Odawa

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Residential area of ​​the Odawa
Distribution of the Anishinaabe (g) tribal group around 1800

The Odawa , even Odaawaa in the English language usually Ottawa called, are a Native American tribe of the Algonquian - language family from the region of the Great Lakes on the border between the United States and Canada .

Culturally and historically, the Odawa (Ottawa) belong to the tribal group of the Anishinaabe (g) ("First People", "Original People", or "Beings Created from Nothing"), who spoke different variants and dialects of the Anishinaabemowin - who also spoke the Anishinabe (Ojibwe or Chippewa) , Saulteaux (Salteaux) , Mississauga , Potawatomi (Pottawatomie) , Algonkin (Algonquin) , Nipissing and Oji-Cree (Severn Ojibwa) .

Today there are twenty First Nations in Canada and six federally recognized tribes in the United States and five state recognized tribes of the Odawa or with a large Odawa population; the Odawa now number around 15,000 tribesmen.

Surname

The Odaawaa called and still call themselves Nishnaabe (plural: Nishnaabeg ) a word equation of Anishinaabe (g) and Neshnabé (k) , the self-designation of Anishinabe (Ojibwe or Chippewa) and Potawatomi .

The Odaawaa belonged to the Council of Three Fires (" Council of Three Fires ", in Anishinaabemowin: Niswi-mishkodewin ), a loose, powerful alliance with the neighboring Anishinabe (Ojibwe and Chippewa) and Potawatomi (in Odawa ( Nishnaabemwin, Daawaamwin ): Boodwadmii (g) - "keeper of the hearth fire", which refers to the council fire of the Council of Three Fires).

The name Odaawaa (with syncope : Daawaa ) derives from the name Adawe ("trader") in Anicinabe , the language of the neighboring Algonquin , or from Ahdawaywinineeg or Wadaawewinini (wag) ("those who trade, buy and sell") from the Anishinaabemowin , the language of the allied Anishinabe (Ojibwe / Chippewa) . The Potawatomi referred to them as Odawa ("merchant"), from which the English name Ottawa is derived.

The Nishnaabeg took over the name and called and call themselves since then mostly Odawa (in Canada) or Ottawa (in the USA) to outsiders .

language

Ed Pigeon with son, culture coordinator and language teacher of the Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish Band of Potawatomi Indians of Michigan

The language of the Odaawaa (also Nishnaabemwin , sometimes also Daawaamwin - "Odawa language") is closely related to the language of the Ojibwe (Anishinaabemowin), Cree – Montagnais – Naskapi, Menominee (Omāēqnomenew), Miami-Illinois (Myaamia), Mesquakie- Sauk-Kickapoo (Meshkwahkihaki), whereby it is closest to the Ojibwe - and is considered a dialect of this language. It not only has parallels in sound and structure with the Eastern Ojibwe and Potawatomi (also Neshnabémwen , sometimes Bodéwadmimwen, Bodéwadmi Zheshmowen ), but, like the related Potawatomi, is characterized by its frequent syncopation.

Of the approximately 5,000 ethnic Odaawaa and the additional 10,000 tribesmen with Odaawaa descent, estimates suggest that only around 500 in Ontario and Michigan speak Nishnaabemwin or Daawaamwin today . While the Odawa language is in danger of becoming extinct in the US, most active speakers are in Canada.

Settlement area

When the Europeans arrived, the Odaawaa (Odawa) numbered around 8,000 tribesmen and, depending on the source, were divided into five or six larger bands ( English " tribal groups "): the Ouachaskesouek , Nigouaouichirinik , Outaouasinagouek , Kichkagoneiak , Ontaanak and Outaouakmigouek . First Samuel de Champlain reported in 1615 of a meeting with the Outaouais (French name of the Odaawaa) at the mouth of the French River .

The first French reports do not refer to the Odaawaa as a tribal group, but rather list and organize the many bands or groupings of bands that lived around Georgian Bay . In the east, several Odaawaa bands often wintered in the Wendat and Tionontati villages .

They inhabited the Bruce Peninsula , the Manitoulin Island ( Odwa-minis - "the island of the Odaawaa" called), the Mackinac Island and the Cockburn Island in Lake Huron as well as its shore and the east shore of Georgian Bay , traded along the Mackinac Strait ( Straits of Mackinac ) between Lake Huron and Lake Michigan ( Lake Michigan ) and also had settlements on the southern shore of Lake Superior ( Lake Superior ).

At the time of the fur trade, the French River, together with the Ottawa River and the Mattawa River, formed a section of the "water highway" between Montreal and the Lake Superior for the trading companies of the allied Odaawaa, Potawatomi and Anishinabe (Ojibwe / Chippewa).

Around the middle of the 17th century, the pressure from the better-armed Iroquois in the so-called Beaver Wars became so strong that the Odaawaa began to evacuate the area and to Green Bay (1651) and later (1657) to the southern shore of the Upper Lake to move - other groups moved to areas north of Lake Huron and Lake Superior, where several large Anishinabe (Ojibwe / Chippewa) forces settled, each comprising several thousand warriors, and later crucial in the expulsion of the Iroquois from southern Ontario and from the West of the Great Lakes were. For the next 150 years, however, the islands in the Huron Sea and large areas of the former Odaawaa territory were to be largely uninhabited.

