Yanktonai

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Former tribal areas of the Sioux groups: the Nakota (Yanktonai and Yankton ), the neighboring Dakota and Lakota tribes and today's reservations

The Yanktonai or Ihanktonna (from Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna - 'Little Village at the End', Ihanke - 'Ende'; tonwan - 'Dorf'; na - diminutive  : small village end ) are a North American Indian tribe and, together with the Yankton, belong to the Nakota (also Western Dakota ), which form the middle dialect and tribal group of the Sioux from the Sioux language family . Since both had their tribal areas between the Lakota in the west and the Dakota ( Eastern Dakota ), they are also known as the Middle Dakota . In the neighboring Sioux groups, the Yanktonai - especially the Upper Yanktonai - were referred to as Wičhíyena ('Those Who Speak Like Men' - 'Those who talk like men').

Originally the Yanktonai lived together with the other Sioux tribes in the area west of the Great Lakes , but were displaced to the south and west by the Anishinabe . On the migration to their new hunting grounds, they divided into three large dialect and tribal groups, namely the Dakota , Nakota and Lakota , which differed in dialect and partly in their way of life and culture.

In the past, the Assiniboine and Stoney were also counted among the Nakota and were often referred to as the Northern Nakota to distinguish them from the Southern Nakota (the Yanktonai and Yankton). However, the Assiniboine had separated from the Wazikute of the Upper Yanktonai before 1640 and had moved north to the southern Canadian Prairie Provinces, where they allied with the Plains and Woodland Cree and Anishinabe . The now hostile Sioux called the Assiniboine high - 'rebels'.

While Dakhótiyapi (Santee-Sisseton) and Lakȟótiyapi are still spoken by many Sioux today, the dialect variant of Dakȟótiyapi (Yankton-Yanktonai) has almost died out.

Tribal groups and Thiyóšpaye of the Yanktonai

The Yanktonai were divided into two regional sub-tribes or tribal groups, which in turn consisted of several bands or Thiyóšpaye , which in turn consisted of several camps of related extended families or tiwahe (English family circles ):

  • Upper Yanktonai or Wičhíyena ('Those Who Speak Like Men' - 'Those who talk like men')
    • Wazikute ( 'Shooters Among the Pines', as the Assiniboine broke away, this by now hostile Sioux were high - 'rebels' called)
    • Takini ('Improved in condition as a lean animal')
    • Cikcitcena or Shikshichena ('Bad ones of different sorts')
    • Bakihon ('Gash themselves with knifes')
    • Kiyuksa ('Breaker of the marriage law or custom')
    • Pabaska (Paksa, Natakaksa - 'to cut off the head', hence called Cuthead , originally Sisseton, joined the Lower Yanktonai, northernmost and most important group)
    • seventh group (name not recorded)
  • Lower Yanktonai or Hunkpatina ('Dwellers at the camp circle entrance')
    • Hunkpatina (also called Putetemini - 'Sweat lips')
    • Cuniktceka or Shungikcheka ('Common dogs')
    • Takhuha Yuta ('Eaters of hide scrapings')
    • Sanona or Sanone ('Shoots at some white object')
    • Ihasha ('Red lips')
    • Iteghu ('Burnt faces')
    • Pteyutecni or Pteyuteshni ('Eat no buffalo cows')

Originally, seven Sioux tribes formed an alliance which they called Oceti Sakowin or Očhéthi Šakówiŋ ('The Fire of the Seven Tribes', 'The Seven Council Fires'). Among the Očhéthi Sakowin included alongside the four Eastern Dakota tribes ( Mdewakanton , Wahpekute , Sisseton , Wahpeton ) result in the Nakota belonging -Stammesgruppe Yankton (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋ) and Yanktonai (Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna) as well as the largest group, the Lakota (often called Teton called derived from Thítȟuŋwaŋ - 'Dwellers of the Plains').

The Mdewakanton were the leading tribe of the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ until the Eastern Dakota uprising in Minnesota in 1862 , but as a result of the defeat, in which they suffered great losses in men and combat strength, their position within the Alliance had to be transferred to the largest group of the Tetons, the Oglala , resign.

Culture and way of life

Bullboats the Mandan , painted by George Catlin.

The Yanktonai moved south and west due to the constant pressure of the Anishinabe and settled in their later tribal area in what is now North and South Dakota . The Yanktonai lived in fixed villages along the rivers and mainly cultivated corn, beans and squash . The fresh vegetables were either eaten raw or cooked, or dried and stored for later consumption. They hunted deer, bears, elk, antelopes and smaller game, but essentially they relied on the huge herds of bison , which provided them with food and raw materials for almost all their daily needs. Their hunting weapons were bows and arrows, which were made by each hunter himself and tailored to his size. The arrows were marked to identify the shooter. Of course, not all of the buffalo meat could be eaten immediately and was therefore partly dried and thus preserved. The dried meat was ground in mortars , mixed with wild berries and herbs that were also dried, and combined with rendered fat to form a solid mass. This tasty permanent food was called pemmican and was known in large parts of North America.

There is evidence that the Yanktonai lived in earth houses , which offered better protection in the bitterly cold winters, but also remained cool in the hot summer months. When hunting, they used the tipi , which was transported on horse-drawn travois . The Yanktonai women used buffalo skins to make clothes, moccasins, bags, pouches and teepee covers. Clothes and moccasins were decorated with pearls and small bones. The Yanktonai moccasins were known for their firm, hard soles, which made it easier to walk over rough, uneven surfaces. For trips on the rivers, the Yanktonai used bullboats , round, light boats that consisted of a frame of willow rods and buffalo skin stretched over it.

Authentic information about the Indians of the Great Plains only comes from the records of Lewis and Clark from their expedition from 1804 to 1806 to the west coast and back, which were supplemented by pictures and other reports by George Catlin in the 1830s . The ethnographically most accurate material is owed to Prince Maximilian zu Wied , who lived together with the Swiss painter Karl Bodmer in the years 1834 and 1835 with the Indians of the Plains. Good human relations with the indigenous people enabled them to produce a valuable and fundamental work for science. Bodmer, for example, brought around 500 watercolors and pencil drawings back from this trip.

history

The Yanktonai are first mentioned in reports by Pierre-Charles Le Sueur around 1700 . Then they reappear only in 1804 with Lewis and Clark, who visited their residential area in the headwaters of Sioux, James and Red River. In the British-American War of 1812, some Yanktonai warriors were also involved under Chief Waneta , who was even promoted to captain for his services to the British. He entered the British Army as a young chief and distinguished himself through special achievements in the fight against the Americans at Fort Mergs and Stephenson in the Ohio area. He even made a trip to London and was introduced to the royal court. In the Washington Treaty on April 19, 1858, the Yanktonai ceded almost all of their tribal territory to the government and were relocated to several reservations . In return, they received money, food, and deliveries from the government. The American Civil War (1861-1865) led to financial difficulties and the lack of annual supplies, which caused a famine in them. There were riots in some groups, but when the Sioux uprising broke out in Minnesota in 1862, the chief of the Yankton Palaneapape ('Struck A Pawnee', also Padani Apapi or Pa-Da-Ni-A-Ha-Hi - 'Struck by the Ree ') out of the conflict and warned the white settlers in good time to seek the protection of the forts. In doing so, he saved the lives of many whites.

Demographics

Lewis and Clark put the Yanktonai in 1806 at 1,750 members. The Bureau of Indian Affairs estimated their number at 6,000 in 1842. In 1874 there were 2,266 tribe members, while the 1886 census found 5,109 Yanktonai.

Today's tribes and First Nations of the Yanktonai

Tribes in the USA

Today the Yanktonai, along with members of other Sioux tribes, belong to the following five federally recognized tribes :

United States - North Dakota

  • Standing Rock Sioux Tribe (the Standing Rock Reservation with its administrative seat in Fort Yates , ND, is the northernmost of the reservations that emerged from the Great Sioux Reservation, which were created in 1889. The reservation, about 9,200 km² in size, lies on both sides of the border between North and South South Dakota and isbounded to thesouth by the Cheyenne River Reservation , to the north by the Cannonball River and to the east by Lake Oahe , the dammed Missouri River , the Grand River also flows throughthe southern part of the reservation, in the reservation is the grave of Sitting Bull and a memorial for Sacajawea , tribal groups: Nakota , Lakota , tribes: Yanktonai: Cutheads ( Pabaksa , Paksa or Natakaksa ) of the Upper Yanktonai (Ihanktonwana) and groups of the Lower Yanktonai (Hunkpatina), mostly live in the North Dakota part of the reserve. Lakota: Hunkpapa and Sihasapa (Blackfeet), today mostly live in the South Dakota part of the reservation, in 2005 the unemployment rate was 86.00%, tribal members total (whites and Indians): 16,420 (thereof 12,828 Sioux), of which 8,217 live, including 6,414 Sioux, in the reservation)
  • Spirit Lake Tribe (Mni Wakan Oyate) (the Spirit Lake Reservation (formerly: Devil's Lake Reservation ), covers approx. 1,049 km², the largest body of water is Devils Lake , with approx. 900 km² the largest natural lake in the state, which extends over 320 km² km extends, the most important river is the Sheyenne River , which flows through the reserve for about 80 km and borders in the south. Administrative seat: Fort Totten, North Dakota, tribal groups: Dakota , Nakota, tribes: Dakota: Sisseton (Sisituwan), Wahpeton and others Groups. Yanktonai: Cutheads ( Pabaksa , Paksa or Natakaksa ) of the Upper Yanktonai (Ihanktonwana), total tribe members (whites and Indians): 6,748, 4,238 of them, including 3,587 Sioux, live in the reservation)

United States - South Dakota

  • Yankton Sioux Tribe (also Ihanktonwan Dakota Oyate , the Yankton Reservation covers approx. 1,772 km² and is located in the extreme southeast of South Dakota, in the south the Missouri River forms both the reservation and the state border with Nebraska, the administrative seat is Marty , tribal group: Nakota, Tribe: Yankton and some Yanktonai, total tribe members (whites and Indians): 15,594 (of which 4,510 Sioux), of which 6,465, including 1,396 Sioux, live in the reservation)
  • Crow Creek Sioux Tribe (the Crow Creek Reservation with its administrative headquarters in Fort Thompson covers approx. 1,092 km² and is located in the middle of South Dakota along the east bank of the Missouri River, on the west bank is the Lower Brule Reservation , tribal groups: Dakota, Nakota, tribes: Mdewakanton (People of Spirit Lake), Yankton (Ihanktonwan - People of the End) and some Lower Yanktonai (Hunkpatina), total tribe members (whites and Indians): 22,364 (including 5,659 Sioux), of which 2,010 live, including 1,821 Sioux, on the reservation)

United States - Montana

  • Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes (the Fort Peck Indian Reservation with its administrative headquarters in Poplar extends in northeast Montana north of the Missouri River from west to east approx. 180 km and from south to north approx. 65 km and comprises approx. 8,290 km², tribal groups : Lakota, Dakota, Nakota, tribes: Hunkpapa, Cutheads ( Pabaksa , Paksa or Natakaksa ) of the Upper Yanktonai ('Ihanktonwana'), Sisseton, Wahpeton and the following groups of the Assiniboine: Hudesabina ('Red Bottom'), Wadopabina ('Canoe Paddler '), Wadopahnatonwan (' Canoe Paddlerrs Who Live on the Prairie '), Sahiyaiyeskabi (' Plains Cree-Speakers'), Inyantonwanbina ('Stone People') and the Fat Horse Band, around 6,000 of the approx.11,786 tribe members live on the Reservation)

First Nations in Canada

The descendants of the Yanktonai are now tribe members in two First Nations (sometimes called bands ) in the Prairie Province of Manitoba in Canada:

Canada - Manitoba

Dakota Ojibway Tribal Council

  • Birdtail Sioux First Nation (the administrative headquarters of Beulah is located on the most populous and largest reservation Birdtail Creek # 57, approx. 96 km northwest of Brandon , which is located directly on the Assiniboine River in southwest Manitoba, tribe group: Dakota, tribes: Mdewakanton, Wahpekute and some Yanktonai, reservations: Birdtail Creek # 57, Birdtail Hay Lands # 57A, Fishing Station # 62A, approx. 28.85 km², 410 of the 805 tribe members live on the reservation)

Independent First Nations

  • Canupawakpa First Nation (also Canupawakpa Dakota Nation , the First Nation lives approx. 72 km southwest of Brandon, approx. 27 km south of Virden, Manitoba and 6 km north of Pipestone , Manitoba, the administrative center. The tribal members have retained their language and theirs Tribal groups: Dakota, Nakota, tribes: Wahpekute, Wahpeton, Yanktonai, reservations: Canupawakpa Dakota First Nation, Fishing Station # 62A, Oak Lake # 59A, approx. 11.53 km², 298 of the 661 tribe members live on the reservations )

See also

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Today it is controversial whether the Yankton and Yanktonai actually belong to the Nakota, recently they are called Western Dakota
  2. ^ Jan Ullrich: New Lakota Dictionary (Incorporating the Dakota Dialects of Yankton-Yanktonai and Santee-Sisseton) . Lakota Language Consortium, 2008, ISBN 0-9761082-9-1 , p. 2.
  3. ↑ James Henri Howard: The Canadian Sioux , University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 978-0803223271
  4. ↑ Yanktonai
  5. ↑ James Henri Howard: The Canadian Sioux , University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 978-0803223271
  6. ^ According to information from the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation, the Cuthead belonged to the Upper Yanktonai
  7. ^ The History of the Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation, Montana, 1800-2000, ISBN 978-0975919651 , page 43
  8. ^ History of the Council Fires ( Memento from February 25, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  9. ↑ Today it is controversial whether the Yankton and Yanktonai actually belong to the Nakota, recently they are called Western Dakota
  10. ^ Jan Ullrich: New Lakota Dictionary (Incorporating the Dakota Dialects of Yankton-Yanktonai and Santee-Sisseton), p. 2, Lakota Language Consortium 2008, ISBN 978-0-9761082-9-0 .
  11. ↑ Yankton
  12. ↑ Yanktonai
  13. ^ Nakota - e-Museum of Minnesota State University (English). Archived from the original on October 19, 2010 ; Retrieved January 19, 2014 .
  14. ↑ Hans Läng: Cultural history of the Indians of North America. Gondrom Verlag, Bindlach, 1993. ISBN 3-8112-1056-4
  15. ↑ Homepage of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe
  16. ↑ the Great Sioux Reservation originally comprised 240,000 km² in South Dakota, Nebraska and Wyoming, in 1876 the US government violated the treaty of 1868 and opened 31,000 km² of the area of ​​the reservation in the Black Hills for private interests. In 1889 the remaining area of ​​the Sioux Reservation was divided into several separate reservations: Standing Rock Reservation , Cheyenne River Reservation , Crow Creek Reservation , Lower Brule Reservation , Rosebud Indian Reservation , Lake Traverse Indian Reservation , Yankton Reservation, and Pine Ridge Reservation
  17. ^ North Dakota Indian Affairs Commission - TRIBAL DATA
  18. ↑ Homepage of the Spirit Lake Tribe (Mni Wakan Oyate) ( Memento from July 17, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  19. ^ South Dakota - Department of Tribal Relations ( January 15, 2013 memento in the Internet Archive )
  20. ↑ Homepage of the Yankton Sioux Tribe
  21. ^ Homepage of Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes
  22. ↑ History of the Fort Peck Reservation ( Memento from October 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  23. ↑ The reserve is shared by three Dakota First Nations: Birdtail Sioux First Nation, Canupawakpa Dakota First Nation and Sioux Valley First Nation
  24. ↑ Homepage of the Canupawakpa First Nation ( Memento from January 15, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )