Slavey

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Larger part of the settlement area of ​​the Slavey (brown, in the east) in the Northwest Territories on the border with the Yukon Territory and the like. a. First Nations before the arrival of the Europeans. Map (Russian) of the Lomonosov University's Linguarium project .

The Slavey (obsolete Slave ) comprise several related Canadian First Nations , which are divided into two regional / territorial as well as linguistic tribal groups: the South Slavey or Deh Cho Dene ("people on the great river, ie on the Mackenzie River ") and the North Slavey or Sahtu / Sahtu Dene ("People at Great Bear Lake ").

Together with the Chipewyan ( Denésoliné or Dënesųłiné ), the Yellowknife ( T'atsaot'ine ), the Dogrib ( Tłįchǫ , Tłįchǫ Done or Taicho ) they form the five bands (trunk groups) of the Dene (Dené) , the language of the Northern Athapaskans of the Na Dené language family . The Dene ( Dene is the common term for “people” among Athapasques) in Denendeh (“Land of the Dene”, today's Northwest Territories ), Nunavuts and the neighboring areas of Manitoba , Saskatchewan , Alberta and British Columbia are particularly closely related with the Alaskan tribes, also linguistically one of the Northern Athapasques, the Alaska Dene, who called themselves Dinaa or Dena ("people").

The Diné ( Navajo ) and Apaches ( T'Inde , Inde , N'de , N'ne ) have similar names to the Dené, but belong to the Southern Athapasques .

Tribal areas

South Slavey or Deh Cho Dene

The South Slavey belonged to the indigenous peoples of the Taiga and lived in the South Slave Region on the south bank and west bank of the Great Slave Lake ( Tu Cho - "Great Lake") and in the Dehcho Region (the Mackenzie River (Deh Cho) river basin, Deh Cho - "Great River" called) in the south of Denendeh (Northwest Territories) and in the Northern Rockies Regional District around Fort Nelson in northeast British Columbia ; Their tribal areas reached in northern Alberta to the Slave River and south to Lake Athabasca in the east, in the south to the Peace-Athabasca Inland Delta and westward along the north bank of the Peace River to the Chinchaga River and Hay River ( Kátå'odehche ) and the Hay Lakes, in northeastern British Columbia, was the southwestern border along the Muskwa River and Fort Nelson Rivers (and its numerous tributaries) and the northwestern border on the Liard River , which in turn flows northward in the south of Denendeh into the Mackenzie River. Their tribal area comprised boreal coniferous forest and was dominated by hundreds of lakes, mountains, and the river systems of the Slave River, Athabasca River, and Mackenzie River.

Today, with the exception of the South Slavey (Dene Tha), they live in Chateh (formerly Assumption) in northeastern Alberta, mostly in the Hay River Reserve in the South Slave Region in the south of the Northwest Territories and in several communities in the Dehcho Region on the upper reaches of the Mackenzie River: Fort Providence ( Zhahti Koe , Zhahti Kų́ę́ or Yahti Ndeé Køç - "place of the mission house"), Fort Simpson ( Łíídlįį Kų́ęę́, Liidli Koe or Łíídlîî Køç - "place where two rivers flow together"), Fort Liard ( Echaot'l Koe) Echaot'įe Kų́ę́ or Echaot'îî Køç - "place / home of the people from the land of the giants"), Trout Lake ( Sambaa K'e or Łuezô Tué ), Nahanni Butte ( Tthenáágó - "strong rock"), Kakisa ( K 'agee or K'ágee - "between the willows"), Jean Marie River ( Tthek'éhdélį or Tthets'éhk'edélį - "water flowing over clay") and Wrigley ( Pedzéh Kñ, Pedzéh Kį or Tthedzéh Køç - "place, where there is sound ”). Many tribe members have recently made the decision to largely resume their traditional way of life, making a living from collecting berries and herbs, fishing and elk hunting and, to a lesser extent, caribou hunting.

The South Slavey cannot be divided into several large regional groups because of their different dialects (such as the North Slavey), but because of their partially different way of life , each of which inhabited and used tribal areas with different resources ; However, it is doubtful whether the three regional large groups (and their names) mentioned below were even distinguished or perceived by the South Slavey before contact with Europeans:
  • the Deneke ("people") or today mostly Dene Tha '/ Deneða / Dene Dháa ("true people") in northeast British Columbia, northwest Alberta and south Denendeh along the Hay River, along the Petitot River and in the river basin of the Liard River
  • the Deh Gah Got'ine ("people on the river") along the Mackenzie River west of the Great Slave Lake, who mostly came to Fort Providence to trade, so the Métis , who are mostly related to them, referred to the fort as Deh Gah Got'ie Koe ( "Place / home of the people on the river", derived from: Deh Gah Gotie - "on the river" and Koe / Kue - "home or houses")
  • the Deh Cho Dene ("people along the Mackenzie River") lived in the river basin of the Mackenzie River

Today the South Slavey in Alberta refer to themselves as Dene Tha ("True People"), whereas the First Nations of the South Slavey in the Northwest Territories refer to themselves today as Deh Cho Dene ("People along the Mackenzie River").

North Slavey or Sahtu Dene

The North Slavey inhabited the taiga and forest tundra in the Sahtu region mostly west and north of the Great Bear Lake ( called Sahtu by them ) and on both sides of the Mackenzie River , in the north north of Colville Lake and surrounding lakes ( Lac des Bois ( Tashín Tué ), Lac Belot ( Nilîn Tué ), Aubrey Lake / Lake Aubry ( Tué Sho ), Dunedelatue Lake, Lac Maunoir) to the Anderson River ( Sihonilîne ) in the northeast, in the east to Horton Lake ( Arakíe Tué ) and along the Horton River , in the Southwest along the South Nahanni River , in the west the eastern Mackenzie Mountains and in the northwest up to the Arctic Red River and sometimes even to the Peel River in Yukon .

Today they are only resident in the following communities in Canada's Northwest Territories : Colville Lake ( K'ahbamitue , K'áhbamı̨́túé - "Ptarmigan Net"), Deline (Fort Franklin) ( Dèlįne - "where the water flows"), Fort Good Hope (Charter Community of K'asho Got'ine) ( Rádeyîlîkóé , Radeli Koe - “place of waterfalls”), Norman Wells ( Tłegǫ́htį , Le Gohline , Łe Gǫ́hlı̨nı - “place of oil”) and in Tulita (Fort Norman) ( Tulít'a - “where the water / rivers meet”) - descendants of marriages between Europeans and tribes living in the region - the Métis - live in all five settlements .

The North Slavey were divided into four regional, cultural and dialect speaking groups:
  • the K'ahsho Got'ine (Hare (skin) Dene) (K'ahsho Got'ine District, today: Colville Lake and Fort Good Hope, called themselves K'a so Got'ine / Katoo Got'ine - “Big Willow People "or K'ahsho Got'ine / K'áshot 'Got'ine (" big-arrowhead-people - people with large arrowheads "); their common English name today as Hare (Skin) Dene is probably a wrong translation of Gahwié Got'ine - "rabbit (fur) folk", as they wore woven clothes made of mountain hare fur)
  • the Shita Got'ine / Shúhtagot'ine (Mountain Dene) ("people in the midst of the mountains", Tulit'a District, today mostly in Tulit'a (Fort Norman), others in Norman Wells, some in Wrigley and Ross River , also called Nahanni / Nahanni Dene )
  • the K'áálǫ Got'ine (Willow Lake Dene) ("people at Willow Lake", Tulit'a District, mostly in Tulit'a (Fort Norman), some in Norman Wells, the K'áálô Tué ("Willow Lake" ) - today's Brackett Lake - was an important hunting, gathering and trading center of the K'áálǫ Got'ine (Willow Lake Dene) , who live in these two settlements together with the Shita Got'ine / Shúhtagot'ine (Mountain Dene) , where they form the majority in Tulit'a)
  • the Sahtú Got'ine / Sahtúot'ine / Sahtú Dene ((Great) Bear Lake Dene) (Déline District, now in Déline (Fort Franklin), during the fur trade many K'ahsho Got'ine bands began from the north bank of the Sahtú (Great Bärensee) and the Satihot'in (Great Bear Lake Volk) and Et'at'in regional bands of the Dogrib (Tłįchǫ) from the south as well as some Shita Got'ine , Gwich'in and South Slavey at Déline (Fort Franklin) on the banks of the Sahtú prefers to trade, these different Dene bands married each other and lived in common settlements around the fort as well as on the lake shore, developed from 1850 an independent identity as Sahtúot'ine or Sahtú Dene - "people of the Great Bear Lake", you Dialect has great influences of the Dogrib (Tłįchǫ Yatiì )

The North Slavey mostly simply called themselves Dene wá ("the people"), some off the Great Bear Lake in the tundra and in the mountains - and the majority of those who lived from the hunt - bands also called themselves Ɂehdzo Got'ı ( ne ("trappers -People"). Today, however, they mostly refer to themselves as Sahtú Dene / Sahtú Got'ine ("Great Bear Lake People") in order to distinguish themselves from other Dene and especially from the South Slavey.

The North Slavey also lived from fishing and elk hunting, but in contrast to the South Slavey, caribou hunting ( medzih tthç - "caribou meat") was of greater importance to them. In order to survive in the often hostile environment (see: rabbit hunger ), some groups established trade relationships with neighboring Dene bands (South Slavey, Dogrib, Chipewyan) and strengthened them by marrying one another; Today's North Slavey in Tulit'a (Fort Norman) and especially in Déline (Fort Franklin) developed an independent identity and a different dialect. The emerging fur trade increased the competition for the limited resources, as many hostile - but better armed and more populous - Chipewyan and Waldland Cree advanced further north-west into tribal areas of the South Slavey and some Dene bands (Dogrib and Yellowknife) also advanced further north into the caribou hunting grounds of the North Slavey invaded, which often led to armed conflicts.

language

As already mentioned, the Slavey are divided into two territorial and linguistic tribal groups, with the linguistic distinction mostly based on the pronunciation of the Proto-Athapaskan sound * dz * ts * ts' * s and * z in Slavey :

North Slavey or Sahtúot'ı̨nę Yatı̨́ (is an amalgamation of three dialects):

  • ᑲᑊᗱᑯᑎᑊᓀ K'áshogot'ıne or Hare dialect of the K'asho Got'ine (Hare (skin) Dene)
PA * s> wh, * ts> f, * z> w, * dz> gw ~ b, * tsʼ> ʼw ( IPA / ʍ, ɸʷ, w, kʷ ~ p, ʔʷ /).
  • ᗰᑋᑯᑎᑊᓀ Shıhgot'ıne or Mountain Slavey / Mountain dialect of the Shita Got'ine (Mountain Dene) and the K'áálǫ Got'ine (Willow Lake Dene)
PA * s> f, * ts> p, * z> v, * dz> b, * tsʼ> pʼ ( IPA / f, pʰ, v, p, pʼ /).
  • ᓴᑋᕲᒼᑯᑎᑊᓀ Sahtúgot'ıne or Bear Lake Slavey / Bear Lake dialect of the Sahtúot'ine / Sahtu Dene ((Great) Bear Lake Dene)
PA * s> wh, * ts> kw, * z> w, * dz> gw, * tsʼ> kwʼ ( IPA / ʍ, kʰʷ, w, kʷ, kʼʷ /).

South Slavey or ᑌᓀ ᒐ Dene-thah, Dené Dháh, Dene Zhatıé der Dene Tha '/ Deneða / Dene Dháa ("True People"), Deh Gah Got'ine ("People on the River") and the Deh Cho Dene ("People along the Mackenzie River ") the South Slavey

PA * s> th, * ts> tth, * z> dh, * dz> ddh, * tsʼ> tthʼ ( IPA / θ, tθʰ, ð, tθ, tθʼ /).

Origin of name

The name 'slavey' or 'slave' is a translation of the derogatory word awokanak or awonak from the Cree language for the meek slavey lifestyle. Although the Cree expressed their contempt through this, and often plundered the peace-loving Slavey and plundered them more and more through raids, they feared the Slavey (like neighboring tribes) as skilled wizards (sorcerers and shamans ).

In order to avoid confusion with the English term slave for slave , the various groups are now usually referred to as slavey - and not as slaves as was common in the past .

Today's First Nations of the Slavey

South Slavey First Nations

North Peace Tribal Council in northwest Alberta and northeast British Columbia

  • Dene Tha 'First Nation (administrative center: Chateh , live in three settlements: Bushe River, Meander River and Chateh (formerly: Assumption), were also historically known as Upper Hay River Band; Hay Lake (s) Band; Hay River Indians; Slave Band ; Slavey Indians at Hay Lake (s); Upper Hay River Post Indians and Bistcho Lake Tribe known; their tribal area in northeast BC and northwest AB extended north to the Liard River and south to the Peace River, the heartland Hay River basin; Indian Reserves: Amber River # 211, Bistcho Lake # 213 (on the southwestern bank of Bistcho Lake ), Bushe River # 207, Hay Lake # 209, Jackfish Point # 214, Upper Hay River # 212 (80 km northwest of High Level ) and Zama Lake # 210 (on the southwestern shore of Zama Lake ), population: 2,913)
  • Fort Nelson First Nation in the Northern Rockies Regional District in northeast British Columbia: (also: Fort Nelson Slavey Band, Fort Nelson Indian Band , administrative seat / settlement Fort Nelson is at the confluence of the Fort Nelson River , Muskwa River and Prophet River , live in six Main settlements: Tthek'eneh Kúe (Old Fort), Fontas , Kahntah , Nádudhi Deezé (Snake River), Tlídli (Nelson Forks) and Tli Gohtché (François), mostly South Slavey and Plains Cree , also Kaska Dena families between Watson Lake and Fort Nelson on the Alaska Highway in the communities of Fireside, Muncho lake on the south bank of the Muncho lake - "big lake" in Muncho lake Provincial Park and in Toad River in the lower reaches of the Toad River ( " toads -flow", formerly Tsal-eh-Chesi ) and with the latter closely related Sekani and Daneẕaa (Dunneza or Beaver) , Indian Reserve :, population: 813, speak today Dene Tha / Dene Zhatıé (South Slavey) or Nēhiyawēwin (Plains Cree), some families also speak Danezaa / Dane-za a Záágéʔ ; Indian Reserves: Fontas # 1, Fort Nelson # 2, Kahntah # 3, Snake # 5, population: 894)

Dehcho First Nations in the Dehcho Region and South Slave Region in the south of Denendeh (Northwest Territories) :

  • Acho Dene Koe First Nation (administrative seat / settlement: Fort Liard , Echaot'l Koe, Echaot'įe Kų́ę́ or Echaot'îî Køç - "place / home of the people from the land of the giants"; Indian Reserve: Fort Liard Settlement, population: 675)
  • Deh Gáh Got'ie Dene First Nation (also Deh Gah Gotie Dene Council , administrative seat / settlement: Fort Providence , Zhahti Koe, Zhahti Kų́ę́ or Yahti Ndeé Køç - “place of the mission house”); the South Slavey who settled here called / call themselves Deh Gah Got'ine - "people on the river", therefore the Métis , who are mostly family related to them, calledthe fort Deh Gah Got'ie Koe - "place / home of the people on the river", Indian Reserve: Fort Providence Settlement, population: 1,080 )
  • Jean Marie River First Nation (also Tthek'ehdeli First Nation , administrative seat / settlement: Jean Marie River , Tthek'éhdélį or Tthets'éhk'edélį - "water flowing over clay"; Indian Reserve: Jean Marie River Settlement, population: 138)
  • K'atlodeeche First Nation (administrative seat / settlement as well as Indian Reserve: Hay River Reserve (Hay River Dene 1), 134.07 km², Kátå'odehche - "Hay River - Hay River", their tribal area extended to the north of Deep Bay at Great Slave Lake southwards to northern Alberta, to the east beyond the Slave River and to the west to Tathlina Lake , their heartland comprised the Ejié Túé Ndáde (Eh-jzhe-twé-in-DA-deh) area on the west bank of the Ejie Túé ( Buffalo Lake ) and along the Ejie Túé Dehé ( Buffalo River ), the First Nation mostly consists of South Slavey and immigrant Chipewyan , population: 600)
  • Ka'a'gee Tu First Nation (also Kakisa Lake Dene , Ka'a'gee Tu - "lake between the willows" is the Dene name for Kakisa Lake , administrative seat / settlement: Kakisa on Kakisa Lake southeast of Fort Providence, originally The First Nation lived on Tathlina Lake, but moved in 1962 to what is today, closer to the Mackenzie Highway , which is connected to the highway by a 13 km long road, Indian Reserve: Kakisa Lake Settlement, population: 71)
  • Liidlii Kue First Nation (administrative seat / settlement: Fort Simpson , Łíídlįį Kų́ę́, Liidli Koe or Łíídlîî Køç - "place where two rivers flow together", as the settlement is at the confluence of the Mackenzie and Liard Rivers, Indian Reserve: Fort Simpson Settlement, population : 1,292)
  • Nahanni Butte Dene Band (also Naha Dehe Dene Band , administrative seat / settlement: Nahanni Butte , Tthenáágó - "strong rock", the settlement is located at the confluence of the Liard and South Nahanni Rivers in the southwestern part of the NWT; Indian Reserve: Nahanni Butte, population: 138)
  • Pehdzeh Ki First Nation (administrative seat / settlement: Wrigley , Pedzéh Kñ, Pedzéh Kį or Tthedzéh Køç - "place where there is clay"), the settlement is on the east bank of the Mackenzie River near the confluence of the Wrigley River; Indian Reserve: Wrigley Settlement, population : 346)
  • Sambaa K'e (Trout Lake) Dene (also Sambaa K'e Dene Band , administrative seat / settlement: Trout Lake , mostly Sambaa K'e - " Trout Lake ", literally: "Place of Lake trout", Lake trout is the English) Name for the American Arctic char , more rarely referred to as Łuezô Tué , the settlement is on the south bank of the lake of the same name; Indian Reserve: Trout Lake Settlement, population: 119)
  • West Point First Nation (administrative seat / settlement: West Point, Ts'ueh Nda - “Spruce Point” - “Spruce Square”, today's First Nation consists of tribal members of different indigenous ethnic groups: Chipewyan (Denesuline) from Lutsel K'e (formerly : Snowdrift), Gwich'in by Inuvik and bands belonging to the South Slavey, the Deh Gá´Got'ine from Fort Providence, the Liidli Kue Dene from Fort Simpson, the Kakisa Lake Dene from Kakisa Lake and the K'atlodeeche Dene from Tathlina Lake, population: 73)

North Slavey First Nations

Sahtu Dene Council

  • Behdzi Ahda First Nation (administrative seat / settlement: Colville Lake ( K'áhbamį́túé or K'áhbamį́ Túé - ″ ptarmigan net place ″ - “ptarmigan hunting place”), the settlement is located on the south bank of the Colville Lake of the same name, traditional tribal area of ​​the K 'ahsho Got'ine (Hare (skin) Dene) ; the surrounding area is still inhabited by them and used for hunting and fishing; Indian Reserve: Colville Lake Settlement, population: 219)
  • Deline First Nation (administrative center / settlement: Deline ( Deline ) - "where the water flows", formerly Fort Franklin, the settlement situated on the upper reaches of the Great Bear River ( Sahtu De ), where he made the Great Bear Lake outlet and the Mackenzie River flows , a nearby place where the lake rarely freezes, was an important fishing ground for the Sahtúot'ine / Sahtugotine (Bear Lake Dene) , who call themselves Dene Wai ("the people"), sometimes referred to by other North Slavey as Neyagot'me in the middle of the 19th century. Bands of the K'ahsho Got'ine (Hare (skin) Dene) , Sahtigot'in / Sahti K'e Hot'iį ("Great Bear Lake People" ) wandering northdeveloped during the fur trade. ) the Tłįchǫ (Dogrib) , some Shita Got'ine (Mountain Dene) and Gwich'in from the north, all of whom now regularlytradedat Fort Franklin (called Dôline by the Dogrib) and married each other as Sahtúot'ine / Sahtú Dene (Great Bear Lake Dene) an independent identity, and they also developed one through Do grib (Tłįchǫ Yatiì) coined different dialect; Indian Reserve: Fort Franklin Settlement, Population: 988)
  • Fort Good Hope First Nation (also K'asho Gotine Dene Band , administrative seat / settlement: Fort Good Hope (Charter Community of K'asho Got'ine) , Rádeyîlîkóé or Rádeyįlį Kóé - "place of the waterfalls" by the local K'ahsho Got 'ine (Hare (skin) Dene) called, lies on a peninsula between Jackfish Creek and the east bank of the Mackenzie River, about 145 km northwest of Norman Wells, Indian Reserve: Fort Good Hope Settlement, population: 869)
  • Tulita Dene First Nation (also Tulita Dene or Tulita Band Council or Begade Shotagotine First Nation , administrative seat / settlement: Tulit'a - "where the two rivers meet or flow together", formerly Fort Norman, the Sahtigot'in / Sahti K ' e Hot'iį ("Great Bear Lake People") Local group of the Tłįchǫ (Dogrib) under the leadership of perhaps the best-known and most important Tłįchǫ-trading chief Bear Lake Chief ( K'aàwidaà - "highest trader", also known as Francis Yambi, Eyambi, Eyirape, * 1852 - † 1913) came to trade at Fort Norman (called Tiłiht'a, Tiłiht'a Kǫ by the Dogrib), both groups married each other; Indian Reserve: Fort Norman Settlement, population: 681) - are called Begade Shotagotine (English) , Begaa Deh Shuh Tah Got'ie (North Slavey dialect) or as Begaee Shuhagot'ine (South Slavey dialect) also member of the Dehcho First Nations of the South Slavey

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ One way of saying Dene?
  2. ↑ South Slavey Topical Dictionary Kátå'odehche Dialect (the indigenous place names of the South Slavey differ depending on the dialect)
  3. ↑ the place name Deline - "where the water flows" refers to the upper reaches of the Great Bear River , called Sahtúdé
  4. ↑ Glenn Dixon: Pilgrim in the Palace of Words: A Journey Through the 6,000 Languages ​​of Earth , Publisher: Dundurn Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1554884339
  5. ^ William C. Sturtevant, June Helm: Handbook of North American Indians: Subarctic, Vol. 6, United States Government Printing 1988, ISBN 978-0160045783
  6. ↑ Kerry Abel: Drum Songs: Glimpses of Dene History, Mcgill Queens University Press 2005, ISBN 978-0773530034
  7. ↑ The Athabaskan languages ( Memento from July 6, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  8. ↑ The People of the Deh Cho ( Memento from May 15, 2004 in the Internet Archive )
  9. ↑ Traditional Tribes of Great Slave ( Memento from February 27, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  10. ^ Member Nations. In: North Peace Tribal Council. Retrieved June 13, 2020 .
  11. ^ Homepage of the Dene Tha 'First Nation
  12. ^ Homepage of the Fort Nelson First Nation
  13. ↑ Communities. In: Dehcho First Nations. Retrieved June 13, 2020 .
  14. ↑ homepage K'atl'odeeche First Nation
  15. ↑ The Sahtu Secretariat Incorporated (Sahtu Dene Council)
  16. ^ Website of the Deline First Nation

See also

Web links