The Odaawaa had to flee and wander again and again for years because of the more and more extensive raids by the Iroquois - like other tribes in the region - before they settled under the Potawatomi and Anishinabe (Ojibwe / Chippewa) on the Upper ( Upper ) in the 18th century. and the Lower peninsula ( Lower peninsula ) of Michigan settled. Many Odaawaa bands were assimilated by the more numerous neighboring Anishinabe and Potawatomi during this period.

After their armament with guns by the French allied Odaawaa could Anishinabe and Potawatomi along with other Algonquian groups - especially the Miami and Illini -Konföderationen - push back the Iroquois and some groups returned to their old neighborhoods in Mackinac Iceland and on Manitoulin Iceland back where they still live today. Other groups live in Oklahoma , Michigan and some smaller Indian reserves in Canada.

Way of life and culture

The Odaawaa did little agriculture; they lived mainly as hunters and traders; the neighboring peoples called them traders , since they were known as middlemen and sellers among the tribes even before the first contact with Europeans and in the first phase of this contact. They mainly traded / sold corn flour , sunflower oil , furs , tanned animal skins , carpets , mats , tobacco , medicinal roots and medicinal plants .

The Odaawaa took over the fur trade a leading role after having Dutch armed guns Iroquois League with about 1,000 soldiers during the Beaver Wars in Wendake (Huronia) invaded and systematically devastated by this. The allied Wendat - Tionontati (Tionnontatehronnon) (Huron-Petun) could not resist the better armed Iroquois for long, their confederations were defeated in 1650 and the desperate survivors fled to various peoples of the Anishinaabe (g) as well as to the Erie and neutrals - however, the Iroquois also destroyed the Neutral (1653) and Erie (1654–1680), which were almost completely wiped out and lost their identity as independent nations.

So successful were the Odaawaa and known as skilled traders that many European chroniclers indiscriminately referred to any Algonquin-speaking people in the Great Lakes who were involved in the fur trade as Ottawa . This is misleading - often these were Anishinabe (Ojibwe / Chippewa), Potawatomi or other peoples west of the lakes and the Mississippi .

Because of the extensive trade network that the Odaawaa maintained, many peoples in western North America came to be known by their Odaawaa designation rather than their self-designation. So z. B. the exonyms for the Sioux-speaking peoples of the Winnebago (from Wiinibiigoo - "people of stinking water", for the Ho-Chunk ) and the Sioux (from Naadawensiw or Nadouessioux - "small snakes, ie lesser enemies", derogatory term for the Dakota , Nakota and Lakota ).

The Odaawaa were, according to the French explorer and colonizer Samuel de Champlain , a warlike people. They had little to no clothes, were tattooed , wearing piercings and face painting and used in the war arrow and bow , ball head clubs and shields .

Like the Anishinabe (Ojibwe / Chippewa) - with whom the Odaawaa usually share a common history, which is why the two peoples are often indistinguishable from each other in the sources - the Odaawaa lived as hunters and gatherers and had not developed a real identity as a ethnic unit because for they formed the band the most important socio-political. In times of war, however, neighboring Odaawaa bands banded together to stand together against the enemy.

Today many Odaawaa live with Anishinabe (Ojibwe / Chippewa) and Potawatomi in Canada and the USA. The Odawa, as they are less numerous, often lost their identity as an independent people. In Canada today the Odaawaa make up the majority of the tribesmen only within the Wikwemikong First Nation .

Council of Three Fires

Odawa warrior with rifle club

Once the various Anishinaabemowin-speaking Anishinaabe (g) were a people or an amalgamation of closely related bands from Northeast North America, the Anishinaabe (g) split into a northern group ( Algonquin (Algonquin) , Nipissing , Mississaugas and Oji-Cree (Severn Ojibwa) ) and into a southern group - with the southern group ( Anishinabe (Ojibwe or Chippewa) , Odawa (Ottawa) and Potawatomi ) maintaining a close political-military unit and forming the core of the alliance of the Council of Three Fires .

The individual members of the alliance developed Michilimackinac (abbreviated from Mi-shi-ne-macki-nong - "place where the Mi-shi-ne-macki naw-go live") on their wanderings from the Atlantic coast to the west at the latest each achieved independent identities as Anishinabe, Odawa and Potawatomi.

Within the alliance, the Anishinabe (Ojibwe or Chippewa) were considered to be the "Oldest Brother" and the "Keeper of the Faith", the Odawa (Ottawa) as the "Middle Brothers "('Middle Brother') as well as" Guardians of the Trade "('Keepers of the Trade') and the Potawatomi as" Youngest Brothers "('Youngest Brother') as well as" Keepers of the hearth "('Keepers / Maintainers of / for the Fire '). Hence, when the three Anishinaabe nations are mentioned one after the other in this particular series, it is always an indication that it is mostly referring to the Council of Three Fires as a whole.

Although the Alliance had several meeting places, Michilimackinac became the preferred place for the council of the allied tribes because of its central location. Here they met to discuss war, peace and politics as well as trade and diplomacy; In addition, from there they maintained contact with the relatives - and often allies - Ozaagii ( Sauk ), Odagaamii ( Fox ), Omanoominii ( Menominee ), Wiinibiigoo ( Ho-Chunk ) and the Iroquois-speaking Nii'inaawi-Naadawe (also: Nii 'inaa-Naadowe - the "Naadawe / Nadowe (Iroquois) within our tribal area", i.e. the Wyandot , as they often settled under them) and the Wemitigoozhi ( New France ). The enemies of the Council of Three Fires therefore included first the Zhaaganaashi ( British Empire ) and their allies the Naadawe ( Iroquois League ) and the Naadawensiw or Natowessiw ( Sioux ) and later the Gichi-mookomaan ( United States ).

Most of the time, however, the allied tribes were able to maintain peace with the neighboring peoples through trade and diplomacy, but during the so-called Beaver Wars (including French and Iroquois Wars , from 1640 to 1701) and due to the growing settlement pressure, the settlers advancing to the west became violent and particularly gruesome armed conflicts with the Iroquois League and the Sioux . During the French and Indian War (also: Great War for the Empire or Guerre de la Conquête , from 1754 to 1763) the Alliance fought together with the Wabanaki Confederation , the Shawnee , Algonquin , Lenni Lenape and the Seven Nations of Canada ( Tsiata Nihononwentsiake - "Seven Fires Alliance", also The Great Fire of Caughnawaga ) ( Wyandot , Mohawk from Akwesasne, from Kahnawake and from Kanesetake (including Algonkin and Nipissing ), Abenaki from Odanak and from Becancour (now Wôlinak) and Onondaga from Oswegatchie) Against england; during the Northwest Indian War (also Little Turtle's War , from 1785 to 1795) for the Northwest Territory and in the British-American War (mostly War of 1812 ) they then fought against the United States.

After the founding of the United States of America in 1776, the Council of Three Fires formed the centerpiece of the newly formed pan-Indian Western Confederacy (also known as the Western Indian Confederacy ), made up of members of the Iroquois League, the Seven Nations of Canada, the Wabash Confederacy (Wea, Piankashaw, as well as Kickapoo and Mascouten ), the Illinois Confederation as well as the Miami , Mississaugas , Wyandot, Menominee, Shawnee, Lenni Lenape, Chickamauga Cherokee (Lower Cherokee) and Upper Muskogee . The Algonquin, Nipissing, Sauk, Fox (Meskwaki) and other tribes also took part in these battles.

The Council of Three Fires was one of the most important and powerful tribal confederations, also known as the People of the Three Fires ; Three Fires Confederacy or known as the United Nations of Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi Indians .

In the east, the alliance was often allied with the related Mississaugas ( abbreviated from Missisakis - "many estuaries") as well as the various tribal confederations of the Algonquin - in particular the Wabanaki confederation and the eastern Cree groups.

As the Saulteaux moved further west and southwest into the Prairie Provinces of Canada and the Northern Plains of the United States, they adopted the Plains culture, hunted bison, and became known as the Plains Ojibwe . There they joined the powerful Cree Confederation (also Iron Confederacy or in Cree : Nehiyaw-Pwat - "Cree-Assiniboine"), which now consists of the Plains and Woodland Cree , Plains and Woodland Assiniboine , Stoney , Saulteaux (Plains Ojibwe) as well as Métis related by marriage existed.

history

The Odawa came to the Great Lakes from the Atlantic coast along with the Anishinabe and the Potawatomi in the 14th century . At that time the three tribes still formed a unit. While the Anishinabe and the Potawatomi moved further to the northwest, the Odawa settled at the mouth of the French River and on the offshore islands. However, the three tribes never lost touch with each other and formed a powerful alliance called the 'Council of Three Fires'. The Odawa, already active as traders before the arrival of the Europeans, established themselves as intermediaries in the fur trade between the French traders and the other tribes around the Great Lakes after the French arrived in Canada . With their birch bark canoes, they transported the skins to the villages of the Wyandot , where they were received by the French. Conversely, they transported the French merchandise to the more distant tribes. This worked so well that the French saw no reason to travel further than the Hurons.

The year 1630 brought with the attack of the Iroquois on the Montagnais and the Algonquin the beginning of the Beaver Wars for control of the fur trade, which lasted until 1701. In order to open up further hunting grounds in what is now Wisconsin and Michigan , the Odawa moved westwards towards Mackinac and, together with the Ojibwa, pushed the Assegun tribe living there southwards. Following the defeat of the Hurons, the Iroquois campaigns against the survivors, who had fled to Mackinac, caused the Odawa to move on to Green Bay, where they ousted the Winnebago . The Iroquois control of the Ottawa River had made the fur trade very dangerous. Together with the Ojibwa and the newly formed Wyandot tribe, the Odawa formed large, well-armed canoe flotillas that fought their way to Montreal . Around 1700 the Allied tribes had repulsed the Iroquois and were able to return to their former residential areas. The Odawa remained allies of the French throughout and were involved in all wars between the French and the English. For a short time, the Odawa chief, Pontiac, forged a great tribal alliance around the Great Lakes and inflicted some serious defeats on the English. The defeat of the French against the English also meant the decline of the Odawa, since their monopoly in the intermediate trade no longer existed.

After the US victory in the War of Independence, the pressure of the white settlers on the Indian tribes of the Great Lakes began to increase. In 1843 the Odawa, who had remained in Wisconsin and Michigan, were forced to move to southwest Iowa , in 1846 to Kansas, and finally to Oklahoma . The Odawa on the Canadian side took up reservations, partly in their original residential areas, for example on the Walepole Island and on the Manitoulin Island.

