of the last Ice Age, the oldest traces of which are in Riding Mountain National Park, 9500 years old. While spearheads from the Clovis and Folsom phases were rarely found and only in the extreme south, the Plains culture (cf. Great Plains ) developed in three different local forms. These represented adaptations to wooded areas, or to grass or tundra landscapes.
The melt waters of the huge ice block that covered most of the province formed the so-called Agassizsee (named after the natural scientist Louis Agassiz ) between 10,000 and 6000 BC. The inhabitants could only walk northwards up to its banks. Further south, the Clovis culture was based on hunting down mammals that are now extinct, such as mammoths . The Folsom weapons are already adapted to hunting bison , which particularly shaped the Plano cultures.
The western Plano culture is dated to around 8000 to 4500 BC. Dated. When hunting, she already used the Buffalo Jumps , in which whole herds were hunted over cliffs so that they could easily be killed after the crash. At the same time, some of the extremely fragile stone blades indicate that they were used more for rituals than for hunting. Important sites of this culture are Duck River and TeePee Site in the Swan River Valley region . A distinction is made between an older phase up to around 7000 BC. BC, the Horner or Cody Complex , and a more recent, the Sister Hills Complex . Their relatives lived in the southern half of Manitoba and used Agate Basin and Hell Gap blades . The number of camps increased, and at the same time the groups followed the retreating south bank of Lake Agassiz. Nomadism was replaced by a cycle of seasonal migrations that depended on vegetation cycles.
Between 6000 and 4000 BC Thanks to a long warm phase, the forests expanded northward, up to 300 km beyond today's tree line. The group known as the Northern Plano Culture probably came around 8500 BC. From Saskatchewan and extended their migrations further north and eastwards, herds of caribou soon followed . Lake Agassiz began to disappear. Here, where there was hardly any wood left, the extremely economical use of tools can also be seen, which is reflected in recycling and conversion. They also developed tools adapted to northern needs. Possibly each group specialized in a certain herd of caribou, which in a sense “belonged” to them.
The Eastern Plano extended from Lake Agassiz to Lake Superior . Its main location is on Caribou Lake . It was a culture that was more adapted to forests. Stone rings, which were once used to fasten tents, are among the oldest relics of settlement structures in the province.
Archaic phase (approx. 6000 BC to Chr. Born)
Manitoba falls within the range of the Western Plano-Archaic Cultures and the Northern and Eastern Shield-Archaic Cultures.
The Plano cultures can be clearly distinguished in terms of time and space. What they have in common is that the climate has become milder. Lake Agassiz disappeared and the fauna changed. Hunting techniques were adapted to them, such as the spear thrower (Atlatl). At the same time, today's bison replaced the bison antiquus with its longer horns. For the first time, grave goods such as harpoons can be identified. Within the Archaic , a younger and an older phase are distinguished, with a transition around 3500 BC. Finds from Logan Creek and Mummy Cave Complexes indicate immigration from the west and south. The Medicine Wheels common in Alberta and Saskatchewan are very rare in Manitoba.
The Oxbow Complex dominated the southwest, but artifacts were also found at Winnipeg Lake and Southern Indian Lake . The groups probably consisted of 40 to 60 individuals. One of the main sites of this complex is Kuypers Site on the banks of the Assiniboine River . However, no graves have been found in Manitoba, unlike Saskatchewan, where a 2000 year-old site was uncovered on the Gray Site.
Extensions of the McKean Complex from Wyoming , which was based on hotter and drier climates, were found in the Swan River valley in the southwest and at Rock Lake in the central south. The most important location here is the Cherry Point site on Oak Lake in the southwest, the closest to Winnipeg is the Kuypers site . Apparently vegetable food was of less importance to them, but reptiles were also hunted.
The Pelican Lake Complex shows clear differences and indicates the immigration of new ethnic groups. The dead were buried in hollows , preference was given to Knife River Flint , and grave goods acquired through long-distance trading.
The Shield Archaic (approx. 4500 to 1500 BC) was widespread in the southern Northwest Territories , i.e. in the Keewatin District , and extended over the north of Saskatchewan and Manitoba, reaching further over the east of Manitoba to the northwest from Ontario. Probably the only ways to get around in the swampy regions were canoes in summer and snowshoes in winter. Since the groups depended on caribou and elk, this must have required a high degree of mobility. Presumably it was the ancestors of today's Algonquin tribes who still inhabit the region today. Summer and autumn camps for caribou hunting and fishing were discovered, but winter camps are missing. It is therefore possible that these groups overwintered on the frozen lakes. The largest burial site of this culture was discovered at Three Point Lake. This Victoria Day site dates back to around 2300 BC. BC back.
The phase known as Old Copper Culture extends from 4000 to 1000 BC. The eponymous metal was found in the basin of Lake Superior, on the north shore of the lake, on the Keweenaw Peninsula, a peninsula that protrudes into the lake from the south, and on the Isle Royale , a large island in the lake. From there, the raw copper was transported over hundreds of kilometers. The blades made from it were similar to those of stone tools, but they were soon made malleable by hammering and heating, according to the possibilities of the material. Knives, awls, needles, jewelry and the like were soon made from the metal. Copper has been found in over fifty places in Manitoba, and a processing site in Nopiming Provincial Park in East Manitoba. The spread of copper and wild rice may coincide with corresponding seasonal migrations.
Taltheilei culture (200–1000)
The Taltheilei Culture knew neither ceramics nor copper. Its carriers were probably the Dene tribes, whose migrations reached as far as Mexico . The name of the culture goes back to the Taltheilei Narrows on the Great Slave Lake . Its early phase is not represented in Manitoba, however, its middle phase (200 to 700) in only a few places. The Taltheilei lived of the caribou, while at Eskern moved along, which also offered the flocks of a path through the impassable terrain. In the oral tradition, this phase was remembered as one in which humans followed the herds like wolves. As reports from the 18th century show, the Dene were able to cover great distances on foot.
Woodland (200 BC to 1750)
The finds at Wanipigow Lake east of Winnipeg Lake go back about 6000 years. Pottery shards were also found there, which are among the oldest in the province. This layer, known as laurel , dates back to around 2000 years. The Laurel people are representatives of a culture that was no longer based on grasslands, but on the use of forests and fishing. During this time, wild rice was planted here for the first time. Blackduck , Selkirk and Sandy Lake ceramics found at the same site date back to between 700 and 1640.
The Woodland period differs from its predecessors in four ways. Pottery and sometimes huge burial sites were built, mounds were built, bows and arrows gradually replaced the Atlatl , and corn , pumpkin , etc. were introduced and changed the way of life particularly strongly, so that it is assumed that people were becoming increasingly sedentary. However, hunting retained its full meaning in the fringes of the culture while it almost disappeared in the core areas. Here, too, a distinction is made between an early and a late phase, the time limit of which can be seen around 800. The early phase is also called the Besant-Sonota phase in the plains . In the southwest, the Avonlea culture dominated , drawing strong impulses from Alberta and Saskatchewan.
The Arden Camp Site is the northernmost mound of the province. It is located near the village of Arden, had a height of one m and a diameter of 20 m, but it included a kind of appendage that is around 135 m long. The site has been a listed building since 1948 . Reports of the discovery of an iron blade 80 cm below the mound could point to a post-European era. At the Stott Mound near Brandon there was an additional storage facility where bison were cut up. There was evidence of Flint from the Knife River in North Dakota . The site was used as a burial site from around AD 800 at the latest. Two and five dead were found in two pits. The pits contained bison skulls, ocher, copper, pearls, and shells, much like sites in North Dakota.
However, since the woods that give the culture its name can hardly be mentioned in the Midwest, the contradicting name Plains Woodland was used here . The cultures of the Mississippi , especially Cahokia , and of Ohio worked far into Manitoba. At the latest during this time, so-called petroforms , sometimes very large, interrelated individual stones , appear that result in a complete work. There are also rock paintings and stone carvings , which, however, can only be dated approximately so far.
The later plain woodlands phase is characterized by increased horticulture, also in today's Manitoba. The Lockport Site on the east bank of the Red River shows the cultivation of corn, plus an underground storage facility. The clay pots indicate contacts far south to Dakota and Minnesota . The combination of fishing and horticulture was apparently successful for several millennia. The position was only given up around 1500 because the climate was too cold. Possibly between 800 and 1400 the west migration of the Ojibway brought with it a style of clay processing known as the Blackduck phase .
18th and 19th centuries
In contrast to the Cree , who offered themselves to the trading companies as fur hunters, the descendants of the Taltheilei people, the Dene, hardly changed their way of life. Not only did the two groups live very differently, but they often fought. The Cree captured their enemies as slaves, while the Dene killed all enemies. In contrast, the relations between Dene and Inuit were rather friendly and characterized by mutual cultural adaptation. In 1955, for example, the Inuit from Ennadai Lake reported that they had taken over dances from the Dene from Nueltin Lake when they met at a post of the Hudson's Bay Company . But in the 18th century epidemics decimated the Dene to such an extent that the Inuit encountered deserted areas on their southern migrations. In contrast to Saskatchewan, however, the Inuit advance during a cold phase was short-lived and is only tangible around Churchill .
When Dakota fled Minnesota north to the Red River Colony in 1862 , they built a stockade-secured camp (cunkaské) with a diameter of around 73 m at Flee Island in 1864 to defend themselves against the attacks of the pursuing Anishinabe . This is just one of several protected camps in the district of Portage la Prairie , such as the one at St. Ambroise , which has a diameter of 114 m.
First Europeans, Métis, fur traders
Under the leadership of Thomas Button , the first expedition reached today's province in 1612. The men came from Hudson Bay and spent the following winter in the Nelson river basin . She claimed the region for the English crown. It wasn't until 1631 that another group appeared on the west side of Hudson Bay under the leadership of Luke Fox and Thomas James . With the founding of the Hudson's Bay Company , the latter laid claim to the Rupert's Land granted to it by the Crown (1670). But the company came into conflict with French fur traders who set up competing trading posts. From 1690 onwards, Henry Kelsey increasingly succeeded in integrating the indigenous peoples in the south and in central Manitoba into the company's trading system.
From the late 17th century, the Francophone Métis settled around the confluence of the Assiniboine and Red Rivers , known as The Forks . They hunted bison, which they processed into pemmican , sold to the fur trading companies, and farmed for self-sufficiency.
From 1731, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye , competed with the British on an expedition that set out from Montreal . On the way to the Pacific Ocean , he had forts built on Lake Superior and the Saskatchewan River , including Fort Rouge in 1738, from which Winnipeg emerged . Varennes also managed to build friendly relationships with the indigenous people, especially in central Manitoba.
The French defeat in the war against the British (1760 and 1763) interrupted the French trade activities for around two decades. It was not until 1784 that the North West Company was able to pick up here again. The so-called Franco-Manitobains still live in the Saint-Boniface District in East Winnipeg to this day .
In 1812, at the instigation of Lord Selkirk , the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) founded the Red River Colony , which was supposed to accommodate displaced Scottish smallholders and was in competition with the Métis and the North West Company (NWC), which had a trading relationship with them . The pemmican war broke out , which the HBC won. The Métis won the Battle of Seven Oaks in 1816, killing the governor and 23 men while losing only one man. This also strengthened their cohesion. They then supplied HBC with pemmican .
The first missionaries appeared in an Indian village that made the first attempt in 1834 to make a living from agriculture. The church of this village of St. Peter Dynevor in the Ruperts Land diocese, which followed the first building in 1836 in 1853, is now a listed building.
In 1867 the forerunner of modern Canada was founded, the Canadian Confederation . In 1869 they bought their territories from HBC, which also included what is now Manitoba. In the Red River Rebellion , the Métis, under their leader Louis Riel , tried to fight for their own province within the Canadian Dominion together with some of the remaining Scottish settlers . The 1870 Manitoba Act created a new province called Manitoba. The protagonists of the Métis, above all Riel, were driven away with the Red River Expedition . In addition, the Métis had to follow the declining bison populations to the west in the following decade , leaving the new province. The Métis were not recognized as a tribe until 1982.
With the Manitoba Act , Fort Garry , HBC's trading post at The Forks, became the new provincial capital. In 1872 Fort Garry was united with the surrounding areas to form the new capital Winnipeg. The initially very small, only 5.6% of the current area of the province and therefore derided as the "postage stamp province" Manitoba was expanded to its present size by 1912.
province
English and French, Métis, transcontinental railroad
The first prime ministers of the province, often referred to as "Chief Ministers", did not belong to any party (until 1888). Alfred Boyd (1870 to 1871) qualified mainly because he was bilingual and an opponent of Louis Riel. He was followed briefly in 1871 by Marc-Amable Girard (until 1872), who later became the first premier when he held office again in 1874. His successor Robert Atkinson Davis (1874 to 1878) pursued a policy of equalization between the French and Anglophone populations.
John Norquay , who ruled Manitoba from 1878 to 1887, was a member of the English-speaking Métis from the Red River Colony. He tried to find a balance between the individual population groups and denominations. In favor of the Canadian Pacific Railway , which claimed a 20-year monopoly for itself, he hindered the construction of private railway lines. In response, the Manitoba Liberal Party emerged to represent the interests of settlers and entrepreneurs. When Norquay changed course and wanted to encourage the establishment of branch lines, he lost the support of the federal government. Shortly after his resignation, the coalition of conservative groups broke up.
The newly founded province now attracted many settlers, so that the population grew from 25,228 to 62,260 between 1871 and 1881. In 1891 it was already 152,506. These were mostly British and, as described, they came into conflict with the Catholic and French-speaking Métis. Many of them followed the bison herds west and left the province. In order to gain arable land for the expected influx of settlers, the Indians were forced to give up their land in exchange for food and blankets and to move to reservations. These agreements were recorded in the so-called Numbered Treaties , which are still valid today. In addition to the influx of immigrants from the British Isles, Icelanders also came to the region on Lake Winnipeg ( New Iceland ), who lived more from fishing, later immigrants from Slavic countries.
As early as 1876, wheat growing became the province's most important source of income. Export to neighboring regions was made even easier with the completion of the rail link to St. Paul , Minnesota . Against the increasing economic connection to the USA, the Canadian Pacific Railway was created , which for British Columbia was even the precondition for joining the emerging Canada (1871), as well as for the provinces on the Atlantic. With its completion in 1886, Winnipeg became a major loading center on the first transcontinental railroad. The rail link dispute had overthrown the government, which the prime minister, an advocate of the CPR, had withheld funding and legal support.
Parties, settlement policy, rise of Winnipeg, language dispute
The Manitoba Liberal Party , led by Thomas Greenway , won the elections in 1888. The federal government bought the monopoly from the CPR, but the provincial government was not very fortunate in upgrading competing routes and the expected lower transport prices did not materialize. The promotion of immigration led to the province's dramatic expansion north and west, while Winnipeg grew to become the fourth largest city in Canada. Catholics and Francophones became a minority, and Greenway secured a political majority by replacing the two-part Franco-English school system with a unified educational system in 1890 (→ Manitoba school question ). A law that made the law bilingual was repealed and did not come back into force until 1984. With these measures, Greenway managed to be re-elected in 1892 and 1896.
But he lost the election of 1899 because, in the eyes of the Conservatives, too many Slavs, especially Ukrainians, had been brought into the country. Hugh John Macdonald , son of the Prime Minister, briefly served as Provincial Prime Minister and leader of the Conservative Party of Manitoba , which had only existed for a few months. He was followed after around ten months by Rodmond Roblin , who remained in office until 1915. As Railway Commissioner , he was also responsible for the railway issue, but also for agriculture. In 1911 construction began on a rail link to Churchill, the Hudson Bay Railway .
In the elections of 1903 Roblin won 31 of the 41 seats. Like many of the provincial premiers, Roblin was not interested in ideological differences. By expropriating Bell's telephone company and converting it into a Crown Corporation , he successfully negotiated the construction of the railroad, which led to new buildings, the proceeds of which flowed into the state treasury. On the other hand, he was a staunch opponent of Nellie McClung , who campaigned for women's suffrage. The end of the government brought on a corruption scandal that forced the prime minister to resign. A commission set up by the lieutenant governor had disclosed a network of enrichments within two weeks.
Industrialization, United Farmers, Great Depression
With Tobias Norris (1915 to 1922) the Liberals replaced the Conservatives. In the election of August 15, 1915, he won 40 out of 47 seats. They enforced women's suffrage and compulsory schooling for all children up to the age of 14, plus a minimum wage . The initially agricultural basis of the province changed and the proportion of industrial workers increased. But their wages fell behind those of other employees. On May 15, 1919, the Winnipeg general strike was organized by 52 unions and lasted until June 26. The violent intervention of the federal police resulted in thirty injured and one dead. The strike was not an immediate success, but after a first attempt in 1920, the United Farmers of Manitoba won the elections in 1922 , although the provincial liberals had not interfered in any way.
Manitoba was initially hit by years of drought and the global economic crisis caused many farmers to give up their land for good. Others became radicalized, as did the workers. So new parties emerged like the New Democratic Party of Manitoba (NDP) and the Manitoba Social Credit Party . In Manitoba, the farmers were represented by the United Farmers of Manitoba , later the Progressive Party of Manitoba . The United Farmers appeared in virtually every province. In 1922 John Bracken and his farmers took over political power and ruled as the Progressive Party of Manitoba until 1943. Bracken formed a coalition with the Manitoba Liberal Party in 1931, and when the war began, he also drew the other parties into his government.
Second World War and raw materials boom, end of the language dispute
It was not until the Second World War, with its increased demand for raw materials and agricultural products, that the region, which had been hit by the global economic crisis, got back on its feet. At the end of the war, industry outstripped agriculture, especially in the Winnipeg area. In addition, large deposits of copper , nickel and zinc were discovered in the northwest of the province in 1945 . By 1955, most places had been supplied with electricity that had been started under Prime Minister Stuart Garson (1943-1948).
In 1958, Dufferin Roblin , the candidate of the Progressive Conservative Party , succeeded in replacing the Liberal Progressive Party , which had ruled for 26 years. He was initially supported by the social democratic Co-operative Commonwealth Federation . The government reintroduced French into schools, carried out a welfare program, parks were created, roads were expanded, and the dwarf schools were replaced by larger schools. To protect Winnipeg from the Red River flooding , Roblin had a bypass route built for the water masses, which was found to be important in preventing damage. This Red River Floodway is still known today as Duff's Ditch .
Winnipeg metropolitan area, bilingualism, social movements
Despite these successes, the Conservatives were replaced in 1969 by the NDP under the leadership of Edward Schreyer . His ancestors came from western Ukraine and were Germans and Austrians. He was the second prime minister who had non-Anglo-Saxon ancestry and he was a Catholic. He strengthened the social system, created the metropolitan area of Winnipeg by incorporating the neighboring towns and taxed the raw material companies much more heavily. As Vice Governor from 1979 onwards, Schreyer supported the women's and environmental movements and promoted bilingualism. He also created the Edward Schreyer Fellowship in Ukrainian Studies at the University of Toronto . Since then, the NDP and the progressive-conservative have repeatedly replaced each other in government.
In 1979 the Manitoba Act , which made French an official language in 1870, was reinstated by the Supreme Court . Since about 1890 it had been overturned by the changing governments of the province. For example, state funding for Catholic schools had been lifted and the language was forbidden in schools. From 1896 it was allowed, if necessary, to teach French for half an hour at the end of the school day. The language dispute continued to smolder over the next few decades. In 1985, the Supreme Court ordered the provincial government to translate all laws into this language.
Under the conservative Gary Filmon , the telephone company was privatized again; a law also now allowed individual places to leave the metropolitan area of Winnipeg. In 1999 it failed because a majority did not believe his announcements of tax cuts and at the same time increased investments in the social system.
The Gary Doer Administration, Minority and Environmental Policy, Opposition to Ottawa
From 1999 the NDP ruled under Prime Minister Gary Doer . The balanced budget, which in turn was based on the prosperity of the economy, contributed to the stability of his government. In addition, there was high investment in health care and education. He became known beyond the province as a proponent of the Kyoto Protocol . In 2004, the province's first wind farm was built near St. Leon, southwest of Winnipeg . In September 2007 Doer prevented the destruction of valuable forest for a cheaper power line, which is now being built west of Lake Winnipeg.
At a meeting with the Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs in 1999, he reached agreements to allow the Indians to set up casinos, but by 2007 only two operations had sprung up on this basis. Doer is a sharp critic of Stephen Harper's Conservative federal government , which suspended implementation of the Kelowna Accord since it won the 2006 election.
On August 27, 2009, Doer announced his resignation and was appointed ambassador to Washington the following day . His successor as head of government was Finance Minister Greg Selinger .
population
Originally Manitoba was home to the Algonquin peoples. In 1901 Indians made up 4.6% of the population, in 1906 only 18,629 Indians lived on reservations, which corresponded to a share of 2.3% of the total population. Today the indigenous inhabitants ( Indians and Métis ) make up around 14% of the population (1996: 10%) and are thus one of the fastest growing population groups. There are 63 First Nations in Manitoba. 60 percent of the indigenous people live in small reservations or settlements, to which they were partly forcibly resettled, especially in the 1950s. 23 of these municipalities cannot be reached by road all year round. This great isolation, lack of sanitary facilities, insufficient living space, expensive and poor quality food, cultural "uprooting" , lack of work and leisure opportunities and lack of prospects for the youth has led to great misery: Alone in the Anishinabe settlement of Shamattawa in the northeast of the province In 2002, three young people committed suicide in just nine days, and in 2015 four young Indians committed suicide again within six weeks.
According to the country of origin, the English (with 23%), Germans (19%) and Scots (18.5%) dominate. But Manitoba is also one of the largest centers of Ukrainian culture outside of Ukraine and home to the largest Icelandic community in exile.
The three main religious communities are the Catholic Church (27% of the population), the United Church of Canada (16%) and the Anglican Church (8%). There are a large number of smaller religious communities, including communities of the Hutterites and Mennonites . Almost 20% of the population do not belong to any religion.
languages
In the 1996 census, 813,000 stated that their mother tongue was English , followed by some distance from German (65,000), French (48,000), Ukrainian (31,000), Cree (24,000), Tagalog / Filipino (15,000) and Polish (11,000).
migration
The province has an active immigration policy and therefore has a steady population growth. In particular, some small towns that are essentially German-speaking are looking for immigrants in Germany.
Cities
The biggest cities in Manitoba are:
| city | Residents |
|---|---|
| Winnipeg | 633,000 |
| Brandon | 51,511 |
| Steinbach | 13,524 |
| Thompson | 13,446 |
| Portage la Prairie | 12,728 |
| Selkirk | 9,515 |
structure
The province of Manitoba is divided into eight regions:
politics
Manitoba's political system is based on the Westminster system with a unicameral parliament. The legislative assembly consists of 57 members who are elected by majority voting in as many constituencies . The Lieutenant Governor may in consultation with the prime minister to dissolve parliament prematurely and start fresh elections, according to the British Parliament tradition within a certain time frame (no later than five years). The Prime Minister is always the leader of the party which has won the most seats. This office is currently held by Brian Pallister and Lieutenant Governor Janice Filmon .
In the Canadian House of Manitoba is represented by 14 deputies. According to the Canadian Constitution , the province has six seats in the Senate .
Education and Research
The first school was founded in Manitoba in 1818 by Roman Catholic missionaries and began teaching in 1820. A supervisory body for the state schools was established in 1871, which was responsible for the curriculum and the organization of the schools.
The public schools are under the supervision of the provincial government. There are 65 public elementary and secondary schools up to grade 12 in Manitoba. In addition to English as the first language, French as a second language or another foreign language is compulsory. There are also 44 private school providers in the province that are not financed by the state.
There are five universities in the province that are under the Ministry of Advanced Education and Literacy . Four of these universities are located in Winnipeg: The University of Manitoba , which is also the largest university in the province with around 27,000 students. The Collège universitaire de Saint-Boniface is the only university in the province that teaches only in French. The Canadian Mennonite University is a Christian university. Another better known university is the University of Winnipeg with around 9,400 students.
The province operates around 38 public libraries. Twelve of these have books in French and eight libraries have books in other languages. 21 of these libraries are part of the Winnipeg Public Library System. The first library in Manitoba opened in 1848.
traffic
Highways
There are several highways in the province that connect all major cities within the province and with major cities outside the province (extract).
- Trans-Canada Highway - runs through all provinces and connects several cities.
- Highway 12 runs from the US / Canadian border near Middlebro to Grand Beach.
- Highway 3A runs from Clearwater to Crystal City.
- Highway 75 (Lord Selkirk Hwy) runs from Winnipeg to the US / Canadian border.
- Highway 100 runs around Winnipeg as a ring road
Flight connections
The Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport is the largest airport in the province. The airport is served by international airlines and offers many different national and international destinations. In 2007 around 3.5 million passengers were registered. The airport was massively enlarged due to the increasing number of passengers. It was planned to build another terminal as well as a hotel and other buildings. The terminal should be completed and opened on October 30, 2011. Around 195,000 tons of cargo are handled annually at the airport, making the airport the third largest cargo airport in Canada.
Rail connections
Manitoba has several rail links. In total, the rail network in the province covers several thousand kilometers, which are served by the Canadian National Railway (CN) and the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). Winnipeg is centrally located, both of which serve the city and thus the city has a large train station. Together, CN and CPR serve a route of around 2,439 km in the province. In addition, several smaller railway companies supply smaller routes. These include the Hudson Bay Railway, the Southern Manitoba Railway, Burlington Northern Santa Fe Manitoba, Greater Winnipeg Water District Railway and Central Manitoba Railway. These serve a distance of around 1775 km. Another important rail link in the province is the Port of Churchill service , which is served by the Hudson Bay Railway . Only goods are loaded at the port. The port is centrally located between the other ports in Europe and enables a shorter ship connection between Europe and Asia.
See also
literature
- Barbara Lorenzkowski: Sounds of Ethnicity. Listening to German North America, 1850-1914. University of Manitoba Press 2010, ISBN 978-0-88755-188-8
- David Stewart Norris: The Presence of Net-impressed and Horizontally Corded Ware in Southern Manitoba: The Relationship between Rock Lake and Brainerd Ware . Thesis, Master of Arts in the Department of Archeology, Saskatoon 2007.
- Emma LaRocque: When the Other is Me: Native Resistance Discourse 1850-1990. University of Manitoba Press 2010, ISBN 978-0-88755-703-3 .
Web links
- Official website of the government of Manitoba (English or French)
- Manitoba Culture History Overview
- Website of the Musée de Saint-Boniface / Winnipeg
- Association of Manitoba Museums
- Manitoba ( English, French ) In: The Canadian Encyclopedia .
- Manitoba First Nation Chronology on the Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs website
Individual evidence
- ^ Raymond M. Hebert (2005): Manitoba's French-Language Crisis: A Cautionary Tale. McGill-Queen's University Press, pp. Xiv-xvi, 11-12, 30, 67-69
- ↑ As it says on the Canadian embassy website: “When the waves hit loose rocks on its north bank, they make them ring. For the first indigenous people who lived here, these noises were the sounds of the drum of the spirit Manitou. ”( Provinces & Territories: Manitoba, History ( Memento of September 10, 2007 in the web archive archive.today )).
- ↑ Environment Canada ( Memento August 27, 2011 on WebCite )
- ↑ Canadian Climate Normals 1961–1990 . Environment Canada. Archived from the original on September 24, 2009. Retrieved November 13, 2009.
- ↑ This and the following from: Paleo Period, Manitoba Archaeological Society 1998 .
- ↑ For the transition zone cf. Beverley Alistair Nicholson: Human Ecology and Prehistory of the Forest / Grassland Transition Zone of Western Manitoba , PHD, Simon Fraser University 1987.
- ↑ See Oxbow Complex
- ^ Taltheilei Culture 750 BC - AD 1000. University of Manitoba 1998.
- ^ Boreal Forest Woodland Period, Wanipigow Site, EgKx-1
- ↑ An early drawing can be found here .
- ↑ Manitoba Provincial Heritage Site No. 1
- ^ The Stott Site , University of Manitoba
- ↑ See Manitoba Provincial Heritage Site No. 3. Flee Island Dakota Entrenchment, (EaLm-2), NE 13-13-6W, RM of Portage la Prairie. and St. Ambroise Dakota Entrenchment .
- ↑ The current building was built between 1862 and 1865 (see Manitoba Provincial Heritage, page 33 ).
- ↑ See Statistics Canada ( Memento of December 31, 2006 in the Internet Archive ).
- ^ Doer named Canada's next US ambassador , CBC News, August 28, 2009
- ↑ Selinger picked as Manitoba's next NDP premier , CBC News, October 17, 2009
- ↑ Monika Seiller: Tragedy in Northern Manitoba - Suicides Shake Shamattawa First Nation . In: Coyote, Indianische Gegenwart , No. 27th year - 105, Action Group Indians & Human Rights e. V., Munich spring 2015, ISSN 0939-4362 , pp. 20-21.
- ^ John M. Badertscher: Religious Studies in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Wilfrid Laurier University Press, Waterloo, ON 1993, ISBN 0-88920-223-0 . S. 8-18 July 2011
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