Assiniboine

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Former tribal area of ​​the Assiniboine and today's reservations in Montana (USA) and Saskatchewan (Canada)

The Assiniboine (pronounced Assinabeun ) are a Native American - tribe of North America. They speak a Sioux language that is very closely related to the Yanktonai -Sioux idiom , from which they split off before 1640. The word Assiniboine is derived from both the Anishinabe word Asiniibwaan and the Cree word Asini Pwat (or Asini Pwat-sak - plural) and roughly means: "Those Sioux ('enemies') who cook on stones" - the foreign name adopted it as a nickname and called itself Assseeneepoituc . The Assiniboine, however, called themselves Nakonabi (singular: Nakona - 'friendly people', 'allies', 'allies'), in Canada they are called Stoney (this often leads to confusion with the Stoney , who are also called Nakoda).

residential area

Before the submission by the Whites, the Assiniboine lived east west of York Factory on the southwest coast of Hudson Bay , Lake Nipigon , Ontario, and Lake Superior as far as the Rocky Mountains (in Assiniboine: In-yan-he -tonga - 'Great Mountains') of western Alberta and eastern British Columbia . In the middle of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century they dominated the Canadian prairie provinces (southeast Saskatchewan , southwest Manitoba and east Alberta) and lived in the valleys of the Saskatchewan River and the Assiniboine River (in Assiniboine: High Wakpa - 'River of the rebels', i.e. the Assiniboine). In the south they ruled the American plains to the Milk River and Missouri River in northeast Montana and northwest North Dakota in the United States . To the north they roamed and migrated into the steppes and forest and lake areas of the boreal forests along the Athabasca , McLeod and North Saskatchewan Rivers . They also dominated the trade routes to the Hudson's Bay Company trading posts along the Hayes , Nelson and Churchill Rivers . The Assiniboine were closely allied with the Plains Cree and Plains Ojibwa , with whom they formed the Cree Confederation ( Cree : Nehiyaw-Pwat , Nehiyawak - 'Plains Cree', Asini Pwat - 'Assiniboine') and were almost constantly at war with the related Sioux (Lakota, Nakota, and Dakota) who lay Blackfoot , Sarcee, and Gros Ventre .

Tribal areas, regional tribal groups and way of life

The distinction between Woodland Assiniboine / Woods / Bush Assiniboine ("Assiniboine of the forests or the scrubland") or, due to the geographical location of their tribal areas, also known as Northern Assiniboine ("Northern Assiniboine") - and in the plains that live south of them Assiniboine ("Assiniboine of the Plains") or Southern Assiniboine ("Southern Assiniboine") was primarily an ecological and geographical one, like the closely related Stoney.

The Woodland Assiniboine inhabited the boreal forest and lake regions west of the Rainy Lake - Lake of the Woods region in southwestern Ontario and southeastern Manitoba to the Churchill River, Nelson River and Hayes River in northeastern Manitoba. To the west, their tribal area extended along the Saskatchewan River to the upper reaches of the Athabasca , McLeod and between the North Saskatchewan River and the Eagle Hills south of the Battle River in central Alberta and western Saskatchewan. The Woodland Assiniboine lived from spring to early autumn by fishing, trapping and hunting waterfowl, small game ( beavers , muskrats , porcupines ) as well as large game ( elk , bighorn sheep and mountain goats ), supplemented by collecting fruits, berries and roots. The Woodland Assiniboine also controlled the trade routes along the Hayes, Nelson and Churchill Rivers. Southern bands of the Woodland Assiniboine, who lived along the North Saskatchewan and Battle Rivers, often moved to the areas called Aspen Parklands , which represent a transition area between plains and boreal forest, as well as to the adjacent plains in the south to join their tribal relatives. the Plains Assiniboine to hunt bison. In contrast to the Plains Assiniboine, the Woodland Assiniboine owned very few or no horses and therefore undertook all hikes on foot or by canoe.

The Plains Assiniboine lived from the Red River of the North in the east, west along the Assiniboine and Qu'Appelle Rivers , between North and South Saskatchewan to the Red Deer Rivers . In contrast to their northern tribal relatives, the Plains Assiniboine mostly hunted large game (bighorn sheep, deer , elk , wood bison ), supplemented their food base with muskrats, porcupines and beavers as well as by collecting fruits, berries and roots. Since the Plains Assiniboine had far more horses than their northern relatives, they were more mobile and adapted to the way of life on the Plains more and more. When many of the Plains Assiniboine left the Assiniboine and Qu'Appelle Rivers in the late 18th and early 19th centuries and moved further south and southwest to the Northwestern and Northern Plains, bison hunting soon became the main source of food. Most of the bands now roamed in the west between the Cypress Hills in the south of the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta and the Little Rocky Mountains (also called Little Rockies ) along the Missouri River to the Musselshell River , then over the plains to the mouth of the Powder River in the Yellowstone River , eastward along the north bank of the Yellowstone to its confluence with the Missouri. The area then extended downstream the Missouri to the mouth of the White Earth River and north along the western bank of the White Earth to the Sweet Grass Hills in the plains of Montana and North Dakota . The river valleys of the Milk River, Poplar River and Souris River ( called Mouse River in the USA ) in the east were also important hunting grounds . In contrast to neighboring Plains tribes, the fish continued to be an important source of food for the Plains Assiniboine - they were also considered to be downright poorly horse among neighboring tribes as well as by white traders and the military and therefore became feared and skillful horse robbers in order to continue to be successful on the Plains To be able to hunt and to assert oneself militarily against other tribes.

history

First contacts with European dealers and alliance with the Cree

Assiniboine wife with child, Edward Curtis , 1928

Even before the first contact with the whites, they had settled in the boreal forest and lake areas between Rainy Lake , Lake of the Woods and the southern Lake Manitoba and Lake Winnipeg (in Assiniboine: Mi-ni-tonga - 'Big Water' ) living Assiniboine split off from the Wazikute ('Shooters Among the Pines') of the Upper Yanktonai and were referred to as Northern Nakoda by the Europeans in return for the Dakota ('Southern Nakoda') in Minnesota . These southeast Assiniboine groups lived from fishing, hunting for birds and game, growing crops and harvesting wild rice . After the French and English had set up the first trading posts in the Great Lakes area and along the Hudson Bay at the beginning of the 17th century , these groups of the Assiniboine were the first to become indispensable players in the Odawa ( Adawe - ' Merchants') and French of the Western Great Lakes. With the French eager to expand the fur trade with the Assiniboine, Daniel Greysolon Dulhut set up a trading post on Lake Nipigon in 1678 .

However, Swampy Cree and Woodland Cree , who lived north of the Assiniboine along the southern Hudson Bay and James Bay , had earlier contact with European traders and their products (hardware, weapons, ammunition, pearls). Especially when the Hudson's Bay Company set up the York Factory trading post in the middle of their territory in 1670 , the Cree had an immediate military advantage over the neighboring tribes, which the Assiniboine to the south immediately felt. Already surrounded by enemies in the east, the Ojibwa, and the Dakota in the south, the Assiniboine decided to ask for peace and allied themselves with the Cree. As a result, both tribes often lived together and entered into mixed marriages in large numbers - with the Cree groups mostly trying to settle in the immediate vicinity of the trading posts and the Assiniboins continuing their semi-nomadic way of life. The Assiniboine and Cree (at the beginning of the 18th century the west and south-west drawn Ojibwa Plains joined) formed a strong military alliance known as the Cree Confederation or Iron Confederacy - they themselves referred to their alliance as Nehiyaw-Pwat (in Cree : Nehiyaw - 'Cree' and Pwat or Pwat-sak - 'Sioux (enemies)'). As early as the 17th century, European traders and travelers reported that the Assiniboine used Cree as a second language - many Cree groups also spoke Assiniboine.