Current situation of the Odawa

First Nations and Odawa tribes

Flag of the Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma
Coat of arms of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians

United States - Michigan

  • Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians (formerly: Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 2 , consists of descendants of the former Indian alliance Council of Three Fires - the Odaawaa / Odawa (Ottawa), Anishinabe (Ojibwe / Chippewa) and Potawatomi (Boodewaadami / Bodéwadmi / Bodowadomi), the reservation as well as additional land parcels that were handed over to the tribe for administration cover approx. 4.5 km² in Michigan, population: 3,985 tribal members, of which approx. 1,610 live on tribal land)
  • Little River Band of Ottawa Indians (formerly: Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 7 , the Little River Ottawa are descendants of nine bands of the so-called Grand River Ottawa Bands , which lived in settlements along the Manistee River , Pere Marquette River and the Grand River - River system in Michigan, the Grand River was called O-wash-ta-nong ("water far away")by the Indians because of its length, only the Little River Band was recognized by the USA as a tribe at the federal level in 1994 ( status as a federally recognized Indian tribe ), the remaining groups of the former Grand River Ottawa Bands have tried in vain to be officially recognized as tribes at the federal level, administrative headquarters: Manistee, Michigan)
  • Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians (formerly: Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 1 , descendants of the Ottawa of L'abre Croche , who signed the Treaty of Detroit and the Treaty of Washington (1836) , in which they assigned large parts of their tribal territory ceded the US, Headquarters: Harbor Springs, Michigan, Population: 4000+)

United States - Oklahoma

  • Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma (the main and administrative headquarters are in Miami, Oklahoma and the reservation is in Ottawa County, Oklahoma, the tribal membership is based on linear direct descendants and thus not on the so-called blood quantum , i.e. a certain number of blood percentage - or blood purity who have favourited Oklahoma Ottawas are descendants of to Michigan, USA, fleeing Odawa bands from Manitoulin Island and the Bruce Peninsula, Ontario, Canada, and first settled in Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit and on the Maumee River in Ohio because of the Indian Removal Act of In 1830 , in 1833 the Ottawa of Blanchard's Fork, Roche de Bœuf and Auglaize Reservations sold their land in Michigan, Ohio and Illinois in exchange for land first in Iowa, then Kansas, in April 1837 600 Ottawa left for Kansas, of which about 300 however, died, in 1867 they sold all of their land (300 km²) in Kansas and bought 60 km² of land in what was then the Indian Territory from the Eastern Shawnee , on the resettlement ng several more died, so that only about 200 Ottawa arrived in their new home, under the Dawes Act of 1887 the reservation area was massively reduced, in 1891, however, 157 Ottawa were allocated small parcels of land - the US government sold the rest of the tribal areas, In 1936 they were officially recognized as a federally recognized tribe , but during the termination policy the tribe was dissolved and lost control of the reservation, on May 15, 1978 they were officially recognized as a tribe again, population: 2,500, but living only 737 in Oklahoma)

Canada - Ontario

United Chiefs and Councils of Manitoulin (also: United Chiefs and Councils of Mnidoo Mnising)

  • M'Chigeeng First Nation (formerly: West Bay First Nation , a First Nation of the Odawa and Anishinabe (Ojibwe / Chippewa) is located about 21 km southwest of Little Current on Manitoulin Island in the Manitoulin District , Ontario, administrative seat: M'Chigeeng (formerly : West Bay), Ontario, reservation: M'Chigeeng # 22 , approx. 30.95 km², population: 2,496)
  • Sheshegwaning First Nation (the First Nation is located in the Manitoulin District northwest of the Zhiibaahaasing First Nation on the western part of Manitoulin Island, administrative seat: Silverwater, Ontario, population: 384 - of which in the 97 reservation)
  • Zhiibaahaasing First Nation (formerly: Cockburn Island First Nation , the First Nation from Odawa (Ottawa) and some Anishinabe (Ojibwe / Chippewa) is located in the Manitoulin District and has two reserves - the first Zhiibaahaasing 19A on the western part of Manitoulin Island, the second Zhiibaahaasing 19 (formerly: "Cockburn Island 19 Indian Reserve") on Cockburn Island, but only reservation # 19A on Manitoulin Island is inhabited, administrative seat: Silverwater (on Cockburn Island), Ontario, population: 162 - 66 of them in the reservation)

Southern First Nations Secretariat

  • Walpole Island First Nation (also Bkejwanong First Nation , which consists of members of the Potawatomi, Anishinabe (Ojibwe / Chippewa) and Ottawa, called the area Bkejwanong - 'where the waters divide', the administrative seat is on the island of Walpole Island # 46 at the Mouth of the St. Clair River into Lake St. Clair , approx. 50 km northeast of Detroit , Michigan and Windsor , Ontario, additional reserve includes the islands of Squirrel, St. Anne, Seaway, Bassett and Potawatomi, reservation: Walpole Island # 46 (between the USA and Canada), approx. 160 km², population: 4,527)

Independent First Nation

  • Wikwemikong First Nation ("Bay of Beavers", also: Wikwemikong Unceded Indian Reserve , the First Nation - consisting of descendants of the Odawa, Potawatomi and Anishinabe (Ojibwe / Chippewa), is the most populous First Nation on Manitoulin Island, the main reserve is Wikwemikong Unceded IR lies on a peninsula at the eastern end of the island of Manitoulin and on the coast of Georgian Bay, the smaller reserve Point Grondine is on the opposite bank of Georgian Bay near Killarney in the Sudbury District on the mainland of Ontario, the Odawa have been alive since the mid-1600s the island, three Potawatomi families settled since 1832 and from 1850 fleeing Anishinabe joined them, in the following years the tribes on Manitoulin Island had to cede most of the land to Canada in several treaties and were settled in reservations - today's Saugeen, Sheguiandah, Sheshegwaning, Zhiibaahaasing and Aundeck-Omni-Kaning First Nations ; - 1968 wu rde recognized the First Nation and today's reservation, it consists of three previously independent bands - Manitoulin Island Indian Reserve, Point Grondine, South Bay - which had never ceded land (hence: Wikwemikong Unceded Indian Reserve ), administrative headquarters: Wikwemikong, Ontario, reservations : Wikwemikong Unceded IR, Point Grondine, 412.97 km², population (2009): 7,278, of which approx. 3,030 live in the reserve)

First Nations and tribes with large Odawa populations

Canada - Ontario

Southern First Nations Secretariat

  • Aamjiwnaang First Nation ( abbreviated from Aamijiwanaang - "at the spawning stream", also: Chippewas of Sarnia First Nation , is a First Nation of Anishinabe (Ojibwe / Chippewa) and Odawa, which runs along the St. Clair River directly south of the administrative seat of Sarnia in the southwest of Ontario, Canada, opposite Port Huron , Michigan, the border with the United States, population: approx. 850)
  • Chippewas of Kettle and Stony Point First Nation (the First Nation consists largely of descendants of the Potawatomi and Anishinabe (Ojibwe / Chippewa) as well as some Odawa (Ottawa), administrative seat in the reserve Kettle Point # 44, 35 km northeast of Sarnia on the southeastern shore of the lake Huron , approx. 10 km² in Lambton County , Ontario, population: 2,364)
  • Chippewas of the Thames First Nation (refer to themselves as Anishinabek , the reservation of the First Nation, which consists of Anishinabe (Ojibwe / Chippewa), Odawa (Ottawa) and Bodaywadami (Potawatomi), lies on the north bank of the Thames River , which is from the Odawa As Askunessippi - "the antlered river" (by the Anishinabe Eshkani-ziibi ) was called, approx. 20 km southwest of London , Ontario, its current territory covers most of the southwest of Ontario, administrative seat: Muncey, Ontario, population: 2,694)

United Chiefs and Councils of Manitoulin (also: United Chiefs and Councils of Mnidoo Mnising)

  • Aundeck-Omni-Kaning First Nation (literal meaning: "where the crows nest", also: Ojibways of Sucker Creek , formerly called Sucker Creek Indian Reserve # 23 , administrative headquarters: Little Current, Ontario)
  • Sheguiandah First Nation (Administrative Headquarters: Sheguiandah, Ontario)
  • Whitefish River First Nation (the First Nation from Anishinabe (Ojibwe / Chippewa) and some Odawa is located on the shores of Georgian Bay and on the North Shore Channel , the gateway to Manitoulin Island, administrative headquarters: Birch Island, Ontario, approx. 56.97 km², Population: 1,200, of which approx. 440 live in the reserve)

Mamaweswen, The North Shore Tribal Council (NSTC)

  • Atikameksheng Anishnawbek First Nation (in Anishinaabemowin : Adikamegosheng Anishinaabeg in Nishnaabemwin with syncope: Dikmegsheng Nishnaabeg , formerly the Whitefish Lake First Nation announced that First Nation consists of descendants of the Anishinabe (Ojibwe / Chippewa), Algonquin (Algonquin) and Odawa that The reserve is located on the east bank of Whitefish Lake, west of Stuart Lake and 19 km west of Greater Sudbury , it consists mostly of coniferous forest surrounded by eight lakes and with eighteen lakes within the reserve, administrative seat: Naughton, Ontario, reservation: Whitefish Lake # 6, approx. 197.50 km², population: 1,105)
  • Garden River First Nation (call themselves Ketegaunseebee - "the garden of the creator", in Anishinaabemowin: Gitigaan-ziibi Anishinaabe , an allusion to the fact that during the fur trade through field cultivation and hunting on the Garden River and the Saint Marys River the passing travelers and Explorers supplied, the English name also refers to this background, the reservation of the First Nation consisting of Anishinabe (Ojibwe / Chippewa) and some Odawa is 3 km northeast of Sault Ste Marie , before Chief Shingwaukonse signed the Robinson Huron Treaty of 1850( Zhingwaakoons - "Small Pine"; also Shingwauk , Zhingwaak - "Pine", 1773-1854), their tribal land comprised the areas of Sault Ste. Marie and Echo Bay (Macdonald, Meredith and Aberdeen Additional), administrative seat: Garden River, Ontario , Reservation: Garden River # 14, approx. 207.04 km², population: 2,677)
  • Mississauga First Nation (mostly lived north of Lake Huron along the Mississagi River ("river with many mouths / a wide mouth") which flows into Lake Huron, today's reservation of mostly Mississaugas and some Anishinabe (Ojibwe / Chippewa) and Odawa exists is 103 km south of Sault Ste Marie, administrative headquarters: Blind River, Ontario, reservation: Mississagi River # 8, approx. 160.75, population: 1,218)
  • Serpent River First Nation (the First Nation consisting mainly of Anishinabe (Ojibwe / Chippewa), Mississaugas and some Odawa lies between Sault Ste. Marie and Sudbury on the North Channel of Lake Huron, the traditional territory stretched from the North Channel of Lake Huron, Serpent River Basin northward beyond the present-day town of Elliot Lake , administrative headquarters: Cutler, Ontario, reserves: Cutler , Kenabutch , approx. 5,250 km², population (according to INAC 2000): 289)
  • Thessalon First Nation (the First Nation and its reservation - mostly Anishinabe (Ojibwe / Chippewa) and some Odawa - is 103 km southeast of Sault Ste Marie, north of Lake Huron, in Treaty No. 61 of 1850, 20 chiefs including Keokonse signed for his Band along the Thessalon River the cession of large areas on the north and east banks of Lake Huron from Penetanguishene to Sault Ste. Marie - which they called Neyashewun ("point of land"), then the Thessalon IR was established along the lower reaches of the river, Later, however, under pressure from white loggers and settlers, it was reduced to the southeast corner, administrative headquarters: Thessalon , Ontario, reservation: Thessalon # 12, approx. 9.42 km², population: 705, the majority, however, live outside the reserve)

Wabun Tribal Council

  • Mattagami First Nation (the reservation of the First Nation - mostly Anishinabe (Ojibwe / Chippewa) and Oji-Cree (also Severn Ojibwa or Northern Ojibwa , call themselves: Anishinini , plural: Anishininiwag ) and some Odawa - is located in northeastern Ontario on the northwestern bank of Mattagami Lake ( Mattagami - "meeting point of the waters") and about 80 km away from Timmins , Cochrane District , and 113 km southwest of the city of Kirkland Lake in the Timiskaming District and 20 km northeast of the administrative seat of Gogama in the Sudbury District , they originally lived along the Mattagami River , Mattagami Lake, the lower reaches of the Missinaibi River - which near Moosonee mergeswith the Mattagami River to form the Moose River - as well as to the coast of James Bay , as the Missinaibi River through the Michipicoten River and Magpie River with Lake Superior connected, Indian and later also European traders ( voyageurs ) used it to transport furs and goods, therefore E In the 18th century many trading posts were built and the portages on the river improved, reserve: Mattagami # 71, approx. 52.61 km², population: 528, but only approx. 100 tribal members live in the reserve)
  • Saugeen First Nation (official name: Chippewas of Saugeen , although mostly Anishinabe (Ojibwe / Chippewa) there are also many descendants of Odawa and Potawatomi (Bodéwadmi) whofled northwards from the USAdue to the war of 1812 and settled on the east bank of the Bruce Peninsula (also Saugeen Peninsula ) settled in Ontario, together with the Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation , they are referred to as Saugeen Ojibway Nation Territories or as Chippewas of Saugeen Ojibway Territory , as the Nawash and Saugeen First Nations share tribal areas in southwestern Ontario , The reserves are along the Saugeen River ( abbreviated from Zaagiing - "at the outlet of the river, ie. at the mouth of the river") and on Lake Huron and in the south of the Bruce Peninsula in Ontario, about 3.2 km northeast of the administrative center Southampton and about 18 miles from Owen Sound , Ontario, Reserves: Chief's Point # 28, Saugeen # 29, Saugeen Hunting Grounds # 60A, Saugeen & Cape Croker Fishing Island # 1)

Ogemawahj Tribal Council (OTC)

  • Beausoleil First Nation (mostly an Anishinabe (Ojibwe / Chippewa) First Nation, which, according to its own information, also consists of descendants of the Potawatomi; however, there are # 30 tribesmenin the main Christian Island reservewho claim to bedescendedfrom Odawa, the reservation areas of the First Nation are located at the southern end of Georgian Bay on Christian Island, Beckwith Island and Hope Island in what is now Simcoe County , Ontario , Reserves: Christian Island # 30 (southeast of Georgian Bay), Christian Island # 30A (16 km west of Midland ), Chippewa Island (30 km south of Parry Sound Island), population: 2,199)

Independent First Nations

  • Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation (formerly: Cape Croker First Nation , eponymous is Chief Nawash, whofoughttogether with Tecumseh in the war of 1812, after the defeat many Odawa and Potawatomi (Bodéwadmi) fled the USA northwards to the Anishinabe (Ojibwe / Chippewa) on the east bank of the Bruce Peninsula, so that today's First Nation mostly consists of Anishinabe as well as descendants of Odawa and Potawatomi (Bodéwadmi), the administrative seat is in the most populous reserve Neyaashiinigmiing # 27 on the east bank of the Bruce Peninsula (also Saugeen Peninsula ) southwest of Georgian Bay , Ontario , about 26 km away from Wiarton, 40 miles from Owen Sound or 250 km from Toronto, together with the Saugeen First Nation they are referred to as the Saugeen Ojibway Nation Territories or Chippewas of Saugeen Ojibway Territory , since the Nawash and Saugeen First Nations share tribal areas in southwestern Ontario, reservations: Cape Croker Hunting Ground # 60B, Neyaa shiinigmiing # 27, Saugeen & Cape Croker Fishing Island # 1, approx. 63.80 km², population: 2,075)
  • Wasauksing First Nation ( Wasauksing - 'shining shore', formerly Parry Island First Nation , is an Anishinabe (Ojibwe / Chippewa), Odawa (Ottawa) and Potawatomi First Nation on Parry Island in Georgian Bay, with approx. 77 km² and a 126 km long shoreline of one of the largest islands in the Great Lakes, administrative headquarters is in the Parry Island First Nation reservation, 64 km west of Huntsville on the east bank of Georgian Bay, population: 1,073)

United States - Michigan

  • Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi (formerly Gun Lake Tribe , Gun Lake Band , Gun Lake Band of Grand River Ottawa Indians or the United Nation of Chippewa, Ottawa and Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan, Inc. ,eponymouswas the Potawatomi chief Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish , who signed the Greenville Treaty with the English in1795, the tribe itself sees itself as the successor to the allied Anishinabe (Ojibwe or Chippewa), Odaawaa and Potawatomi Led by Chief Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish , head office is Dorr in Allegan County , Michigan)
  • Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Nation (the tribe consists of descendants of Anishinabe (Ojibwe / Chippewa) and Odawa, the administrative seat is on the Isabella Indian Reservation in central Michigan, near the city of Mount Pleasant in Isabella County , the tribe operates the Soaring Eagle Casino & Resort in Mount Pleasant and the Saganing Eagles Landing Casino in Standish , they also have a community and tribal center on the also tribal Saganing Indian Reservation near Standish in Arenac County , and they manage individual parcels of land outside the reservations in Standish Township, Arenac County Saginaw Bay , on the Isabella Reservation there is the largest Nishnaabemwin (Odawa) -speaking group within the USA, approx. 563.77 km², population (2007): approx. 3,296)
  • Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians mostly (condensed Sault Tribe - pronounced "Soo Saint" Eigenbez .: Baaweting Anishinaabek first Sugar Iceland Group of Chippewa Indians and Their Descendants later, original bands or the Sault Ste Marie Chippewa Indians and Their Heirs. Called , are descendants of the historically six bands of the Sault Tribe ( Saulteaux ) - the Grand Island, Point Iroquois, Sault Ste. Marie, Garden River, Sugar Island and Drummond Island bands - who once lived in several settlements along the upper Great Lakes, around Lake Superior, Lake Michigan and Lake Huron as well as in the river system of the St. Marys River and the Straits of Mackinac fished and lived, an important meeting place of several families in the summer was Bahweting ("The meeting place"), today's Sault Ste. Marie in Michigan, which serves the tribe today as an administrative center as well as part of the reservation, other reservation areas are in Sugar Island Township, Michigan, east of the city and in seven counties in the east of Michigan's Upper Peninsula - approx. the areas east from Marquette to Escanaba , in 1972 the tribe was officially recognized at the federal level, from 1979 members of the various Mackinac Bands of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians could also enroll in the tribe - this immediately doubled the number of tribes, with even the Mackinac Bands today making up the majority with over 51%, some Mackinac bands are therefore increasingly trying to obtain a separate Federal Recognition , population: 44,000)

State recognized tribes of the Odawa

The following Odawa tribes are not recognized as federally recognized tribes , but only recognized by the state of Michigan as a state recognized tribe :

  • Burt Lake Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians (formerly known as the Cheboygan Band , later known as the Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 8 , have no reservation, headquarters: Brutus, Michigan, in 2005 they tried to be officially recognized as a federal tribe, but became the Federal Recognition failed them again in 2006 and 2007, population: 650)
  • Grand River Bands of Ottawa Indians (also: Grand River Band Ottawa Council , formerly: Northern Michigan Ottawa Association, Unit 3 , descendants of 19 Grand River Ottawa Bands along the Grand River and neighboring river valleys in southwest Michigan, joined with other Odawa bands in the Northern Michigan Ottawa Association to get their recognition as a federally recognized or state recognized tribe, population: 700)
  • Gun Lake Band of Grand River Ottawa Indians

Other tribes and groups

The following tribes and groups are neither state recognized tribes nor federally recognized tribes , i.e. That is, they are not recognized as a tribe by a state or at the federal level - but there are still a few other tribes / groups of the Odawa - over 20 in the USA alone, as well as others in Canada - who are striving for recognition as a tribe.

See also

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ in Canada's scientific French "Outaouais", also in the French Wikipedia Outaouais
  2. ^ Anishinaabe Nations by State or Province / Anishinaabe Akiing ( Memento from May 10, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  3. ↑ Anishinaabeg or Anishinabek
  4. ↑ The Odawa - Council of Three Fires ( Memento from June 30, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
  5. ↑ Welcome to the English to Odawa site
  6. ↑ Anishinaabemowin - Nishnaabemwin
  7. ↑ MultiTree: A Digital Library of Language Relationships - Ottawa
  8. ↑ Manitoulin Island - Aboriginal Peoples
  9. Jump up ↑ Beck, David: Siege and Survival: History of the Menominee Indians, 1634-1856 , University of Nebraska Press, February 2003, ISBN 978-0-8032-1330-2
  10. ^ Burton, Clarence M .: The City of Detroit, Michigan, 1701-1922 , Cambridge Scholars Publishing, December 2009, ISBN 978-1-151-04435-8
  11. ^ Wurm, Stephen A .: Atlas of Languages ​​of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, 2 vols. in 3 pts. , Page 1118, De Gruyter; Edition: January 1, 1996, ISBN 978-3-11-013417-9
  12. ^ Wyandotte Nation - The Native Peoples
  13. ↑ Project Ojibwa - Council of the Three Fires ( Memento of the original from October 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.elginmilitarymuseum.ca
  14. ↑ Project Ojibwa - Who are the Ojibwa? ( Memento of the original from October 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.elginmilitarymuseum.ca
  15. ↑ Michilimackinac - A short history of the word ( Memento of the original from September 25, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.michilimackinac.com
  16. ↑ OTTAWA AND CHIPPEWA INDIANS - Earliest History of Mackinac Island
  17. ^ Virtual Museum of New France - French Colonial Expansion and Franco-Amerindian Alliances
  18. ↑ The Seven Nations of Canada - The Other Iroquois Confederacy ( Memento of the original from December 13, 2004 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wampumchronicles.com
  19. ↑ 1812 First Native Nations (Anishinaabeg, Algonquin, Haudenosaunee, Wendat)
  20. ↑ Often erroneously referred to as the Miami Confederacy by the Americans, as they overestimated the military and numerical power of the Miami within the Western Confederacy
  21. ^ Wabash Confederacy
  22. ↑ The History of the Wea ( Memento of the original from October 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.weaindiantribe.com
  23. ↑ Potawatomi History ( Memento of the original from April 4, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mpm.edu
  24. ↑ mid-19th century. Believed the Mississaugas that after the estuaries of the rivers Trent , Moira , Shannon , Napanee , Kingston and Gananoque were named
  25. ^ Homepage of the Mississaugas of the New Credit First Nation ( Memento from July 14, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  26. ^ Homepage of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians
  27. ^ Homepage of the Little River Band of Ottawa Indians
  28. ^ Homepage of the Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians
  29. ^ Homepage of the Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma
  30. ^ Website of the United Chiefs and Councils of Manitoulin
  31. ↑ Homepage of the M'Chigeeng First Nation ( memento of the original from July 8, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / mchigeeng.ca
  32. ↑ Sheshegwaning - Connectivity Profile
  33. ↑ homepage Zhiibaahaasing First Nation
  34. ↑ Zhiibaahaasing First Nation - Connectivity profiles
  35. ^ Website of the Southern First Nations Secretariat
  36. ↑ Information about the Bkejwanong (Walpole Island) First Nation (Engl.)
  37. ^ Homepage of the Wikwemikong First Nation
  38. ^ Homepage of the Chippewas of Kettle and Stony Point First Nation
  39. ^ Chippewas of Kettle and Stony Point Language, Arts, Culture, and History Online
  40. ^ Homepage of the Chippewas of the Thames First Nation
  41. ↑ homepage Aundeck Omni Kaning First Nation
  42. ↑ Information Aundeck-Omni-Kaning First Nation
  43. ^ Homepage of the Whitefish River First Nation
  44. ↑ website Mamaweswen, The North Shore Tribal Council (NSTC) ( Memento of the original on 16 July 2012 at the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link is automatically inserted and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mamaweswen.ca
  45. ↑ Homepage of Atikameksheng Anishnawbek
  46. ^ Homepage of the Garden River First Nation
  47. ^ Homepage of the Mississauga First Nation
  48. ^ Homepage of the Serpent River First Nation
  49. ↑ Town of Thessalon ( Memento of the original from November 7, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / townthessalon.ca
  50. ^ Website of the Wabun Tribal Council
  51. ^ Homepage of the Mattagami First Nation
  52. ^ Homepage of the Saugeen First Nation
  53. ↑ the Saugeen & Cape Croker Fishing Island # 1 reserve is shared by the Saugeen First Nation with the Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation
  54. ↑ the Ogemawahj Tribal Council (OTC) Website
  55. ^ Homepage of the Beausoleil First Nation
  56. ↑ The Odawa ( Memento of the original from January 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.innisfil.library.on.ca
  57. ↑ Today an Odawa descent is often summarized under the name Anishinabe (g) with that of the more populous Ojibwe / Chippewa (Anishinabe) - and the Odawa are often ignored as an independent people in modern reports. Due to their small number in mixed reserves , the Odawa are now something of a forgotten or at least neglected people in Ontario . Today Odawa live in various First Nations in Simcoe County and the District of Muskoka
  58. ↑ the IR Chippewa Island is shared by three First Nations: Beausoleil First Nation, Chippewas of Georgina Island and the Chippewas of Rama First Nation
  59. ↑ website of the Chippewas of Nawash unceded First Nation
  60. ^ Homepage of the Wasauksing First Nation
  61. ↑ Homepage of the Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi ( Memento of the original from December 6, 2001 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mbpi.org
  62. ↑ However, Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish is listed as a Chippewa chief named Bad Bird by the English, as the whites often could not distinguish the linguistically, culturally and militarily closely allied Potawatomi, Chippewa and Ottawa from one another
  63. ^ Homepage of the Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Nation
  64. ^ Soaring Eagle Casino & Resort website
  65. ↑ Saganing Eagles Landing Casino website
  66. ↑ Homepage of Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians
  67. ↑ CONSTITUTION AND THE SAULT STE Bylaws OF. MARIE TRIBE OF CHIPPEWA INDIANS (1975) (PDF; 32 kB)
  68. ↑ Proposed CONSTITUTION OF THE SAULT STE. MARIE TRIBE OF CHIPPEWA (PDF; 130 kB)
  69. ↑ Currently - January 2013 - the Proposed Constitution is still being discussed by the tribe
  70. ^ Indians of the Midwest