Chipewyan

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A Chipewyan woman and child hunting muskrats along the shallow edges of Lake Garson in western Saskatchewan

The Chipewyan (English pronunciation: 'Chip-uh-WHY-an'), Denesuline (also Denésoliné , Dënesųłiné , Dënë Sųłınë́ - 'original / real people', pronounced [tɛ̀nɛ̀ sũ̀ɬìnɛ́] in Chipewyan, English: Pronunciation: 'Dene -su-lee-neh ') or simply Dene (pronounced: [tɛ̀nè]) are a Canadian group of the so-called First Nations ( Canadian Indians ). At the beginning of the European expansion they were called "Montagnais" by the French (not to be confused with the Innu-Montagnais ) and by the English "Northern Indians". The Chipewyan language is still widely spoken and passed on by groups outside the cities.

The Chipewyan belong to the five groups of the Dene (Dené) who linguistically belong to the Northern Athapasques of the Na-Dené language family . The Dene (Dene is the common term among Athapasques for 'people') of the Northwest Territories , Nunavuts and the neighboring areas of Manitoba , Saskatchewan and Alberta in the south include the Chipewyan, the Yellowknife ( T'atsaot'ine , Tatsanottine ), Dogrib ( Tłįchǫ or Taicho even Thlingchadinne ), the South Slavey ( Deh Cho ) and North Slavey ( Sahtu Dene or Sahtu ).

The Diné ( Navajo ) and Apaches ( T'Inde , Inde , N'de , N'ne ) have similar names to the Dené, but belong to the Southern Athapasques .

Naming

The name Chipewyan , like many other tribal and place names on the Northwestern Plains, derives from the Cree language , which is one of the Northern Algonquin languages . The Cree living south of them called them Wetcipwayi Wiyiniwuk or Cīpwayān (derived from cīpwāw ( ᒌᐚᐤ ) - 'to be pointed' and wayān ( ᐘᔮᐣ ) - 'skin' or 'hide', i.e. 'Cīpwayān' ( ᒌᐘᔮᐣ ) - 'People wearing' Pointed Skins' - a reference to the cut and style of the Chipewyan parkas ).

Despite the obvious similarity of names, the Chipewyan should not be confused with the Algonkian Chippewa (a partially common translation of the name 'Ojibwa') who call themselves Anishinabe ('the first people').

The Chipewyan called themselves Dene , Denesuline or Dënesųłiné - 'the real people'. Their language, which as mentioned belongs to the northern branch of the Athapaskan languages, is also called 'Denesuline' (also Dene Suline ) or mostly by linguists as 'Chipewyan'. The Chipewyan mostly speak the 't' dialect of Denesuliné, with the exception of the Chipewyan of Fond du Lac who speak the 'k' dialect.

residential area

The various groups of the Chipewyan lived in the vast forest and lake areas in the southern Northwest Territories between Hudson Bay in the east and Great Slave Lake in the west. Their residential area extended in the wide boreal forest and lake areas from the Churchill River in the south northwards into the forest tundra and tundra (barren grounds), as well as between Hudson Bay in the east and the Great Slave Lake and Lake Athabasca in Alberta in the west. It covers an area which, at around 400,000 km², is significantly larger than all of Germany.

Way of life and culture

Násurēťhūr, a Chipewyan, photographed by Edward S. Curtis in 1926

Like neighboring subarctic peoples, the Chipewyan migrated in small groups (English bands ), consisting of one or more extended families , as nomadic hunters and gatherers through their area consisting of many lakes and rivers, hunted game ( caribou , Musk ox , elk ), lived from fishing (especially salmon ) and from collecting roots, berries and lichens. They also hunted wolverines , minks , ermines , beavers and otters for their clothing and later as a commodity in the fur trade . Although the Chipewyan, along with the Cree and Anishinabe, were one of the largest population groups in Canada, they were not organized centrally and did not form tribes in the colonial sense.

It was their common language and culture through which the Chipewyan defined themselves as a unit and differentiated themselves from other Dene. There was great fluctuation and flexibility within and between the groups. In the past, the Chipewyan identified each other as Denesuliné through their language - 'if he is understood, then he is a Chipewyan, if he is not understood, he is not a Chipewyan'.

Before the establishment of the fur trade, the Chipewyan - like all athabasks - were organized in small, independent hordes of hunters, more or less without domination . It was only through the establishment of the fur trading stations and following the example of the Europeans that political structures and delimitable Chipewyan bands slowly developed . The chiefs had limited authority based on their leadership, judgment and generosity. Despite the social structure, which was egalitarian for hunter peoples , the women of the Chipewyan - who also did most of the work and were known for their quill work , pearl and silk embroidery - were under the man whose arbitrariness they were often at the mercy of. Since they traditionally valued individual freedom in their culture, they had not developed a system of organized warfare with military and war societies in contrast to most of the Plains tribes of their time, although they were the Inuit ( Caribou Inuit ) in the north, several Dene tribes ( Yellowknife , Slavey , Dogrib ) in the west and northwest as well as the Cree advancing into their tribal area in the south were among their enemies.

In their way of life they were very similar to the neighboring Dene tribes, especially the northern Yellowknife, so that they were often viewed as a subgroup of the Chipewyan. In contrast to the neighboring peoples, however, the Yellowknife were regarded as bold and daring warriors, as well as unscrupulous, presumptuous and autocratic in their behavior, who often used the good nature of their neighboring peoples to their advantage. In retaliation, the Yellowknife were finally revenged and decimated by the neighboring peoples.

religion

In the original Athabaskan religion , the dog had a special place with this people. In their creation myth, it was a dog that created humans. Dogs were therefore treated particularly well - provided there was no famine. The Chipewyan left their dead laid out in the open so that the animals could eat them. To this day the belief in the animated nature of all living beings and natural phenomena (→ animism ) persists , especially among the traditional inhabitants of the forests. A specialty of the Chipewyan (and some neighboring Denegroups) is the belief in Inkoze , an impersonal and supernatural power that connects all animals or their spirits in a great animal consciousness and whose possession man can attain in dreams and visions. Inkoze provides people with extraordinary knowledge that can be used to cure diseases or to track down prey. Originally it was primarily a force that gave the hunter power over the animals. It is taboo to speak of one's incoze. Instead, you have to prove you have it through creative action. Inkoze used to be the linchpin of the Chipewyan worldview ; the wisdom to survive and organize human life. A particularly large amount of incoze was awarded to the medicine men . Until Christianization, they worked for their groups as healers, magicians, hunting magicians and protectors from negative influences. Since the middle of the 20th century, their tasks have become less and less and their work has only taken place in secret. The Chipewyan have syncretistically integrated the belief in Inkoze and other traditional religious ideas into Christianity, to which almost all officially today belong. In reality, most Chipewyan today are both Christians and animists.

history

Chipewyan receive government payments in Portage La Loche, Saskatchewan. In the background the Hudson Bay Company station (ca.1911)

In the 17th and 18th centuries, the French and English competed fiercely around Hudson Bay for the furs of foxes , beavers and muskrats .

However, Swampy Cree and Woodland Cree , who lived along the southern Hudson Bay and James Bay , had earlier contact with European traders and their products (hardware, weapons, ammunition, pearls). Especially when the Hudson's Bay Company established the York Factory trading post in the middle of the Cree area in 1670 , they had a direct military advantage over neighboring tribes such as the Assiniboine and the Dene groups in the south . Chipewyan and Slavey in particular suffered from the raids and exploitation of their hunting grounds by invading Cree. The Assiniboine then formed a strong military alliance with the Cree (at the beginning of the 18th century the plains Ojibwa, which were drawn west and south-west), which was known as the 'Iron Confederacy' - the Cree, however, called the alliance Nehiyaw-Pwat (in Cree : Nehiyaw - 'Cree' and Pwat or Pwat-sak - 'Sioux (enemies)').

This alliance enabled the allied tribes from 1680 to build an extensive canoe trading system along Lake Winnipeg and Nelson River , Rainy Lake , Lake of the Woods , Winnipeg River and from Lake Winnipeg northeast to the York Factory on Hudson Bay. Many Cree groups settled in the vicinity of the trading posts in order to first get the goods that were important to them (especially rifles, ammunition, metal goods, knives, awls, axes, tomahawks , kettles, tobacco and alcohol) and then to get the Intermediate trade with the peoples in the west ( Blackfoot , Gros Ventre , Sarcee ), in the north (Chipewyan, Dogrib , Daneẕaa , Slavey, Yellowknife) and in the south ( Hidatsa , Mandan ) should be monopolized. The Nehiyaw-Pwat established a trade monopoly with the First Nations away from the forts for furs, which they could offer to Europeans, especially Hudson's Bay and the North West Company . The fur trade would never have existed without the Cree and Assiniboine, who were in control of the only transport routes, the rivers and lakes used in so-called fur trading canoes . At the same time, better weapons equipment allowed them to expand west and north - militarily against the Chipewyan in the north and the Dakota in the south (1670–1700). Many Cree now left the Hudson Bay area (from around 1740), where the fur trading company had set up a first trading post on Waswanipi Lake.

In addition to the establishment of a trade monopoly, the British and French rifles also allowed the Cree to go on slave hunting among neighboring tribes from 1670 . In particular, the Dene in the north, who were not so defensible, were victims of slave hunts. Thanadelthur ('Marten Jumping'), a young Chipewyan (according to some tradition a Slavey), was robbed in 1713 by raiding raids from the Cree on the Great Slave Lake. However, when she managed to escape in 1714, she led William Stewart, a merchant of HBC, and 150 Cree to the east bank of the Great Slave Lake and brokered peace between Chipewyan and Cree. The HBC then set up the Fort Prince of Wales trading post on the Churchill River in 1717 , thus enabling the Chipewyan for the first time direct access to a European trading post and the Cree an undisturbed intermediate trade between the HBC and the northwest.

The fur trade exacerbated the existing conflicts over the region's resources between the Chipewyan and their southern neighbor, the Cree (referred to by the Chipewyan as ena - 'enemy'). Although peaceful contacts were established between 1716 and 1760 and an alliance was established against their common enemies, the Inuit, bitter hostility continued to exist between individual Chipewyan and Cree groups. The fur trade also had a negative effect on their relations with their northern neighbors, the Inuit (whom they called hotel ena - 'enemies of the (low)) plains' , from the late 18th century onwards , as the latter moved south to also on Trade to be able to participate and therefore competed with the Chipewyan.

After the Chipewyan were armed with rifles by the fur trading companies, they dominated their Athapaskan neighbors, the Dogrib and the Yellowknife, in the 18th century, denied them access to the fur trading stations and forced them to sell their furs. Some Chipewyan groups moved further north into the boreal forests to hunt and set traps, as these areas had more fur animals that were important for trade. Other groups expanded south, some even beginning to use northern areas of the Aspen Parklands to hunt bison . Other Chipewyan stayed away from the trade and bases of the Europeans and kept their traditional way of life as hunter-gatherers. Between 1781 and 1784, however, a leaf epidemic ended their predominance, as it fell victim to between 50 and 90 percent of the Chipewyan.

Samuel Hearne first encountered groups from Yellowknife in 1770 when he was about to open the area to the fur trade on behalf of the Hudson's Bay Company. Hearne was one of the most important European explorers in northern Canada. His Chipewyan scout Matonabbee was instrumental in his success . When the fur trade expanded westward to the Great Slave Lake in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the Yellowknife also took advantage of their strategic local advantage and for a short time drove the Dogrib out of the area along the Yellowknife River . At the beginning of the 19th century, the Yellowknife had already been decimated by epidemics brought in by whites and Tlingit traders, armed conflicts over access to the fur trade and hunger. In addition, the iron goods imported by European traders made it difficult for the Yellowknife to survive, as they could no longer exchange their copper knives, axes and other tools for food from neighboring tribes.

In 1823, in retaliation for their expulsion from the Yellowknife River, a Dogrib war troop attacked a camp of the already weakened Yellowknife at Great Bear Lake and forced them to give up their traditional caribou hunting grounds in this region and seek refuge with the Chipewyan. Some Yellowknife also joined the Dogrib. Today they have lost their identity as an independent First Nation and have merged into the neighboring groups.

In 1858, Henri Faraud became the first (Catholic) missionary to the Chipewyan. He worked in Fort Resolution and translated the New Testament into the language of the Indians. Until the Second World War, however, the Christian mission almost never reached the widely dispersed local groups .

Until the beginning of the 1950s, subsistence-oriented caribou hunting remained the economic basis of practically all Chipewyans. By the end of the 20th century, however, most of them gave up their traditional lifestyles and settled in the small towns that had emerged from the fur trading posts. Instead of “bush food” , modern food replaced nutrition. Unlike many other Canadian Indians, the Chipewyan did not have a mixed lifestyle. Instead, the people split into the almost fully acculturated city ​​dwellers and a few small groups who returned to the wilderness to live traditionally again. The townspeople, on the other hand, lived mainly on state support until the 1980s. After that, wage labor - especially in and for the emerging oil industry - increased steadily.

Protest of various NGOs (including the Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation ) against tar sand mining in Fort Chipewyan, 2008

Some groups - such as the Fort McKay First Nation - became prosperous because they made a virtue out of necessity (violation of the indigenous land rights documented since 1899 by the oil companies) and caused the companies to cooperate. The aggressive exploitation of Alberta's tar sand mines since the 1990s has therefore had positive effects for this group: lucrative agreements were concluded with the oil companies, compensation was paid and the restoration of fauna and wildlife was contractually agreed as soon as a tar sand mine was exhausted. Other Chipewyan groups - such as those from Fort Chipewyan at the western end of Lake Athabasca - are fierce opponents of the exploitation of tar sand and accuse the industry of having contaminated the waters with arsenic and of being responsible for the increasing number of cancers of the bile duct. The connection is obvious, but cannot be proven.

Regional groups of the Chipewyan

As already mentioned, the Chipewyan moved around in small groups (English so-called bands ), consisting of several extended families , alternating between winter and summer camps, as hunters and gatherers. Several large regional groups later formed near the European trading posts to control the intermediate trade and the hunt for the fur-bearing animals. In addition, the larger groups enabled them to dominate their Dene neighbors and to better defend themselves against the enemy Cree that advanced from the middle of the 18th century to the Peace River and Lake Athabasca:

  • Kaí-theli-ke-hot! Ínne ('willow flat-country up they-dwell' - 'those who live in the willow-covered tundra') lived on the western shore of Athabasca Lake near Fort Chipewyan , their tribal area extended north to Fort Smith on the Slave River and south to Fort McMurray on the Athabasca River
  • Kés-ye-hot! Ínne ('aspen house they-dwell' or 'poplar house they-dwell' - 'those who live near the Poplar house, i.e. fort'), lived on the upper reaches of the Churchill River, along the Lac Isle à la Crosse , Portage la Loche (also Methy Portage ), Cold Lake , Heart Lake and Onion Lake - the name is probably a designation of neighboring Chipewyan groups for this large group and literally refers to those of European traders on Lac Isle à la Crosse established trading forts from poplar (English 'poplar'.) or - aspen Tree were built -Holz (English 'aspen'.)
  • Hoteladi ('Northern People'), lived north of the Kés-ye-hot! Ínne between Cree Lake, west of Reindeer Lake, in the south and the east bank of Lake Athabasca in the north
  • Hâthél-hot! Inne ('lowland they-dwell' - 'those who live in the plains') lived in the Reindeer Lake region, which drains south into the Churchill River
  • Etthen eldili dene ( Etthén heldélü Dené , Ethen-eldeli - 'caribou eater'), lived in the forest tundra and tundra east of Athabasca Lake to far east to Hudson Bay, on Caribou Lake (also Reindeer Lake ), Hatchet Lake (also Ax Lake), Wollaston Lake and Brochet Lake
  • Kkrest'ayle kke ottine ('dwellers among the quaking aspens' or 'Trembling Aspen People') lived in the boreal forests between Great Slave Lake in the south and Great Bear Lake to the north
  • Sayisi Dene (also Saw-eessaw-dinneh - 'People of the Rising Sun', that is, 'People of the East') came to Fort Chipewyan to trade; their hunting and tribal areas stretched between Athabasca and Great Slave Lake and along the Churchill River
  • Gane-Kunan-hot Inne! ( 'Jack-pine home they-dwell' - 'Those who in the territory of Jack Pine life'), lived in the tundra east of Lake Athabasca and particularly centered along the eastern Fond du Lac , Saskatchewan
  • Des-nèdhè-kkè-nadè (also Desnedekenade , Desnedhé hoæé nadé hoþünö - 'people along the great river', also known as Athabasca Chipewyan ), lived between Great Slave Lake and Lake Athabasca along the Slave River near Fort Resolution ( Deninoo Kue - 'Elk Island')
  • Thilanottine (also Tu tthílá hoþünö - 'those who dwell at the head of the lakes' or 'people of the end of the head'), lived along the lakes of the Upper Churchill River area, along the Churchill River and Athabasca River , dated Great Slave Lake and Lake Athabasca in the north to Cold Lake and Lac La Biche in the southwest
  • Tandzán-hot! Ínne ('dwellers at the dirty lake' - 'Those who live by the dirty lake', also Dení-nu-eke-tówe - 'moose island up lake-on' - 'Those who live by the dirty lake' Living Island to Lake '), lived on the north bank of Great Slave Lake and along the Yellowknife River and before their expulsion by the Dogrib on the Coppermine River , are often regarded as a group of the Chipewyan, but historically as Yellowknife they form an independent first nation and called themselves T'atsaot'ine

Today's Chipewyan First Nations

Today approximately 27,000 Chipewyan live in 27 communities in northern Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and the Northwest Territories:

Alberta :

  • Athabasca Tribal Council
    • Fort McKay First Nation (the community of Fort McKay, is in the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo , about 65 km north of Fort McMurray , the Fort McKay First Nation is one of the signatories of Treaty No. 8. The nomadic Chipewyan ( Denesulins) from hunting, trapping, fishing and gathering in the woods along the Athabasca River , but with the advent of the fur trade and the establishment of a Hudson's Bay Company trading post in 1820and hostile Northwestern advancing Woodland Cree , they soon settled with them the Cree as so-called homeguards permanently at the posts. Today they live very profitably from the oil industry, which has opened up to Chief Jim Boucher since 1980 instead of fighting it. Reserves: Fort McKay # 174, 174C, 174D, Namur Lake # 174B, 174A, approx. 149 km², population: 696)
    • Fort McMurray # 468 First Nation (Tthı̨dłı̨ kuę́) (the First Nation signed an appendix to Treaty No. 8 in 1899, the Fort McKay First Nation once belonged to Fort McMurray, but became independent in 1942, Reservation # 175 is 20 km east of Fort McMurray and the reservations # 176, 176A and 176B near Anzac on Gregoire Lake, about 50 km southeast of Fort McMurray, # 176 is the largest and most populous, the members are mainly Woodland Cree and Chipewyan (Denesuline), reservations: Fort McMurray # 468, Clearwater # 175, Gregoire Lake # 176, 176A, 176B, approx. 31 km², population: 632)
    • Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation (signed Treaty No. 8, most populous reservation # 201 is on the southwestern shore of Lake Athabasca near Fort Chipewyan ( K'aı́tëlı́ ), reservations: Fort Chipewyan, Chipewyan # 201, 201A, 201B, 201C, 201D, 201E , 201F, 201G, approx. 348 km², population: 934) Poverty, unemployment and cultural uprooting still prevail in this settlement, which is associated with obesity and depression, cigarette and alcohol consumption as well as alcohol-related domestic violence.
    • Chipewyan Prairie First Nation (Tł'ógh tëlı́ dënesųłı̨ne) (in the late 1700s to early 1800s about 9/10 of the Chipewyan (Denesuline) were killed by smallpox and fighting against Cree and other tribes, the First Nation is about 120 southeast from Fort McMurray, they were the last to sign Contract No. 6 in 1922, the reservation was established in 1933, the tribal area once comprised approx. 372,960 km² east of the Athabasca River to today's Fort McMurray, on the Saskatchewan border and south to to today's Primrose Bombing Range, administrative headquarters are in reservation # 194, approx. 97 km southwest of Fort McMurray, reservations: Big Horn # 144A, Cowper Lake # 194A, Janvier # 194, Winefred Lake # 194B ( Ɂuldáze1 tué ), approx. 31 km², population: 739)
  • Tribal Chiefs Association (TCA)
    • Cold Lake First Nations (Łué chógh tué) (traditional hunting areas included the Cold Lake ('Luwe Chok Tuwe' or 'Łue Chok Tué') and its neighboring lakes in summer and Primrose Lake ('Xah Tué')15 km north in winter, as early as 1716 they were attacked and hard pressed by Woodland Cree, who armed with rifles from European fur trading companies, changed the balance of power in their favor, and only from 1800 did they undertake their own trading trips via the Hudson and James Bay to Saint Lawrence Electricity , but these contacts brought two severe smallpox epidemics that killed most of the tribal groups, due to the resulting cultural uncertainty, many Denesulins could be proselytized from 1844 onwards, in 1876 they were the only ones to sign Chipewyan (Denesuline) under Chief Uldahi (Matthias Janvier-Jackfish) , along with Plains Cree, Woodland Cree, and Assiniboine , signed Treaty No. 6 , the First Nation, which today unites Cree d Denesuline is 300 km northeast of Edmonton, about 1000 tribesmen live in three different settlements - LeGoff, English Bay, the administrative center, and Cold Lake , near Cold Lake , most of the remaining members live in urban centers such as Edmonton, reservations : Blue Quills First Nation, Cold Lake # 149, 149A, 149B, 149C, approx. 209 km², population: 2,482)
  • Akaitcho Territory Government (ATG)
    • Smith's Landing First Nation (Tthëbátthı dënesųłı̨ne) ( 'Thebati Dene Suhne', 'Thebacha Tthëbáchághë', hours of. Thebacha - 'next to the rapids', the name of Fort Smith , this Chipewyan (Denesuline) lived on the eastern shore of Great Slave Lake along of the Lutsel K'e, Taltson and Thelon Rivers , they are named after the homonymous outpost of the Hudson's Bay Company built in 1872at the southernmost end of the impassable rapids (Cassette Rapids, Pelican Rapids, Mountain Rapids and Rapids of the Drowned) of the Slave River, they signed Contract No. 8 in 1899, in 1959 they moved from Fitzgerald to Fort Smith, along the Slave River on the Alberta border, the administrative seat is Fort Smith Settlement, Northwest Territories (NRW) , reservations:? ejere K'elni Kue # 196I , Hokedhe Túe # 196E, K'i Túe # 196D, Li Dezé # 196C, Thabacha Náre # 196A, Thebathi # 196, Tsu K'adhe Túe # 196F, Tsu Nedehe Túe # 196H, Tsu Túe # 196G, Tthe Jere Ghaili # 196B, approx. 100 km², approx. 100 km², population : 324)
    • Salt River First Nation # 195 (Fitzgerald # 196 on the Slave River in the Regional Municipality of Wood Buffalo is the largest and at the same time only reservation of the First Nation in Alberta, the other reservations are all in the Northwest Territories, it is about 17 km south of the border with the Northwest Territories (NRW) and approx. 23 km southeast of the administrative seat of Fort Smith , most of the tribal members therefore do not live in Alberta, reservation: Fitzgerald # 196, approx. 37 km², most of the tribal members resident here are descendants the Thebarzhie Band of the Chipewyan, while the tribal members living in the NWT are mostly descendants of the Dedharesche Band , others in the Northwest Territories - see there)

Manitoba :

  • Keewatin Tribal Council
    • Barren Lands (Brochet Kuę́) First Nation (reservation # 197 is located on the north shore of Reindeer Lake, approx. 256 km northeast of Thompson, Manitoba, the administrative headquarters and the main settlement of the First Nation, which consists mostly of Cree and Chipewyan (Dene), is approx. 928 km north of Winnipeg and 19 km east of the border with Saskatchewan, in 1906 they signed Treaty No. 10 , later some members split off and formed the Northlands (Lac Brochet) Dene First Nation , after Lac Brochet, on the same name Lake, approx. 70 km further north, reservation: Brochet # 197, approx. 43 km², population: 1,021)
    • Northlands (Lac Brochet) Dene First Nation (also Northlands Denesuline First Nation , the reservation # 197A is about 240 km northeast of Thompson, Manitoba, the main settlement and administration is the municipality of Lac Brochet on the lake of the same name, originally they formed part of the bars Lands (Brochet) First Nation , historically they were sometimes called Etthen eldili dene or Etthén heldélü Dené , Ethen-eldeli - 'caribou eater', reservations: Lac Brochet ( Dálú tué ) # 197A, Sheth chok, Thuycholeeni, Thuycholeeni azé, Tthekalé nu, approx. 22 km², population: 1,005)
    • Sayisi Dene (Tadoule Lake) First Nation ('People in the East', formerly known as 'Duck Lake Dene', lived as semi-nomads on Little Duck Lake when European traders reached the region, called the former HBC trading post Karibu-Post because it close to their tribal areas, signed treaty no.5 in1910, when the caribou herds began to decline in the middle of the 20th century, the Sayisi Dene were forcibly relocated to Churchill in 1956, where other Chipewyan had already lived, for about 10 years they were now part of the 'Churchill Band of Caribou-eater Chipewyan' (also called 'Fort Churchill Dene Chipewyan Band'), but the attempt to settle nomads failed, about a third of Sayisi Dene died in order to continue to live as nomads from caribou hunt, They moved north in 1973 and established the settlement of Tadoule Lake (today Churchill IR # 1), along the Seal River, 320 km north of Thompson, about 80 km south of the tree line, in the midst of the winter areas of the Qaminuriak-Kari bu herd, reservation: Churchill # 1, approx. 2 km², population: 729)

Northwest Territories :

  • Akaitcho Territory Government (ATG)
    • Deninu K'ue First Nation (English pronunciation: 'Deneh-noo-kweh' - 'People, the Elk Island', formerly also 'Fort Resolution Dene', the settlement of Fort Resolution is located on a peninsula southwest of the Slave River Delta on the south shore of Great Slave Lake, about 150 km south of Yellowknife , in 1786 the first trading post of the North West Company was foundedin the Slave River Delta, later this was relocated to the vicinity of 'Moose Deer Island', but this place was again abandoned when Fort Resolution was built on Great Slave Lake, Deninu K'ue or Dene Nu Kwen were / are all called Chipewyan (Denesuline) who traditionally came to Fort Resolution to act, reservation: Fort Resolution Settlement, population: 843)
    • Lutsel K'e Dene First Nation (pronounced: 'Loot-sel-kay', also Łutsel K'e - 'place of the Łutsel fish', today the northernmost Chipewyan group, once nomadic caribou hunters, settled the Chipewyan (Denesuline ) after the Hudson's Bay Company set up a trading post near what is now Lutsel K'e in 1925, they moved to what is now the community, the Lutsel K'e settlement (knownas Snowdrift until 1992, since the Settlement near the mouth of the Snowdrift River) is located on the southeastern shore of Great Slave Lake, 190 km east of Yellowknife, formerly known as the Snowdrift Band , reservation: Snowdrift Settlement, population: 725)
    • Salt River First Nation # 195 (administrative headquarters is Fort Smith , approx. 300 km southeast of Yellowknife, the capital of North Rhine-Westphalia, the largest reservation is in the far north of Alberta and all the others in the far south of the NWTs, tribe members live in the Northwest Territories, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Ontario and Newfoundland, as well as the USA and Australia, in 1872 the Hudson's Bay Company built an outpost called Smith's Landing at the southernmost end of the impassable rapids (Cassette Rapids, Pelican Rapids, Mountain Rapids and Rapids of the Drowned) of the Slave River, followed in 1874 by another outpost, named Fort Smith, north of the rapids, the fur trade changed the balance of power between the tribes, the Slavey originally settled here, and by 1870 hostile woodland Cree conquered the Slave River Valley, and groups of the Chipewy also began to move to (Denesuline) in this area, reservations: Fort Smith Settlement, Salt Plains # 195, Salt River # 195, Fitzgerald # 196 (Alberta), approx. 230 km², population: 879, today's First Nation consists of descendants of the Chipewyan band called Dedharesche as well as the woodland cree that have moved into the area, who traditionally used the area around Fort Smith for hunting, in 2008, in the Treaty Settlement Agreement by the Canadian government, several reserve areas totaling approx. 401 km² around Fort Smith and approx. 13 km² in Wood Buffalo National Park awarded)

Saskatchewan :

Known Chipewyan

See also

Web links

Wiktionary: Chipewyan  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Cook, Eung-Thurs 2004. A Grammar of Dëne Sųłiné (Chipewyan). Winnipeg: Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics. ISBN 0-921064-17-9 . P. 90.
  2. ↑ a b c d Barry M. Pritzker: A Native American Encyclopedia. History, Culture and Peoples. Oxford University Press, New York 2000, ISBN 978-0-19-513877-1 . Pp. 493-495.
  3. ↑ Ethnological information according to ISO language code 639-3: chp on ethnologue.com. SIL International , accessed February 11, 2016.
  4. ^ Edward S. Curtis: The North American Indian , Vol. 18: The Chipewyan. The Western woods Cree. The Sarsi , Classic Books Company 1928, p. 3.
  5. ^ Henry Sharp. The Kinship Systems of the Black Lake Chipewyan. Dissertation. Drake University, 1973: 3
  6. ^ A b c Carl Waldman: Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. 3rd edition, Checkmark Books, New York (USA) 2006, ISBN 978-0-8160-6273-7 . Pp. 64-65.
  7. ↑ Frederick Webb Hodge: Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico V. 4/4 , Publisher: Digital Scanning Inc, 2003, ISBN 978-1-58218-751-8 .
  8. ↑ a b encyclopedia.com: Chipewyan . accessed on February 11, 2016.
  9. ^ Henry S. Sharp: Loon: Memory, Meaning, and Reality in a Northern Dene Community. University of Nebraska Press 2001, ISBN 0-8032-9321-6 . Pp. 48-58.
  10. ↑ Denesuline (Chipewyan). The Canadian Encyclopedia, May 26, 2015, accessed October 18, 2015 .
  11. ^ Carl Waldman: Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes , Publisher: Checkmark Books, 2006, pp. 327f., ISBN 978-0-8160-6274-4 .
  12. ↑ a b c Reiner Luyken: Canada's tar sands: Prosperity and misery of the "First Nations" . In: zeit.de, November 5, 2008, accessed on February 11, 2016.
  13. ↑ The Chipewyan (PDF; 730 kB)
  14. ↑ 'Methye' is the name given to the burbot from Cree and 'La Loche' from French
  15. ↑ Dene
  16. ↑ Chipewyan Prairie Dene First Nation ( Memento from September 6, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  17. ^ Athabasca Tribal Council
  18. ^ Treaty 8 First Nations of Alberta
  19. ↑ [Source: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC): Registered Population as of April, 2011]
  20. ↑ Fort McKay First Nation
  21. ↑ Fort McMurray # 468 First Nation ( Memento of the original of July 2, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / atc97.org
  22. ↑ Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation ( Memento of the original from October 7, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.acfn.com
  23. ↑ for comparison: the area of ​​Germany is 357,111 km² and is therefore somewhat smaller than the territory of the Chipewyan Prairie First Nation
  24. ↑ Chipewyan Prairie Dene First Nation ( Memento from September 6, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  25. ^ Tribal Chiefs Association (TCA)
  26. ^ Confederacy of Treaty Six First Nations
  27. ↑ Cold Lake First Nations (Denesuline) ( Memento of the original from January 16, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.coldlakefirstnations.ca
  28. ↑ Akaitcho Territory Government (ATG)
  29. ↑ Smith's Landing First Nation - Thebati Dene Suhne ( Memento of the original from February 7, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.smithslandingfirstnation.com
  30. ^ Salt River First Nation - Treaty Settlement Agreement
  31. ^ Keewatin Tribal Council
  32. ↑ Barren Lands First Nation ( Memento of the original from September 14, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ktc.ca
  33. ↑ Northlands (Lac Brochet) First Nation ( Memento of the original from July 6, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ktc.ca
  34. ↑ Little Duck Lake ( Memento of the original from July 17, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.thelodgeatlittleduck.com
  35. ↑ relocation of sayisi Denmark, page 19 (PDF; 659 kB)
  36. ^ Tadoule Lake, engl. Pronunciation: 'Ta-doo-lee', derived from the Dene word ts'eouli - 'floating, floating ash'
  37. ↑ Sayisi Dene First Nation ( Memento of the original from September 14, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ktc.ca
  38. ↑ Fort Resolution ( Deninoo Kue - 'moose island') ( Memento from June 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  39. ↑ Deninu K'ue First Nation ( Memento of the original from March 13, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.akaitcho.info
  40. ↑ Lutsel K'e Dene First Nation (LDFN) and Thaidene Nene ('The Land of Our Ancestors')
  41. ↑ History and Culture of Lutsel K'e ( Memento of the original from October 12, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / lutselke.lgant.ca
  42. ↑ Lutsel K'e Dene First Nation ( Memento of the original from February 8, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.akaitcho.info
  43. ↑ Both trading posts were named in honor of Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal , a well-known Canadian fur trader, diplomat, banker, entrepreneur and politician
  44. ^ Salt River First Nation
  45. ^ Prince Albert Grand Council (PAGC)
  46. ↑ Fond Du Lac Denesuline Nation
  47. ↑ Hatchet Lake Denesuline First Nation
  48. ↑ Tazen tuwé or Tázën tué is the Chipewyan name for the Black Lake and literally means 'black lake', the name for the Stony Rapids is Deschaghe or Dëschághë - 'the settlement on the other side of the rapids'
  49. ↑ Meadow Lake Tribal Council (MLTC)
  50. ^ Buffalo River Dene Nation
  51. ^ Website of the Buffalo River Dene First Nation
  52. ↑ Clearwater River Dene Nation
  53. ↑ English River First Nation ( Memento of the original from November 12, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.erfn.net
  54. ↑ Birch Narrows First Nation