Middleman in the fur trade and expansion into the plains

This alliance enabled the allied tribes from 1680 to establish an extensive canoe trading system along Lake Winnipeg and the Nelson River , Rainy Lake, Lake of the Woods, Winnipeg River and Lake Winnipeg north-east to the York Factory on Hudson Bay and as sole intermediary between them English and French and the tribes in the west ( Blackfoot , Gros Ventre , Sarcee ), in the north ( Chipewyan , Dogrib ) and in the south ( Hidatsa , Mandan ). The fur trade would never have existed without the Cree and Assiniboine, who were in control of the only transport routes, the rivers and lakes used in so-called fur trading canoes . At the same time, better weapons equipment allowed them to expand west, south and north, with military action against the Chipewyan in the north and the Dakota in the south (1670–1700). For the Sioux (Dakota, Nakota, Lakota) the Assiniboine no longer belonged to the Oceti Sakowin ('The Fire of the Seven Tribes',' The Seven Ratsfeuer ') - they were only enemies for them, whom they considered high (' Rebels').

The Assiniboine and Cree thus established a monopoly in trade between the Plains tribes (Blackfoot, Sarcee, Gros Ventre, Absarokee and others) and plateau tribes ( Flathead , Kutenai , Sekani , Secwepemc ) in the west, the Missouri River tribes ( Mandan , Hidatsa and Arikaree ) in the south and the tribes in the north (Chipewyan, Daneẕaa , Slavey , Yellowknife , Dogrib ). The Assiniboine and Cree offered the tribes English and French goods (especially rifles, ammunition, metal goods, knives, awls, axes, tomahawks, kettles, tobacco and alcohol) at increased prices (the profit margins were enormous) in exchange for field crops, the highly valued leather - and feather work of the Mandan, painted bison robes, tanned suede hides decorated with furs and feathers, as well as painted feathers and from around 1740 also horses. The Assiniboine and Cree now traded these goods for their part, together with the beaver , mink , lynx and otter pelts and muskrat pelts that they hunted during the year .

The Assiniboine and Cree (now often referred to as Western Cree or Plains Cree ) moved west and north in search of new hunting grounds to supply the European traders with furs and to avoid the Dakota, which was now also equipped with French weapons from 1720 onwards rivers of Saskatchewan , Red river of the North , Assiniboine and Qu'Appelle river followed and allied themselves with the Blackfoot, Sarcee and Gros Ventre. With them they formed a trade and military alliance in the fight against the Chipewyan, Northern and Eastern Shoshone , Arapaho and Sioux. Since the Blackfoot and Gros Ventre needed rifles and ammunition in their fight against the horse-rich and powerful Shoshone along South Saskatchewan, they were dependent on the Cree and Assiniboine, who were the only ones with direct access to the trading posts of the French and English, and established it Peaceful coexistence in the plains and parklands until the end of the 18th century. The Assiniboine split into two large groups as a result of the west and north-west migration - the Woodland Assiniboine ('Northern Assiniboine'), which still live in the lake and forest areas of the boreal shield north of the North and Saskatchewan River , and the south in the Aspen Parklands , between North Saskatchewan and Red River of the North, to the Canadian-American northwestern plains in northern Montana and North Dakota, living Plains Assiniboine ('Southern Assiniboine').

In 1744 the Assiniboine separated again, as some western groups of the Woodland Assiniboine ('Northern Assiniboine') moved deeper into the Rocky Mountains and into the prairie provinces north and west of the Assiniboine. Together with groups of the Lakota who had also migrated to the northwest , they now formed an independent group called Stoney or Mountain / Rocky Assiniboine and roamed from southern British Columbia to northern Montana . Although the Stoney are related to the Assiniboine, but not identical, there are great linguistic similarities, but the dialects can only be understood with difficulty. The Assiniboine called the westward moving groups of the Stoney Te'ha Nakota ('Far Away Assiniboine' - 'Assiniboine living far away').

The Southern Assiniboine (or 'Plains Assiniboine'), Plains Cree and Plains Ojibwa slowly developed from Northeastern Woodland Indians, who used to travel by canoe and foot, to Plains Indians (only the Southern Assiniboine really closed the Plains peoples are to be expected, as the Cree and Ojibwa continued to settle mostly near the trading posts of the English, French and Americans and only went to the Plains to hunt). Although the new tribal areas of the Northwestern Plains and Aspen Parklands were less rich in small game (beavers, muskrats) as well as fish and birds than the forests and lakes in the east, the tribes offered significantly more large game ( antelopes , elk , white-tailed deer , mule deer ) and especially bison as a food source.

From 1740 onwards, the Blackfoot , Absarokee and Gros Ventre, who lived to the west and south-west, were the largest horse traders in the region. In 1754, Anthony Henday first reported that Assiniboine used horses to transport goods - but not yet as mounts. In 1766, however, William Pink reported on a large group of Assiniboine at the confluence of the North and South Saskatchewan, who owned so many horses that they began to partially abandon the canoe as a means of transport and locomotion. In 1776, according to the report by Alexander Henry (the Elder 1739-1824), the western groups of the Plains Assiniboine were known for their large herds of horses. The Plains Assiniboine in eastern Saskatchewan and southern Manitoba obtained their horses through their previously established trading relationships with the tribes in the Missouri River Valley, the Mandan and Hidatsa (the Hidatsa in particular appeared as horse traders, as the horse-rich Absarokee in the west were once Hidatsa ). The Plains Assiniboine in Alberta and western Saskatchewan got their horses from the Blackfoot and Gros Ventre.

Between 1730 and 1740 the first French traders reached the villages of the Mandan and Hidatsa and began to trade directly with them, which the Assiniboine and the Assiniboine and the Assiniboine and the Assiniboine and later (strengthened after the construction of Fort Souris and Brandon House ) questioned their allies in their position as middlemen on the Plains. The Mandan and Hidatsa exchanged wolf and fox skins , beaver pelts , bison skins , meat, corn, dogs and Indian women prisoners of war (often contemptuously called squaws ) for rifles, ammunition, powder, tobacco, axes, knives, awls, chisels and so-called luxury items such as cheap pearls and glass balls. Dogs were useful as transport animals, especially in winter in the adjacent northern forests and Rocky Mountains, and they were also cheaper to keep than horses.

The French traders or voyageurs and rangers (French: Coureurs des bois ) bought the young Indian women and took them as companions and at the same time as advocates in contact with neighboring tribes or their own tribe. From these connections different groups of the Métis formed (in addition to French , English and Scottish origin) and soon formed independent indigenous ethnic groups , who from around 1800 played an important role in the fur trade and in particular in supplying the forts and trading posts with food as well as pemmican , as well as their military security against hostile Indian tribes. Important personalities as well as many famous chief families of the Nehiyaw-Pwat were not really Indians, but belonged to the Métis. From then on, the Assiniboine and Cree raids on the Mandan and Hidatsa increased in order to get hold of horses and rob women - as well as to disrupt and thwart trade with the Europeans as much as possible.

Collapse of the alliance with the Blackfoot and competition on the plains

The clashes began to escalate with the end of the Seven Years' War in North America (1754–1763) of the last French and Indian War , when the French-Canadian North West Company and Anglo-Canadian Hudson's Bay Company began trading posts westward along the Red River Valley, the Assiniboine River and the Saskatchewan River to build. In 1774, Cumberland House on the Lower Saskatchewan River, in 1777 Hudson's House and in 1795 Edmonton House on the North Saskatchewan River, and in 1799 Rocky Mountain House and Acton House at the confluence of the Clearwater River and North Saskatchewan River - these new posts were either on the eastern edge or in the middle Blackfoot and Gros Ventre territory.

The smallpox epidemic from 1780 to 1781 decimated and weakened the tribes of the Upper Missouri and Canadian Plains. The Shoshone, Mandan and Hidatsa, as well as groups from the Southern Assiniboine, suffered in particular. The Shoshone were so weakened that they had to evade the Gros Ventre and Blackfoot (armed with Cree and Assiniboine rifles) to the west and south-west and finally leave the plains and now only had to live in the foothills on the edge of the plains. For their part, the Mandan and Hidatsa lost more than half of their total population of around 11,500 - moreover, constant attacks by the now mounted Lakota (Teton-Sioux) led to malnutrition among the tribes, as the Mandan and Hidatsa soon no longer dared theirs To cultivate fields and go hunting. The Mandan then fled their old tribal area at the confluence of the Heart and Missouri Rivers (today's Bismarck ) and moved up the Missouri to join the Hidatsa who lived along the Knife River .

The smallpox epidemic also weakened the Nehiyaw-Pwat very much - entire groups of the Southern Assiniboine were wiped out and had to be reorganized and stabilized. The Plains Cree (of which it is estimated that perhaps half succumbed to the epidemic) together with the Plains Ojibwa were able to restore the balance of power that was threatened by the destruction of large parts of the southern groups of the Plains Assiniboins - but the Assiniboins, whose population has partially decreased recovered, could never restore their old position of power. However, the smallpox epidemic had made it clear to European traders that, in view of the current weakness of the Nehiyaw Pwat , they had to establish direct contact with the plains and plateau tribes further west (and to win the Blackfoot Confederation as a partner for this) .

But due to the increased trade contacts, there were repeated serious epidemics among the tribes, which often caused the fur trade to collapse for years . In 1835, a flu epidemic that broke out along the Athabasca and Peace Rivers was at least as catastrophic, killing many Wood Stoney , Woodland Assiniboine and Woodland Cree in the north. In 1838 an equally violent epidemic followed, so that the number of Plains Cree probably fell by five sixths, if not more. According to estimates, around 1780 there were between 6,000 and 10,000 Assiniboine, between 1836 and 1839 around 4,000 tribesmen (between half and two thirds) died of smallpox.

Burial of the Assiniboine on trees or wooden scaffolding to protect against wild animals, approx. 1840/43

The Cree and Assiniboine had lost their position as middlemen through the establishment of trading posts in the Blackfoot and Gros Ventre area - these tribes were no longer dependent on giving them horses, furs and bison meat in exchange for the whites' expensive goods due to the middleman . The process of alienation also accelerated when the traditional source of the Cree and Assiniboine for horses, which Hidatsa and Mandan in the Missouri River Valley had been severely decimated by the smallpox and cholera epidemics , were no longer able to supply horses in sufficient quantities and the former common enemies - the Shoshone and Arapaho had been successfully driven from the South Saskatchewan River south to Wyoming and Idaho from the Northwestern Plains.

As more and more Cree and Assiniboine groups moved westward onto the Plains (and, following them, their allies, the Ojibwa groups now known as the Plains Ojibwa or Saulteaux ), after 1730 they had adjusted their way of life to the horse they considered When riding, hunting and transport animals were used and the adequate supply of horses became a question of existence around the middle of the century, a long phase of fierce competition began in the 1770s, which often escalated militarily. In this phase, horse theft was not only a test of courage, but often a desperate contribution to survival, as many ethnic groups competed for the hunt in the grasslands - the Assiniboine in particular soon acquired a reputation as excellent horse thieves. But the wars (approx. 1770 - approx. 1800) also had a disadvantage for the Nehiyaw-Pwat - their former Indian sources of supply for horses (Blackfoot, Gros Ventre, Mandan, Hidatsa) had become their enemies - and the Assiniboine were soon valid ( despite their reputation as successful horse thieves) as the poorest horse tribe on the Northern Plains.

Therefore, the Cree and Assiniboine made contact with the Flathead and allied themselves with the Absarokee (English called Crow) in today's Montana, who initially obtained horses from Spaniards, but also caught wild horses and soon bred them themselves. But since these two tribes were already bitter enemies of the Blackfoot, the Cree-Assiniboine-Blackfoot alliance broke up and bitter fighting broke out. As early as the beginning of the 18th century, the Cree, mediated by the Mountain Stoney , had made peace with the Secwepemc (Shuswap) and Kutenai and incorporated them into the large network of the Nehiyaw-Pwat . The better-armed Cree and Assiniboine defeated the Gros Ventre and Eastern Blackfoot groups several times in the 1780s and 1790s. The horse-rich Gros Ventre suffered particularly badly from the raids and war expeditions of the Cree and Assiniboine, as they had their residential areas along the Saskatchewan River Forks (the confluence of the North and South Saskatchewan Rivers) and were the first to withstand the attacks armed with rifles . In retaliation for supplying their enemies with weapons, the Gros Ventre attacked and burned the Hudson's Bay Company's branch in South Branch House on the South Saskatchewan River near present-day St. Louis in 1793 . Then the tribe moved south to the Milk River in Montana and connected even more closely with the Blackfoot, which also dodged south-west. The area between the North Saskatchewan River and Battle River (the name is derived from the war between the two groups) became the border of the now warring tribal alliances.

Between 1790 and 1850, the Cree (Plains Cree and Woodland Cree) and their allies, the Assiniboine, Stoney, Plains Ojibwa (also known as Saulteaux) and Métis, were at the height of their power - they successfully managed their territories against the Sioux (Lakota , Nakota and Dakota) and the Blackfoot Confederation (Siksika, Piegan, Kainai, Inuk'sik, Gros Ventre, Sarcee) claim. In doing so, they penetrated further and further into the territory of the Blackfoot Confederation, so that the Piegan were forced to move into the region of the Missouri River, the Kainai (in Cree: Miko-Ew -'the blood-stained ', i.e. the' bloodthirsty, Cruel, therefore often referred to as Blood in English ) retreated to the Bow River and Belly River , only the Siksika were able to defend their areas along the Red Deer River . Around 1870 the alliance with the Blackfoot broke and the Gros Ventre had to seek protection from their former enemy, the Southern Assiniboine.

The dodging of the Blackfoot and Gros Ventre to the southwest and south enabled large groups of the Plains Assiniboine to move south - this was remarkable given that the Assiniboine and Cree had previously moved north and west, respectively. Almost two-thirds of the Southern Assiniboine had left the Red River of the North and Assiniboine Rivers and now roamed westward to the Cypress Hills in the south of the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta and the Little Rocky Mountains (also known as the Little Rockies ) and southward along the Missouri River to the Musselshell River , then over the plains to the confluence of the Powder River in the Yellowstone River , eastward along the north bank of the Yellowstone to its confluence with the Missouri. The river valleys of the Milk River , Poplar River and Souris River (also called Mouse River ) in the east formed important hunting grounds . The remaining Plains Assiniboine remained in the northwest and particularly roamed the parklands between South Saskatchewan and Battle River in western Saskatchewan.

Cree Confederation (Nehiyaw-Pwat)

During their expansion to the west, northwest, and southwest, the various Cree, Assiniboine, Stoney, and Ojibwa groups of the Nehiyaw-Pwat often married or formed alliances that were strengthened by family ties - making almost every group of the Iron Confederacy ethnically and was of mixed language origin. Many groups were only nominally (in name) Nakoda ('Assiniboine' - 'Stoney'), Cree or Ojibwa (often referred to as Saulteaux , hence called Soto by the Cree ), as they were often ethnically and politically indistinguishable from outsiders were different.

For example, the Wadopahnatonwan of the Assiniboine were identified by the Americans in Fort Union on the Upper Missouri as Nakoda (pronounced Assiniboine), at the same time in Fort Edmonton, Canada (formerly 'Edmonton House') as Cree and later southern splinter groups again as Chippewa (pronounced Ojibwa). In addition, several groups of the Assiniboine later identified themselves as Cree and adopted the Cree language as their mother tongue. B. the groups later called Calling River / Qu'Appelle Cree ( Kitopwe Sipi Wi Iniwak ). The Sahiyaiyeskabi ('Cree speakers') of the Assiniboine, better known as Cree-Assiniboine / Young Dogs (Nehiyaw-Pwat, Nēhiyawi-pwātak) and today are generally counted among the 'Downstream People' of the Cree, are particularly mentioned here . The matter was also complicated by the fact that individual regional sub-tribes of a large group often referred to themselves as 'Cree', 'Nakoda' or 'Soto', as the majority of their local groups felt that they belonged to each of these groups. So there was B. the ethnically and linguistically mixed large group of Asini Wachi Wi Iniwak ('people who live along the mountains'), which in turn comprised regional sub-tribes, which are primarily called Cree ( Asini Wachi Nehiyawak - 'Cree who live along the mountains' , the Assiniboine called them Sahiya Ye Xa Yabine - 'Cree who live in the mountains') or primarily as Assiniboine and Stoney ( Ye Xa Yabine or Hebina Assiniboine - 'mountain people', the Cree called them Asini Pwat-sak - 'Mountain Assiniboine').

The Cree ('Nehiyaw') and Assiniboine ('Pwat-sak') represented the majority, followed by the Ojibwa ('Soto') and smaller groups of neighboring tribes ( Chipewyan , Daneẕaa (Dunneza, Tza Tinne, outdated Beaver), Kutenai , Flathead , Secwepemc ) as well as Indian traders in the northwest, who ethnically belonged to the Iroquois . In general, the groups living south on the plains tended to be predominantly nominally Nakoda , the eastern and southeastern groups nominally Soto, and the northern and northwestern groups nominally Cree . These terms usually said little about the ethnic and linguistic identity and origin of the groups named - there were even groups of the Nakoda and Soto, especially in the northwest and later in the southeast, who were originally Secwepemc, Kutenai, Daneẕaa or even Métis .

Socio-political organization

The two large regional tribal groups, the Nakoda Oyadebi or Assiniboine , were historically divided into up to 40 separate bands or Dagugichiyabi, each of which had its own chief or Hųgá / Hunga and an advisory tribal council - the so-called Hungabi ('Little Chiefs') - "little chiefs") was led. There was also the war chief or įtą́cą , who led the warriors in war. The individual bands in turn were divided into several local groups or Tiʾóšpaye , which consisted of one or more large families . The smallest organizational unit was the nuclear family or Tiwáhe , which mostly lived in a tipi or wiʾį́kceya tíbi / įkcéwąga or two neighboring tipis.

These semi-nomadic or nomadic bands often relocated their camps in order to be able to make the best possible use of the seasonal animal and vegetable resources in their tribal area, especially when hunting for bison on the plains, large hunting groups were often out, which could also include several bands . Before the introduction of the horse in the 18th century, they hiked on foot and used dog-drawn travois . All work in connection with the tipis, including assembly and dismantling, was done by women alone. Capturing scalps and horses and touching the enemy in combat ( counting coup ) was seen as particularly daring in war . The leaders of military campaigns received their instructions in visions or dreams. Despite their warlike behavior towards neighboring hostile tribes, the Assiniboine (as well as the allied Cree and Ojibwe) were mostly extremely friendly towards their trading partners, the white traders in the trading posts or along the rivers. However, when they began to set up trading posts in the area of ​​their traditional enemies and also to supply them with weapons, this relationship quickly turned into suspicion and often open hostility, as the Assiniboine maintained their position as middlemen in trade on the plains and along the rivers didn't want to lose in the woods. The most important religious ceremonies were the sun dance and the medicine hut dance.

Bands of the Assiniboine

  • Aegitina ('Camp Moves to the Kill')
  • Bizebina , Bízebina ('Gopher People' - "People of the ground squirrels")
  • Cepahubi ('Large Organs')
  • Canhdada , Cantidada , Cąȟtáda ("lumpy, shabby people", lived along the North Saskatchewan River in the area of ​​Battleford ( Ogíciza Wakpá ) and North Battleford - the so-called two Battlefords - as neighbors of the Waziyamwincasta Band , this area was between the Cree- Assiniboine Confederation and the Blackfoot Confederation fought hard. The bloody border between the two tribal alliances ran along the Battle River , which flows into the North Saskatchewan River at Battleford once politically part of the upstream people of the Plains Cree - today as the so-called Battleford Stoneys part of the Mosquito, Grizzly Bear's Head, Lean Man First Nations)
  • Canhewincasta , Cą́ȟe wįcášta , Chan He Winchasta ("people in the area of ​​Wood Mountain", lived around the present-day village of Wood Mountain , which is named after the nearby mountain Wood Mountain (Cą́e), and the Big Muddy in the southeast Badlands in the south of Saskatchewan and north of Montana, were close allies of the Insaombi (Cypress Hills Assiniboine) Band in whose area they had their winter camps, the bands under Chief Manitupotis (also Wankanto - Little Soldier) and Hunkajuka (Hum-ja-jin- sin, Inihan Kinyen - Little Chief) - together approx. 300 people - including approx. 50 warriors - were victims of the Cypress Hills massacre on June 1, 1873 , in which approx. 25 to 30 Assiniboine of American "Wolfers" (professional wolf hunters) were killed to avenge the theft of horses by Cree in Montana, this massacre led to the establishment of the North West Mounted Police (NWMP), the forerunner of today's Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) , e inst politically part of the Downstream People of the Plains Cree , close allies of the Cree-Assiniboine / Young Dogs - today Carry The Kettle Nakoda First Nation)
  • Canknuhabi ( 'Ones That Carry Their Wood' - "Those who their focal carry wood" also Cątųwąbi - 'Forest Villagers, Wood Villagers' - "Those who live in the woods")
  • Cantonga , Chan Tonga Nakoda , also Swampy Ground Assiniboine , Grand River Assiniboine ("people of the great forests", the Cree also called them Saka Pwat-sak ("Woodland Assiniboine"), the designations as "Assiniboine of the marshland" or "Assiniboine along of the great river (s) ”reflect the scenic diversity of their tribal area, which was characterized by forests, swamps and large rivers, traded together with the allied (and related) Beaver Hills Cree at the HBC trading post Fort Edmonton (also: Edmonton House or Fort-des-Prairies ) on the North Saskatchewan River in central Alberta, settled together with Cree around Beaverhill Lake (Cree: amisk-wa-chi-sakhahigan ; Assiniboine: Chaba Imne , both: "Beaver Lake") and in the Beaver Hills (Cree: Amiskwaciy , Assiniboine: Chaba He (i) , both: "Beaver Hills"), a preferred bison hunting area of ​​the Cree and Assiniboine, developed a separate identity as Wood Ston from the middle of the 18th century ey ; politically once part of the Beaver Hills Cree of the upstream people of the Plains Cree - today Alexis Nakota Sioux Nation and Paul First Nation)
  • Hebina , Ye Xa Yabine , also Strong Wood Assiniboine, Thickwood Assiniboine ("People of the Rock Mountains , ie the Rocky Mountains", had moved into the forests and into the Rocky Mountains (In-yan-he-Tonga, į́yąȟetąga - "Big Mountains") withdrew to the west and northwest, developing a separate identity as Mountain Stoney ; once politically part of the Rocky / Mountain Cree of Plains Cree - today Stoney Nakoda First Nation (Wesley First Nation, Chiniki First Nation, Bearspaw First Nation), some as part of the Fort Belknap Indian Community, some also part of the unrecognized Aseniwuche Winewak Nation)
  • Hen atonwaabina ("People of the Little Rocky Mountains", lived in the Little Rocky Mountains (or Little Rockies) (į́yąȟe widána, į́yąȟewida; today: į́yąȟejusina) and the adjacent plains areas in northeast Montana; once politically part of the downstream people of the Plains Cree , closely allied with the Cree Assiniboine / Young Dogs - today Fort Belknap Indian Community)
  • Hudesabina , Húdešana , Hudesanak ("people of the red soil / red earth" or "people of the red root", split off from the Wadopabina in 1844 ; migrated between Porcupine Creek and the Milk River (Asą́bi wakpá, Wakpá jukʾána) in the north Montanas; today Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes)
  • Huhumasmibi , Huhumasmlbi ('Bone Cleaners' - "Those who clean the bones", presumably a condescending term used by other bands as they cleaned the bones from the flesh so as not to starve)
  • Huhuganebabi ('Bone Chippers' - "Those who chop off the bones, splinter" or "bone chippers", also probably a nickname because they probably chopped open the bones to get the nutritious bone marrow)
  • Indogahwincasta ("Eastern People")
  • Inninaonbi , Ini'na u'mbi ("silent, silent people")
  • Insaombi , įšná ųbísʾa , Icna'umbisa , also Cypress Hills Assiniboine ("Those who stay alone to themselves", lived in the Cypress Hills (wazíȟe) and the adjacent plains areas in southern Saskatchewan, close allies of the Canhewincasta Band , who often had their winter camps in the Cypress Hills; today Carry the Kettle Nakoda First Nation)
  • Inyantonwanbina , Iyethkabi , Îyârhe Nakodabi , also Mountain Village Band ('Stone / Rock People', 'Mountain People' - "People of the rocks / stones, ie the Rocky Mountains", had settled deep in the Rocky Mountains at the end of the 17th century ( In-yan-he-Tonga, į́yąȟetąga - "Big Mountains") withdrew to the west and northwest, developing a separate identity as Stoney (į́yąȟe wįcášta); today Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes)
  • Mekesu Assiniboine , also Eagle Hills Assiniboine , Eagle Creek Assiniboine (derived from the Cree words Mikisew Wachi for the Eagle Hills on the North Saskatchewan River and from Mikisew for the Eagle Creek, a tributary of the Saskatchewan, or Mekesu ("eagle"), All names indicate the great occurrence of eagles in their tribal area, often also called Migichihilinious in historical sources , lived west of today's Battleford , between the North Saskatchewan River in the north and the Devil's Pine Lake and Red Deer River in the south, joined from 1755 The Mekesu Assiniboine, along with the allied Western Swampy Cree / Lowland (Half-Homeguard) Cree, were traders in York Factory at the confluence of the Hayes River in Hudson Bay, developed a separate identity as Wood Stoney from the middle of the 18th century , once political Part of the Beaver Hills Cree as well as close allies of the River Cree of the upstream people of the Plains Cree - today Alexis Nakota Sioux Nation)
  • Minisose Swnkeebi , Miníšoše Sunkcebi ("Missouri River Dog Band", roamed between the Milk River and the Poplar River to the Missouri River (Miníšoše or Mini-Shoshu - "Muddy Water") in the border area of ​​Montana, Alberta and Saskatchewan; today Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes)
  • Minisatonwanbi , Miníšatonwanbi ("people along the red water", lived along the Red River of the North in the area around the present-day city of Winnipeg to the south shore of Lake Winnipeg and Lake Manitoba in southern Manitoba)
  • Osnibi , Osníbina ("People from the Cold", originally probably a band of the Woodland Assiniboine in Canada, who later roamed the Cypress Hills and the area around Wood Mountain (Cą́ȟe) in southern Saskatchewan, after the Cypress Hills massacre of 1873 they protection south of the US-Canadian border (Changu Wakan - "mystical / sacred road", sometimes referred to as: "Medicine Line"); today Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes, have close family contacts with the bands of today's Carry The Kettle Nakoda First Nation)
  • Ptegabina , Psamnéwi , PwSymAWock ("People of the Wetlands ")
  • Sahiyaiyeskabi , šahíya iyéskabina ( Cree spokesman, referred to by the Cree as Nehiyaw-Pwat or Nēhiyawi-pwātak (Cree-Assiniboine), they are therefore mostly known today as Cree-Assiniboine / Young Dogs ; comprised several bands, mostly from Cree and Assinibo House Cree and the River Cree of the Upstream People as well as the Calling River / Qu'Appelle Cree of the Downstream People of the Plains Cree and later increasingly Plains Ojibwe (Salteaux), who all lived together in ethnically mixed bands or camps and adopted the Cree language were known as great horse thieves and warriors, because they stayed away from the trading posts and showed little interest in trade, the Hudson Bay Company saw them as lazy, useless Indians and as troublemakers when the already decimated bison herds continued westward The tribal area of ​​the hostile Blackfoot Confederation and the Absarokee withdrew, the shaman and powerful chief Piapot (Payip wat) (maȟpíya owáde hókši - Lightning In The Sky Boy) the Cree-Assiniboine and several allied Plains Cree and Plains Ojibwe (Salteaux) bands pull to the west, and stretch the region between the Cypress Hills to the north and the Milk River to the south to acquire by force in order to be able to continue to live from the bison hunt, this led to increasingly brutal intertribal fights until 1881; once politically part of the Downstream People of the Plains Cree - today Little Black Bear First Nation and the Cree-Assiniboine / Young Dogs of the Plains Cree - today Piapot First Nation and Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes)
  • Sihabi , Sihábi , also Foot Assiniboine ("people walking on foot") originally lived in the lake area along the Qu'Apelle River southwards to the Missouri River, their tribal areas partially overlapped with those of the Wadopabina Band in the south, later moved westwards and northwards into the Forests and the Northern Plains along the Battle River and North Saskatchewan Rivers in central Alberta, traded dried meat, skins, and animal fats at Paint Creek House and later Edmonton House with the HBC, had few horses, so used canine travois and were notorious horse thieves , developed a separate identity here as Wood Stoney , others roamed between the Red Deer River in the south north to Pigeon Lake and on the Kootenay Plains and were referred to as Chipos Ostikwan's Nakoda (later the Sharphead's band), who belong to the Mountain Stoney ; once politically part of the Beaver Hills Cree of the upstream people of the Plains Cree - today Alexis Nakota Sioux Nation and Paul First Nation and once part of the Rocky / Mountain Cree of the Plains Cree - now the Wesley First Nation of the Stoney Nakoda First Nation)
  • Snugabi ('Contrary People' - "People who do things the other way round")
  • Sunkcebi , šųkcébina ("Dog Penis Band"; today White Bear First Nation, some Carry the Cattle Nakoda First Nation)
  • Tanidabi , Tanį́debina , Tanin'tabin ("people of the buffalo hips", probably an allusion to the large herds of buffalo in their tribal area)
  • Tokanbi , Toką́kna , Tokaribi ("strange, strange people")
  • Tanzinapebina , Taminapebina ("Those who have sharp knives")
  • Unskaha ("Wanderer")
  • Wadopabina , Wadópana , also Canoe Assiniboine, Paddling Assiniboine (" Canadians paddlers", "Those who travel with the Canadians", referred to by the Cree as Pimiskau Wi Iniwak ("paddling Assiniboine"), used the rivers in northern North Dakota from the White Earth River (mąkáska wakpá, wį́są wakpá) in the west over the Souris River (referred to in the USA as the Mouse River ) eastward to the Pembina River and northward to Canada on both sides of the Assiniboine River (hóhe wákpa - "River of the rebels, ie the Assiniboine "); today Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes)
  • Wadopahnatonwan , Wadópaȟna Tųwa ̨, Wado Pahanda Tonwan ("Canadian Paddlers Who Live on the Plains", split off from the Wadopabina to live on the Aspen Parklands and Northern Plains between the Missouri River (miníšoše), above the Yellowstone River ( ȟeȟága wakpá, įǧų́ǧa wakpá, į́yąǧi wákpa), in northern Montana , northwards over the upper reaches of the Souris and Qu'Apelle Rivers to the Saskatchewan River and the headwaters of the Assiniboine River (hóhe wákpa) in the south and west of Saskatchewan European traders often referred to as Watopachnato - Big Devils ("Big Devils") - as they were feared as skilled traders and horse thieves as well as warriors, later also known as Gauche's Band - after the important chief Tchatka / Caht, also known as "Gauche" ka ("Left Hand", "He who holds the knife"); due to the constant marriages within the Iron Confederacy, most of the bands were of ethnically mixed origins - the Ass iniboine usually also Cree - so that the Wadopahnatonwan identified by the Americans in Fort Union on the Upper Missouri as Nakoda / Assiniboine , at the same time in Fort Edmonton, Canada (formerly 'Edmonton House') as Plains Cree and later in the USA other southern splinter groups again as Plains Ojibwe (Salteaux) / Chippewa ; today Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes and Fort Belknap Indian Community)
  • Waką́hežabina or Little Girls Band (called the Gens des Feuilles by the French , lived along the Souris River (called the Mouse River in the USA ) and in the Moose Hills in the border area of ​​Saskatchewan, Manitoba and North Dakota, later some moved south to the White River , South Dakota; now Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes)
  • Wasinazinyabi , Waci'azi hyabin ('Fat Smokers')
  • Waziyamwincasta , Wazíyam Wicasta , Waziya Winchasta , Wiyóhąbąm Nakoda ( "people from the North", once the two Battlefords (lived in the area Battleford and North Battleford ) on either side of the North Saskatchewan River in western Saskatchewan, later moved as so. Strong Wood Assiniboine and Swampy Ground Assiniboine Bands further west on the Plains to eastern Alberta along the Battle River (the contested border to the Blackfoot Confederation ) in the south, over the Vermilion River to the North Saskatchewan River , once politically part of the Parklands Cree of the upstream people of the Plains Cree - today as so-called Battleford Stoneys in Mosquito # 109 of the Mosquito, Grizzly Bear's Head, Lean Man First Nations, some of them moved to the USA from 1839 and are now part of the Fort Belknap Indian Community)
  • Wiciyabina or Wichiyabina (“Those who go to dance”, therefore often called Wįcį́jana - “Girl Band”) lived between the upper reaches of the Qu'Appelle , Souris and Assiniboine Rivers, between 1837 and 1838 about 95% of the Wiciyabina lost through a smallpox - epidemic , which broke out on the border with North Dakota / Montana in fur trading post Fort Union on the Missouri River, their lives, the survivors joined with others decimated Assiniboine bands to Hudesabina on; politically once part of the Calling River / Qu'Appelle Cree of the Downstream People of the Plains Cree - today Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes)
  • Wokpanbi , Wókpąnbi ('Meat Bag')

Demographics

By 1780 there were estimated to be between 6,000 and 10,000 assiniboins. During the smallpox epidemic from 1781 to 1782, many Plains Assiniboins lost their lives. In 1835, many Woodland Assiniboine and Stoney died from a flu epidemic . Between 1836 and 1839 around 4,000 tribesmen (between half and two thirds) died from a second smallpox epidemic. In 1851 the Assiniboine signed their first treaty with the United States and were placed on reservations. In the years 1874 to 1876 Canada , the Cree and their allies (Assiniboine, Stoney, Ojibwa) signed several of the so-called Numbered Treaties , more precisely Treaties No. 4, 5 and 6 . In 1907 there were still 1,217 Assiniboins in the United States and 873 in Canada. In 2000, according to the US Census, there were around 4,000 tribal members in the USA, and around 5,000 Assiniboins (1997 D. Parks) in Canada live in the various reservations and settlements.

language

Full Moon , an Assiniboine woman (around 1900)

Around 200 to 250 people still speak Nakoda or Assiniboine (also called Hohe , Nakota , Nakona , or A 'M̆oqazh ), most of them are over 40 years old. The majority of the Assiniboine now speak only American or Canadian English . As a result of their alliance with the Cree and a member of the Nehiyaw-Pwat, many Assiniboins also master variants of Plains and Woodland Cree as a second language . In addition, several groups of the Assiniboine later identified themselves as Cree and adopted the Cree language as their mother tongue. As the later than Calling River / Qu'Appelle Cree (Kitopwe Sipi Wi Iniwak, Kātēpwēwi-sīpīwiyiniwak) designated Cree-speaking Assiniboine groups Touchwood Hills Cree (Pasākanacīwiyiniwak, Pusakawatciwiyiniwak) and better than Cree Assiniboine / Young Dogs (Nehiyaw -Pwat, Nēhiyawi-pwātak) groups known by the Assiniboins as Sahiyaiyeskabi - 'Cree speakers'. Many ethnically mixed groups of the large Asini Wachi Wi Iniwak ('people who live along the mountains'), who originally identified themselves as Assiniboine (Ye Xa Yabine or Hebina Assiniboine - 'mountain people'), now mostly speak Woodland Cree and refer to themselves as Cree .

Current situation

Today the Assiniboine live in two reservations in the USA , which they share with members of the formerly hostile Gros Ventre and Sioux , and in Canada in various reservations, whereby there are currently only two Assiniboine First Nations in Saskatchewan and five other First Nations in Saskatchewan large Assiniboine population, who share reserves together with Cree , Saulteaux and some Dakota ; There are no reserves with Assiniboine in their former home in Manitoba. The former Assiniboine bands known today as Stoney live in five larger reservations in southwest Alberta and the Aseniwuche Winewak Nation , also living in Alberta, are currently not recognized as a First Nation by the Canadian government.

United States - Montana :

  • Fort Peck Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes (or Húdam Wicasta , self-designation of all Assiniboine and Sioux of the Fort Peck Reservation and the Assiniboine bands of Hudesabina , Wadopabina , Wadopahnatonwan , Sahiyaiyeskabi , Inyantonwanbina and Fat Horse band and some Minisose Swnkeebi and Wiciyabina - often called " Southern Assiniboine "means - mostly live around the largest place of reservation, Wolf Point ( šųktógeja IPA, šųktógeja o'ípa, šųktógeja Bahá ), plus some along with the part of the Assiniboine as įhąktuwąna (" Sioux from Fort Peck ") designated Sioux bands Sisseton , Wahpeton , Yanktonai and Hunkpapa in the Poplar administrative center ( Cąšúška wakpá, Waȟnéca wakpá ) in the Fort Peck Indian Reservation (8,518 km²) in northeast Montana north of the Missouri River, 11,786 tribe members, about half of them outside the reservation)
  • Fort Belknap Indian Community (the Assiniboine Bands of the Hebina (Ye Xa Yabine) , Hen atonwaabina , Wadopahnatonwan and Waziyamwincasta - often also referred to as "Northern Assiniboine" - live mostly in the north of the reservation, characterized by treeless plains and alluvial soil - about half of the Population lives here near or in the administrative headquarters of Fort Belknap Agency or in the city of Harlem (which is outside the reservation), other smaller bands settled along small rivers - for example the Cába wakpa wįcašta (Cába wakpà wįcàštA) ("People on Beaver Creek") at Beaver Creek and the Miníkada wįcàšta ("People at Big Warm Creek") at Big Warm Creek, along the Milk River ( Asą́bi wakpá, Wakpá jukʾána ) in the north of the reserve settled as Wakpá wįcášta (Wakpá wįcáštA) ("People along the River, ie the Milk River ") well-known band, the Gros Ventre, however, mostly settle in the southern part of the reservation with hilly grassland, river valleys and the Little Rocky Mountains - about a Dr heel of the population lives around the communities of Hays and Lodge Pole, approx. 5,426 tribe members - 505 of them outside the reservation - live in the Fort Belknap reservation (2,626 km²) in northern Montana west of the Fort Peck reservation.)

Canada - Saskatchewan :

  • Carry the Cattle Nakoda First Nation (the reserve of the same name Carry the Kettle Nakoda First Nation # 76, including neighboring reserves Assiniboine # 76, Carry the Kettle # 76-18,19,22, Treaty Four Reserve Grounds # 77, covers approximately 86,491 acres - 350 km², located in the southeast of Saskatchewan, 80 km east of Regina and 18 km south of Sintaluta, of approx. 2,730 registered Assiniboins live in the reserve, the rest are outside)
  • Mosquito, Grizzly Bear's Head, Lean Man First Nations (also called Battleford Stoneys ) (an amalgamation of three once independent Assiniboine-Cree bands - the Mosquito Band # 109, the Lean Man Band # 111 and the Grizzly Bear's Head Band # 110 the region between the Cypress Hills, the Eagle Hills and around the two Battlefords; Chief Misketo (Mosquito) (also known by his Cree name Sakimayopwat or Sukeman ), successor to Chief Little Chief , signed the appendix for Mosquito Band # 109 to contract no. 6 on August 29, 1878, Chief Teepee Hoska (Long Lodge) signed contract no. 4 for the Grizzly Bear's Head Band # 110 in the Cypress Hills in 1877, after the death of Teepee Hoska in 1882 the band moved into the Battleford region, Chief Wich-A-Wost-Taka (Lean Man / Poor Man) also signed contract no. 4 and from 1882 settled south of Battleford without reservation land, all three bands took part in the Northwest Rebellion of 1885 , erli This and disease kill heavy losses; In 1931 the last surviving member of the Lean Man Band joined the Mosquito and Grizzly Bear's Head Bands, in 1951 the Mosquito and Grizzly Bear's Head Bands also merged, since then there has only been one band, but the origin of three bans in the name is still preserved, Reservations: Mosquito # 109 (about 17 miles south of North Battleford), Cold Eagle, Grizzly Bear's Head # 110 & Lean Man # 111, Mosquito Grizzly Bear's Head Lean Man Tle # 1 (about 15 miles south of North Battleford); Headquarters and administration are 27 km south of the city of Battleford, approx. 173 km², population: 1,329, of which 705 live on the reservation)
  • White Bear First Nation (Reserves: White Bear # 70 and Treaty Four Reserve Grounds # 77, located 8 miles north of Carlyle, the First Nation benefits from 172 km² of gas and oil recently discovered on their land, now First Nation Nation consists of descendants of the historical White Bear Band of the Cree-Anishinabe (Salteaux) as well as the Prison Drum Band and Striped Blanket Band of the Assiniboine and some Dakota; population: 2,586, of which 1,692 tribal members the majority outside the reservations)
  • Ocean Man First Nation (reservations: Ocean Man # 69, 69A-I, Treaty Four Reserve Grounds # 77, administrative seat is 19 km north of Stoughton, approx. 41 km², the First Nation consists of Assiniboine, Cree and Saulteaux; population: 507 , of which only 105 live in the reserve)
  • Pheasant Rump Nakota Nation (reservation: Treaty Four Reserve Grounds # 77, administrative seat of Kisby, the First Nation consists of Assiniboine, Salteaux and Cree, population: 407, of which only 146 are in the reservation)
  • Piapot First Nation (named after the chief of the Cree Assiniboine (Young Dogs) Piapot (Payipwât or Payepot) , administrative headquarters: Zehner, Saskatchewan, northeast of Regina , reservations: Haylands # 75A, Last Mountain Lake # 80A (shared with other First Nations : the Day Star, George Gordon, Kawacatoose, Muscowpetung, Muskowekwan, Pasqua First Nation # 79), Piapot # 75, 75E, Piapot Cree First Nation # 75F, 75G, 75 H, 75I, 75J, 75K, 75T, Piapot Urban Reserve (in tens), Treaty Four Reserve Grounds # 77 (share a total of 33 First Nations), population: 2,306, of which 1,633 tribal members live the majority outside the reservations)
  • Little Black Bear's First Nation (also: Little Black Bear's Band , named after Kees kee tew mus-coo muskwa (Little Black Bear) , chief of an Assiniboine and Cree-Assiniboine (Young Dogs) band from the Cypress Hills, signed on September 15th Contract No. 4 in 1874 and moved with his band to the reservation in the File Hills in 1880, the administrative seat is in Goodeve, Saskatchewan, reservations: Little Black Bear # 84, 84SC, Treaty 4 Reserve Grounds # 77, approx. 80 km², the First Nation consisting of Assiniboine, Cree-Assiniboine (Young Dogs), Salteaux, Calling River Cree and some Dakota Sioux is located approx. 23 northeast of Balcarres and approx. 19 km east of Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan, population: 452)

Canada - Alberta :

  • Aseniwuche Winewak Nation (Rocky Mountain People) (English pronunciation: 'As-sun-nee-wuh-chee Wee-nee-wuk', also Asini Wachi Wi Iniwak , Asinīskāwiyiniwak - "mountain people", "people that along the Rocky Mountains is alive ”, the group also known as Rocky Cree / Mountain Cree are descendants of Woodland Cree who moved westward, as well as integrated and linguistically and culturally assimilated Iroquois traders, Daneẕaa, Sekani, the Ye Xa Ya Bine / Hebina Band of Assiniboine, Saulteaux, Secwepemc and Métis, who lived in the southern foothills of Jasper (Jasper's House) and Edmonton south to Wyoming and from the Red River of the North to Oregon, had to leave their area in 1907 because of the establishment of the Jasper National Park , and in 2001 six indigenous communities joined forces around Grande Cache , Alberta to the Aseniwuche Winewak Nation, approx. 400 tribe members, today the culture and language of the Woodland Cree dominates )

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The Assiniboine People of Northeast Montana ( Memento of May 17, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  2. ^ A b History of the Assiniboine
  3. ↑ Today they often call themselves (increasingly under Sioux influence) Nakoda or Nakota
  4. ↑ Assiniboine ( English, French ) In: The Canadian Encyclopedia . Retrieved November 11, 2015.
  5. ↑ Joachim Fromhold: The Western Cree (Pakisimotan Wi Iniwak)
  6. ^ William C. Sturtevant: Handbook of North American Indians Plains, 2 Parts: 13th Bernan Association, 2001, ISBN 978-0-16-050400-6 .
  7. ^ Convergence: Fort Peck Assiniboine and Sioux Arrive in the Fort Peck Region, 1800–1871 ( Memento of May 21, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  8. ↑ James L. Long: Land of Nakoda: The Story of the Assiniboine Indians. Riverbend Pub (March 2004), ISBN 978-1-931832-35-9 .
  9. ↑ Critiquing Anthropological Knowledge in the Montana Writers' Project  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.muse.uq.edu.au  
  10. ↑ David Miller, Dennis Smith, Joseph R. McGeshick: The History of the Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation, Montana, 1800-2000. Montana Historical Society, 2008, ISBN 978-0-9759196-5-1 .
  11. ^ W. Hildebrandt: Views from Fort Battleford: Constructed visions of an Anglo-Canadian west , Regina: Canadian Plains Research Center 1994, p. 8.
  12. ↑ The two groups are often confused, as the Assiniboine in Canada are usually referred to as Stoney .
  13. ↑ Arthur J. Ray: Indians in the Fur Trade: Their Roles as Trappers, Hunters, and Middlemen in the Lands Southwest of Hudson Bay, 1660-1870. University of Toronto Press, 1998, ISBN 978-0-8020-7980-0 .
  14. ↑ Henday
  15. ↑ Loretta Fowler: The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Great Plains. Columbia University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-231-11700-5 .
  16. ↑ Bruce Vandervort: Indian Wars of Canada, Mexico, and the United States 1812-1900. Taylor & Francis, 2005, ISBN 978-0-415-22472-7 .
  17. ↑ Joachim Fromhold: The Western Cree (Pakisimotan Wi Iniwak) - Ethnography, Publisher: lulu.com, 2010, ISBN 978-0-557-49765-2
  18. ^ Assiniboine Polity - Traditional Assiniboine Government
  19. ↑ AISRI Dictionary Database Search - Assiniboine Dictionary
  20. ↑ Saskatchewan Indian Culture Center - Origin & Structure of the Hohe ( Memento from January 27, 2017 in the Internet Archive )
  21. ↑ Joachim Fromhold: The Western Cree (Pakisimotan Wi Iniwak) - The Canoe Cree 1650-1770 , Publisher: lulu.com, 2010, ISBN 978-0-557-56744-7
  22. ↑ Fort Edmonton was referred to by the Beaver Hills Cree as Amiskwāciwakahikan - "Beaver Hills House" and by the Assiniboine / Stoney as Ti oda - "Big House"
  23. ↑ the designations as Mountain Stoney , Strong Wood Assiniboine and Thickwood Assiniboine reflect - just like with the Wood Stoney - the different landscapes of their tribal area - the Rocky Mountains (Mountain), the dense forests on the mountain slopes (Thickwood), the transition zone between the mountain forests in the lighter river valleys (Strong Wood) and on the plains in the east the Plains Assiniboine; these groups differed greatly in their behavior towards outsiders (such as traders or trappers), especially the Thickwood Assiniboine almost never left the forests, the Mountain Stoney also lived in isolation, while the Strong Wood and the Plains Assiniboine roamed widely
  24. ↑ Assiniboine Painted Lodge ( Memento from December 5, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  25. ↑ POLITICAL STRUCTURE AND STATUS AMONG THE ASSINIBOINE INDIANS
  26. ↑ Alexis Nakota Sioux ( Memento of October 22, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 5.6 MB)
  27. ^ The University of British Columbia - Nakona wasnonya yuhabi / Assiniboine knowledge keepers: Indigenous archiving from the 19th into the 21st centuries
  28. ↑ the name comes from the 19th century and refers to the phenomenon that the Indian tribes cannot understand or explain, that apparently prevented the dreaded US army from crossing the border into Canada
  29. ↑ Montana Tribes Digital Archive Project - EU1: Tribal Diversity - Assiniboine Bands ( Memento from January 10, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  30. ↑ since they moved farthest west and south onto the Plains and had adapted to life on the Northern Plains among all Plains Cree Bands, they were also referred to by the Cree as Paskwa Wi Iniwak ("People on the Plains")
  31. ↑ Piapot (Payipwat) was a typical member of the Cree-Assiniboine Band , as his mother was an Assiniboine and his father was a Plains Cree
  32. ↑ A final refuge for bison herds, as this area was a contested border area between Assiniboine, Siksika, Kainai, Cree, Lakota and Crow, and no tribe had previously hunted here intensively, as this could provoke a confrontation with an enemy tribe
  33. ↑ Frederick Webb Hodge: Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico V. 2/4 , Publisher: Digital Scanning Inc, 2003, ISBN 978-1-58218-749-5 .
  34. ^ Jon Axline: Montana's Historical Highway Markers , Publisher: Montana Historical Society, 2008, ISBN 978-0-9759196-4-4 .
  35. ↑ James L. Long, William Standing: Land of Nakoda: The Story of the Assiniboine Indians , Riverbend Publishing 2004, ISBN 978-1-931832-35-9
  36. ↑ Census 2000 - American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States (PDF; 145 kB)
  37. ^ Ethnologue: Languages ​​of the World - Assiniboine
  38. ^ Nakoda (Assiniboine) language
  39. ↑ ASSINIBOINE (NAKODA) Presentation of the history and situation in the USA
  40. ↑ History of the Fort Peck Reservation ( Memento from October 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  41. ↑ Fort Peck Tribes
  42. ^ The Fort Belknap Reservation - Home to the Gros Ventre and Assiniboine
  43. ↑ Fort Belknap Indian Community ( Memento from October 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  44. ^ Carry the Cattle First Nation ( Memento from January 23, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  45. ↑ Not to be confused with the former Cree chief named Sakimay ( Sah-ka-ma or Sah-kee-may ) of today's Sakimay First Nation
  46. ↑ Not to be confused with the leading chief of the Touchwood Hills Cree (Pasākanacīwiyiniwak) of the downstream people of the Plains Cree, called Kawacatoose (Poor Man / Lean Man)
  47. ^ Moose Mountain Agency
  48. ^ White Bear First Nation
  49. ^ Ocean Man First Nation ( April 25, 2012 memento in the Internet Archive )
  50. ↑ Pheasant Rump Nakota Nation ( Memento July 17, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  51. ↑ Piapot First Nation ( Memento of 20 February 2015, Internet Archive )
  52. ↑ Little Black Bear's First Nation ( Memento from December 17, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  53. ↑ Aseniwuche Winewak Nation (Rocky Mountain People)

literature

  • David Miller, Dennis Smith, James Shanley, Joseph R. McGeshick, Caleb Shields: The History of the Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation, Montana, 1800-2000 . Montana Historical Society Press, Helena MT 2008, ISBN 978-0-9759196-5-1 .
  • Raymond J. DeMallie (Ed.): Handbook of North American Indians . Volume 13: Plains. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC 2001, ISBN 0-16-050400-7 .
  • Alvin M. Josephy Jr.: 500 Nations. Frederking & Thaler GmbH, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-89405-356-9 .
  • Alvin M. Josephy Jr.: The world of the Indians. Frederking & Thaler GmbH, Munich 1994, ISBN 3-89405-331-3 .
  • Joachim Fromhold: The Western Cree (Pakisimotan Wi Iniwak) , ISBN 978-0-557-49765-2

Web links

Commons : Assiniboine  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Assiniboine  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations