Sisseton

This article describes the Indian tribe, for the city see Sisseton (South Dakota)

Former tribal areas of the Sioux groups: the Eastern Dakota (including the Sisseton), the neighboring Western Dakota ( Yanktonai and Yankton ) as well as Lakota tribes and today's reservations

The Sisseton or Sisíthuŋwaŋ ('Dwellers in the Swamps', 'Fish Ground Dwellers', 'Marsh Dwellers', 'People of the Marsh') are one of the four Otonwepi (subgroups) of the Eastern Dakota , the eastern dialect and tribal group of the Sioux from the Sioux language family .

It is believed that the Mdewakanton / Mdewakaŋtoŋwaŋ / Bdéwákhathuŋwaŋ formed the original group, from which the other three Eastern Dakhóta groups (Otonwepi), the Sisseton / Sisíthuŋwaŋ, the Wahpeton / Waannannupepékute, and the Wahpéthuȟpekute have separated. Once only the Mdewakanton and later the closely related and allied Wahpekute were called " Santee ", later this name was transferred to all Otonwepi (groups) of the Eastern Dakhóta, so that today "Santee" is usually understood to mean the entire tribal group. This again illustrates their great importance within the Eastern Dakhóta; In addition, as already mentioned, the Mdewakanton were the leading Otonwe / Tȟuŋwaŋ within the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ (“Seven Council Fires of the Sioux”) .

In the literature and specialist literature, the "Eastern Dakhóta" were (are) often referred to as Santee-Sisseton or simply Santee-Dakota or Santee-Sioux . The "Eastern Dakhóta" are here to be distinguished from the eastern Sioux tribe of the Santee (also: Zantee, Seretee, Seratee, Sattee ), who once lived along the central reaches of the Santee River of the same name in South Carolina .

Očhéthi Šakówiŋ or the Seven Council Fires of the Sioux

The Sioux formed a loose alliance of three regional dialect and tribal groups, which they called Oceti Sakowin or Očhéthi Šakówiŋ ("The Fire of the Seven Tribes", "The Seven Council Fires") because they were made up of seven Otonwepi (blood and language-related subgroups; Singular: Otonwe or Tȟuŋwaŋ ) passed. The Očhéthi Šakówiŋ included (from east to west) the four Otonwepi of the Eastern Dakota (Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, Sisseton and Wahpeton), the two Otonwepi of the Western Dakota (Yankton and Yanktonai) and, as the largest Otonwe itself / Tȟuŋwaŋ, the Lakota / Tȟuŋwa:

1. (Eastern) Dakota or Dakhóta (also: Santee-Sisseton or Santee)

• Santee (Isáŋyathi - 'Knife Makers') or "Upper Council of the Dakota", "Upper Sioux"
  • Mdewakanton or Mdewakaŋtoŋwaŋ / Bdéwákhathuŋwaŋ ('Dwellers of the Spirit Lake / Sacred Lake' - "residents / people of / on the Bdé Waḳaŋ / Mde Waḳaŋ , ie Mille Lacs Lake ")
  • Wahpekute or Waȟpékhute ( 'Shooters Among the Trees' - "Protect in the deciduous forest," nomadic group, hence the suffix missing Tȟuŋwaŋ or Othúwahe - "village" or "settlers")
• Sisseton or "Lower Council of the Dakota", "Lower Sioux"
  • Sisseton or Sisíthuŋwaŋ ('Dwellers in the Swamps', 'Fish Ground Dwellers', 'Marsh Dwellers', 'People of the Marsh')
  • Wahpeton or Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ ('Dwellers Among the Leaves')

2. Western Dakota or Dakȟóta (also: Yankton-Yanktonai), formerly incorrectly called Nakota (the autonym of the enemy Stoney and Assiniboine )

• Yankton or Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ ('People of the End [of the Village]', 'Village at the End')
• Yanktonai or Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna ('People of the End [of the Little Village]', 'Little Dwellers at the End', 'Little Village at the End')

3. Lakota or Thítȟuŋwaŋ / Teton ("inhabitants of the prairie, ie the plains")

The Mdewakanton were the leading Otonwe / Tȟuŋwaŋ of the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ until the Eastern Dakota uprising in Minnesota in 1862 , but had to transfer their position within the alliance to the largest Óšpaye / Oyate as a result of the defeat, in which they suffered great losses in men and combat strength Cede (tribe) the Lakota, the Oglala .

Originally the Assiniboine (and their close relatives, the Stoney) were also part of the Sioux peoples, but had already allied themselves with the more numerous Woodland and Plains Cree in the middle of the 17th century and founded a strong trade and military alliance that soon became known as the Cree -Assiniboine or Cree Confederation or Iron Confederacy ("Iron Confederation"), the allied tribes named this alliance after the two dominant peoples simply as Nehiyaw-Pwat (in Cree: Nehiyaw - "Cree" and Pwat or Pwat-sak - "Sioux (enemies)"). As early as the 17th century, European traders and travelers reported that the Assiniboine used Cree as a second language - many Cree bands also spoke Assiniboine. As a powerful middleman in the fur trade , they also got European weapons and this better weapon equipment allowed the Cree Assiniboine Confederation to expand west, south and north, militarily against the Chipewyan in the north and the Dakota in the south (1670–1700) proceeded. At the latest when bands from the Manitoba Saulteaux / Westliche Saulteaux (Plains Ojibwe) (arch enemies of the Sioux peoples) joined the Cree-Assiniboine Confederation at the beginning of the 18th century and now jointly took action against neighboring tribes, the Sioux ( Eastern Dakota, Western Dakota and Lakota) the Assiniboine and Stoney no longer belong to the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ / Oceti Sakowin - since these were now among their enemies, they were simply referred to as high (" rebels ").

Tribes and bands of the Sisseton

As already mentioned, the Sisseton (Sisíthuŋwaŋ) formed together with three other Otonwepi (blood and language-related subgroups; singular: Otonwe or Tȟuŋwaŋ ) - the Wahpeton (Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ), the Mdewakanton (Mdewakaŋtoŋwaŋ) and the Wapepéklichen together the Öpékute Dakhóta.

Just like the "Očhéthi Šakówiŋ (Seven Council Fires of the Sioux)", the Sisseton themselves again divided into seven Óšpayepi or Oyate (singular: Óšpaye , tribes ), which in turn were divided into numerous separate Thiyóšpaye ( bands ). Each Thiyóšpaye was formed by its own Ithacha / Itháŋčhaŋ ( chief ) and a tribal council advising it - consisting of the leaders of the Okhódakichiye (warrior or military societies ), the Akíčhita / Akichita (literally: "Warrior, soldier", acted as camp police ) as well also Waphíya wičhášta ( holy man , in the function of a priest ) and Phežúta Wičhášta ( healer or spiritual healer ). There was also the war chief who led the warriors in war. The individual bands (usually about 50 to 100 people), in turn, were divided again into several Wicoti ( local groups ) (Engl. Local bands ) consisting of one or more to large families (Engl. Extended families ) were composed and shared a Wichóthipi ( Camp (camp) ) formed; thus their relatives were linked by blood, marriage, and adoption. The smallest organizational unit was the Thiwáhe / Tiwahe ( nuclear family ), which mostly lived in a Thípi (" dwelling ", the term was used to describe both the earth house and the tipi ) or two neighboring tipis and thus formed a common Tiohnake ( household ).

Sometimes, however, the four groups of the Eastern Dakhóta within the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ (“Seven Council Fires of the Sioux” - consisting of seven Otonwepi ), referred to here as “Otonwepi” , are not regarded as Otonwepi (subgroups), but as Óšpayepi / Oyate (in the sense of bands in contrast to the Otonwepi concept, which understands tribes under this name), which, according to this view, comprised several Thiyóšpaye (extended families; in contrast to the Otonwepi concept, which understands bands under this name), which in turn consist of numerous Thiwáhe / Tiwahe (Nuclear families). In the Otonwepi concept, however, the Thiyóšpaye is a band that in turn is divided into several Wicoti (local groups - consisting of one or more extended families), with the smallest social unit forming the Thiwáhe / Tiwahe (nuclear family).

When listing, I follow the Otonwepi concept (i.e. the groups I listed here as Óšpayepi / Oyate are considered Thiyóšpaye (band) according to a different view ):

1. Óšpaye / Oyate
   • a: Wita waziyata otina ('Dwellers of the Northern Island', 'North Island Dwellers', North Island ) is an island in Lake Traverse ( Bde Hdakiåyaå )
   • b: Ohdihe ('Falling headfirst')
2. Óšpaye / Oyate
   • a: Basdece sni / Basdecesni ('Those who do not split [the buffalo backbone]')
   • b: Itokah tina / Itokahtina ('Dwellers at the South', an island in Lake Traverse)
3. Óšpaye / Oyate
   • Okahmi Otonwe / Kahmiatonwan ('Village at the Bend')
     • a: True Okahmi Otonwe
     • b: Canska Otina / Cansdacikana ('little place bare of wood')
     • c: Manin tina ('Those who pitched their tents away from the main camp')
     • d: Keze ('Barbed as a fishhook ', derisive term from neighboring bands)
4. Óšpaye / Oyate
   • Cankute ('Shooters at tree', 'Shoot at trees', also a derisive term used by neighboring bands)
5. Óšpaye / Oyate
   • a: Ti Zaptan / Tizaptan ('Five Lodges')
   • b: Okopeya ('In danger')
6. Óšpaye / Oyate
   • Kapoza ('Those who travel with light burdens', 'Light baggage', as they always wandered around)
7. Óšpaye / Oyate
   • Abdowapuskiyapi / Abdowapushkiyapi ('Dry on their shoulders', 'They who dry meat on their shoulders')
     • a: Maka ideya ('Prairie Fire')
     • b: Wanmdiupi duta ('Red Eagle Feather')
     • c: Wanmdi nahoton ('Sounding Eagle')

Culture and way of life

The Sisseton were influenced in their culture by the neighboring hostile Algonquin tribes and formed the dividing line between the woodland and prairie culture.

The courtship and wedding customs were similar among all Sioux tribes. According to ancient traditions, a young man must have earned his name before he could go courtship. To get a young woman's attention, he played a melody on a musical instrument called a cotanka , made from the wing of a bird or from wood. Then he would visit her in her family's tipi or he would meet her fetching water. He also brought hunted game to the bride's parents as a gift to show that he could support a family. The girl, in turn, had to prove her skills as a housewife. If both sides agreed, the wedding was celebrated with a public festival. Before that, a new tipi had been made jointly by the women of the village, which, depending on the size, consisted of 12 to 16 buffalo skins and a basic structure of three posts. At the end of the festival, the bride and groom were escorted to their new tipi by the wedding party. When the young woman had her first baby, the husband left the village and went hunting with his father until the child was born. The pregnant woman remained in the care of her family, especially an elderly woman. The newborn was washed, swaddled in diapers, and tied to a carefully decorated cradle board . The children were given specific names depending on the order in which they were born. Children under four years of age slept with their parents or grandparents, then they got their own camp. A child saw every brother of his father as a father and the mother's sisters as a mother.

The father of a family was the hunter and protector. The mother was responsible for growing maize, beans and squash and collected wild vegetables and wild rice . The women were also responsible for dismantling and reassembling the tipi, as well as making and repairing the accommodation.

The men made their hunting and war weapons, which the women were not allowed to touch. Some jobs were also done together, such as making weighing boards, paddles, canoes, bowls and spoons. The women gathered rushes and wood, cooked, tanned leather, repaired and made moccasins and clothing, wove mats, dried meat and digged for edible roots. There was polygamy among the Sisseton; For example, a married brother was expected to marry the widow of his war-killed brother and adopt the children. It rarely happened that children grew up as orphans.

There were seldom arguments in the families. Women and children were generally treated well. Woman infertility was not a cause for divorce. The woman owned the teepee and it sometimes happened that a woman would throw out her unfaithful husband. Elderly people were treated with great respect. When an elderly member of the tribe felt imminent death, they would leave the camp to die alone. When a camp was moved, the dying were left behind.

Political organization

In the family clans, consanguinity was just as important as personal suitability. The tribal council was the most important authority in the management of the tribe and each clan had a representative named Wakincun as council member. All members of the tribal council had the same voting rights. In every village there was a crier who had to announce important decisions of the tribal council.

In the second half of the 17th century, the acquisition of the chief's rank changed. Individual aptitude and power have been replaced by a hereditary system for becoming chief. These tribal leaders had limited power. The tribal council elected the Akitcita , who were a kind of police force. All Akitcita together were called Tiyotipi or Soldiers lodge. All warriors were required to serve as Akitcita. A young man became a warrior when he made a coup , killed or scalped an enemy, or saved a friend. There were special decorations for each of these deeds. For example, if a Sisseton warrior broke into an enemy camp, he was given a war bonnet , which was a feather headdress to be worn.

Before a buffalo hunt, four warriors were selected by the tribal council, who acted as hunting guides and could even outvote the chief during the entire hunt.

history

Expulsion by the Anishinabe

Originally they lived together with the other Sioux tribes in the area west of the Great Lakes in the area of Leech Lake , Mille Lacs Lake (in Dakhótiyapi (Santee-Sisseton) : Mde wakan - 'Spirit (ual) Lake / Mystic Lake', dt . "Ghost lake" or "mystical, holy lake") and the upper Mississippi River in what is now Minnesota ( Mini Sota Makoce - 'Land of Clouded Water' - "Land of cloudy, smoking water", read: Mi-NEE-SHO-tah -mah-KO-chay) were later displaced south and west by the hostile Anishinabe (Chippewa or Ojibwe) .

On the hike to their new hunting grounds, the Sioux divided into three large regional tribal groups, which differed in dialect and partly also in their way of life and culture - the Dakota and the Eastern Dakota that remained in the east , the Western Dakota and the Middle Dakota as well the Lakota , which moved westward onto the plains and since then have also been known as Teton (from Thítȟuŋwaŋ , Titonwan-kin - "inhabitants of the prairie, ie the plains").

The speakers of each dialect had no difficulty understanding one another. While Dakhótiyapi (Santee-Sisseton) and Lakȟótiyapi are still spoken by many Sioux today, the dialect variant of Dakȟótiyapi (Yankton-Yanktonai) has almost died out.

The tribal groups called themselves depending on the dialect Lakota (Teton-Lakota), Dakȟóta (Western Dakota or Middle Dakota) or Dakhóta (Dakota or Eastern Dakota), which all means "allies" or "allies". In the past, the Western Dakota were incorrectly called Nakota , but only the Assiniboine and Stoney Nakona or Nakoda (also "allies", "allies"), who were hostile to the Sioux peoples, called themselves .

The name Sioux, which is in use today, is originally a derogatory name of the Anishinabe (Ojibwe) for the Sioux peoples and tribes linguistically related to them, all enemies of the Anishinabe. In various neighboring Algonquian languages ​​- to which the language of the Anishinabe also belongs - all Iroquois or Iroquois-speaking peoples are referred to as Nadawa / Nadowe (literally: "large (poisonous) snake") with the meaning of "great powerful enemies". In contrast to this, the lexeme "Sioux" is a colonial French short form of "Nadouessioux", the transcription of the Ojibwe word Natowessiw (plural: Natowessiwak - "little snakes") for all Sioux-speaking peoples. From this swear word is derived Nadowe-is-iw-ug , which roughly means: "They are the lesser enemies" or "enemies of the second order" (compared to the main enemies of all Algonquians - the Iroquois).

New tribal areas

Between 1700 and 1750 the Pillager Band (in Anishinaabemowin : Makandwewininiwag - 'Pillaging Men' - 'Plundering Warriors') of the Anishinabe (Chippewa or Ojibwe) had driven the Dakota from their traditional home around Mille Lacs Lake in Minnesota, and the Sisseton had to give up large parts of their home in the north and east, especially east of the Mississippi River - these areas were then controlled by the Red Lake Band, White Earth Band and the Leech Lake Band of the Pillager Band. After another major defeat of the Eastern Dakota in 1790 in the Battle of Kathio, many Dakota groups submitted to the Pillager Band and integrated themselves within their totem system - today their descendants consider themselves Chippewa. The majority of the Eastern Dakota groups, however, moved further and further west and south and often became allies of the Pillager Band, which was superior in weapons and numbers, in their fight against the still resisting Yanktonai and Yankton . At the beginning of the 19th century, a hard-fought border about 100 miles wide and 400 miles long separated both hostile peoples - the attacking Anishinabe and the Dakota - the region stretched from the bifurcations of the Red Cedar River and Chippewa Rivers ( Ḣaḣatuŋ [waŋ W] atpa ) in Wisconsin northwest to the Pembina River in extreme northwest Minnesota. The land north of Mille Lacs Lake and the Crow Wing River (in Anishinaabemowin: Gaagaagiwigwani-ziibi - "River of the Raven's Feather"), once firmly under the control of the Dakota, belonged to the enemy Anishinabe from around 1750; all land south of the Minnesota River ( Watpá Mnísota ) belonged to the Dakota. The Dakota then repeatedly carried out retaliatory campaigns on Anishinabe settlements in their former homeland - Big Sandy Lake, Pokegama Lake, Cass Lake, Leech Lake, Lake Winnibigoshish, Red Lake and villages in the river valleys of the Red River of the North, Chippewa River and St. Croix River.

According to Long (Exped. St Peters R., 1824), the Sisseton were divided into two large regional tribal groups:

The Miakechakesa or Lower / South Sisseton (approx. 1,000 tribal members) lived in 1824 in the region of the Blue Earth River and the Cottonwood Rivers in the south and southwest of Minnesota westwards to Coteau des Prairies in east South Dakota . According to Ramsey (1849), they claimed all the land west of the Blue Earth River to the James River in South Dakota. The Crow Wing River bounded their tribal area in the north from around 1750, while the hostile Anishinabe lived on the other side. They lived a semi-sedentary way of life (with the characteristic combination of village farming and hunting), lived in seasonal villages along the rivers, tilled the fields there (the villages were abandoned after the harvest) and hunted along the rivers in winter , moving westward to hunt bison to the Missouri River , where the land of the Western Dakota began. For the most part, they kept the rectangular or round dome-shaped earth house as their dwelling, sometimes it was now supplemented with stilt houses, grass and mud huts; in their whole way of life they were almost indistinguishable from the Yanktonai (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna) .

The sedentary Kahra or Upper / Northern Sisseton (approx. 1,500 tribal members) had their main villages near Lake Traverse ( Bde Hdakiåyaå ) and Big Stone Lake , on the border between South Dakota and Minnesota. They also inhabited other villages along the Bois de Sioux River , Mustinka River , Otter Tail River and were to be found in settlements up to the Mississippi River (Lewis and Clark 1804). Their way of life was very similar to that of the Yankton (Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ) .

Assignment of the tribal areas to the USA

In several contracts between 1830 and 1858, the tribal area of ​​the Sisseton was continuously reduced until the area no longer offered the Indians enough space to support themselves. They were now dependent on the government's annual supplies, some of which were postponed by corrupt traders. 1854 was the handover point of the annual supply for the Sisseton and Wahpeton on the Yellow Medicine River. In the period that followed, they were gradually collected in a reserve . From 1861 the situation of the Sisseton deteriorated even further. A bad harvest forced them to buy food on credit from the vendors and go into debt. In 1862, the US government's annual payments were also delayed due to the Civil War . The famine that followed on the reservation led to the 1862 Sioux Uprising in Minnesota . On September 23, the decisive battle broke out at Wood Lake, which ended in the defeat of the Dakota. Most of the Indians gave up the fight and released their prisoners. The uprising was practically over and part of the surviving Sisseton were resettled in the Lake Traverse reservation.

Demographics

Lewis and Clark estimated the Sisseton in 1804 to have about 800 tribal members. In 1853 the population was 2,500 and in 1886 there were 1,496 Sisseton and Wahpeton in the Lake Traverse reservation. In 1909 there were 1,936 Sisseton and Wahpeton on the reservation and another 980 in North Dakota who had fled there as a result of the Sioux uprising in 1862. The 2000 census found 5,115 Sisseton-Wahpeton on the reservation and 672 Sisseton in North Dakota.

Today's tribes and First Nations of the Sisseton

Tribes in the USA

The Sisseton are today organized and registered in the following four federally recognized tribes:

United States - North Dakota

• Spirit Lake Tribe (Mni Wakan Oyate) (the Spirit Lake Reservation (formerly: Devil's Lake Reservation ), covers approx. 1,049 km², the largest body of water is Devils Lake , with approx. 900 km² the largest natural lake in the state, which extends over 320 km² km extends, the most important river is the Sheyenne River , which flows through the reserve for about 80 km and borders in the south. Administrative seat: Fort Totten, North Dakota, tribal groups: Dakota , Nakota, tribes: Dakota: Sisseton (Sisituwan), Wahpeton and others Groups. Yanktonai: Cutheads ( Pabaksa , Paksa or Natakaksa ) of the Upper Yanktonai (Ihanktonwana), total tribe members (whites and Indians): 6,748, 4,238 of them, including 3,587 Sioux, live in the reservation)

United States - South Dakota

• Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate of the Lake Traverse Reservation (the Lake Traverse Reservation is located in the NE of South Dakota and a small strip in the SW of North Dakota. Administrative headquarters: Agency Village, near Sisseton, South Dakota, tribal group: Dakota, tribes: Sisseton, Wahpeton , Total tribe members (whites and Indians): 66,020 (including 9,958 Sioux), of which 10,922, including 4,393 Sioux, live on the reservation)

United States - Minnesota

• Upper Sioux Community - Pejuhutazizi Oyate (today's name Upper Sioux comes from the fact that the Sisseton and Wahpeton were referred to together as upper bands of the Dakota, the Upper Sioux Indian Reservation ( Pejuhutazizi Kapi - 'The place where they dig for yellow medicine') with administrative headquarters approx. 8 km south of Granite Falls covers approx. 5.82 km² area in southwest Minnesota, tribal group: Dakota, tribes: Sisseton, Wahpeton, Mdewakanton, total tribal members: 350, of which approx. 200 live in the reservation)

United States - Montana

• Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes (the Fort Peck Indian Reservation with its administrative headquarters in Poplar extends in northeast Montana north of the Missouri River from west to east approx. 180 km and from south to north approx. 65 km and comprises approx. 8,290 km², tribal groups : Lakota, Dakota, Nakota, tribes: Hunkpapa, Cutheads ( Pabaksa , Paksa or Natakaksa ) of the Upper Yanktonai ('Ihanktonwana'), Sisseton, Wahpeton and the following groups of the Assiniboine: Hudesabina ('Red Bottom'), Wadopabina ('Canoe Paddler '), Wadopahnatonwan (' Canoe Paddlerrs Who Live on the Prairie '), Sahiyaiyeskabi (' Plains Cree-Speakers'), Inyantonwanbina ('Stone People') and the Fat Horse Band, around 6,000 of the approx.11,786 tribe members live on the Reservation)

First Nations in Canada

The descendants of the Sisseton are now tribal members in four First Nations (sometimes called bands ) in the Prairie Provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan in Canada :

Canada - Manitoba

• Dakota Plains First Nation (also Dakota Plains Wahpeton First Nation , administrative seat is Portage la Prairie , approx. 70 km west of Winnipeg on the Assiniboine River near Lake Manitoba , the largest reservation # 6A is approx. 30 km southwest of Portage la Prairie and 104 km southwest of Winnipeg, in 1972 the Sioux Village settlement near Portage La Prairie was divided into two First Nations - the Dakota Tipi First Nation , near Portage La Prairie and Dakota Plains First Nation , which borders the Long Plain First Nation , tribal group: Dakota , Tribes: Wahpeton, Sisseton, reservation: Dakota Plains # 6A, approx. 5.30 km², 163 of the 260 tribal members live on the reservation)
• Sioux Valley Dakota First Nation (formerly: Oak River Sioux Band , for today's First Nation) was founded in 1873 under the leadership of Wambdiska (interpreter), Tahampagda (Rattling Moccasins) and the chief Taninyanhdinazin (came into sight) 43 km northwest of Brandon, Manitoba , the Oak River Reserve ('Wipazoka Wakpa', later called Sioux Valley Dakota Nation ) established, administrative seat is Griswold, Manitoba, tribal group: Dakota, tribes: Sisseton, Wahpeton, as well as some Mdewakanton and Wahpekute, reservations: Fishing Station # 62A, Sioux Valley Dakota Nation, approx. 42.01 km², 1,368 of the 2,434 tribe members live on the reservation)

Canada - Saskatchewan

File Hills Qu'Appelle Tribal Council

• Standing Buffalo Dakota First Nation (named after Chief Tatankanaje (Standing Buffalo), whofled north to the Plains of Canadawith Chief Wapahska (Whitecap) after the Sioux uprising of 1862 in Minnesota, the First Nation's reservation is approx. 8 km northwest of Fort Qu'Appelle in the south of Saskatchewan, administrative seat is Fort Qu'Appelle, tribal group: Dakota, tribes: Sisseton, Wahpeton, some Wahpekute, reservation: Standing Buffalo # 78, approx. 22.46 km², of the 1,212 Tribal members live 444 on the reservation)

Saskatoon Tribal Council

• Whitecap Dakota First Nation # 94 (formerly: Moose Woods Sioux Band , Chief Wapahska (Whitecap) fled together with Chief Tatankanaje (Standing Buffalo) after the Sioux uprising of 1862 north to the Plains of Canada, at the end of the 1860s this tribal group chased from Today's Saskatoon on the South Saskatchewan River northwest to the North Saskatchewan River and west to the Cypress Hills in Alberta, traditional tribal areas of their former enemies - the Plains Assiniboine and Plains Cree , today's reservation Whitecap # 94 is 29 km south of Saskatoon along the Chief Whitecap Trail (Hwy 219), bounded to the west by the South Saskatchewan River and to the east by the Dundurn Military Base (CFAD Dundurn), administrative headquarters is Whitecap, Saskatchewan, tribal group: Dakota, tribes: Wahpeton, Sisseton, reservation: Whitecap # 94 , approx. 18.95 km², 283 of the 600 tribal members live on the reservation)

In addition, there are probably descendants of some Sisseton among the White Bear First Nations , which mostly consist of members of the Cree, Western Saulteaux , Assiniboine (Nakota) and Dakota.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Sisseton
2. ^ Santee Indians - Native Americans in South Carolina
3. ^ Southern Santee Tribe
4. ↑ SC Commission for Minority Affairs - Federal and State Recognized Native American Entities ( Memento of the original from August 14, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
5. ↑ History of the Council Fires ( Memento of the original from February 25, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
6. ^ Beginning Dakota - Lesson One: The Dakota People
7. ↑ Sota Iya Ye Yapi On-Line - Dakota History and Culture - Brief Historical Overview of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate Of the Lake Traverse Reservation South / North Dakota (IDENTITY OF BANDS)
8. ↑ Canku Ota (Many Paths) - History & Culture of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe (THE SISSETON SUB-BANDS) ( Memento of the original from September 4, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
9. ↑ The History and Culture of the Mni Wakan Oyate (Spirit Lake Nation) ( Memento of the original from January 21, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
10. ↑ Sometimes the Ti Zaptan / Tizaptan and Okopeya listed here as the 5th tribe or band are listed together with the Cankute as a tribe or band called "Cankute". I have chosen to be listed in seven tribes or bands after Spirit Lake Nation decided, since the number seven plays an important role with the Sioux - see also the "Seven Council Fires of the Sioux" or the seven Lakota tribes again
11. ↑ History & Culture of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe ( Memento of the original from September 4, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
12. ↑ Prairie Island Mdewakanton ( Memento of the original from March 1, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
13. ↑ A wing-shaped island near the mouth gave the Crow Wing River its name.
14. ↑ Guy Gibbon: The Sioux : The Dakota and Lakota Nations, pp. 80-81.
15. ↑ Homepage of the Spirit Lake Tribe (Mni Wakan Oyate) ( Memento of the original from July 17, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
16. ↑ Homepage of Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate ( Memento of the original from August 18, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
17. ^ Homepage of the Upper Sioux Community
18. ^ Minnesota Indian Tribes: Reservations, Treaties
19. ^ Homepage of Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes
20. ↑ History of the Fort Peck Reservation ( Memento of the original from October 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
21. ^ Homepage of the Sioux Valley Dakota First Nation
22. ^ Homepage of the File Hills Qu'Appelle Tribal Council
23. ↑ Homepage of the Standing Buffalo Dakota First Nation ( Memento of the original from December 10, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
24. ^ Homepage of the Saskatoon Tribal Council
25. ^ Homepage of the Whitecap Dakota First Nation # 94

See also

List of North American Indian tribes

literature

• Raymond J. DeMallie (Ed.): Handbook of North American Indians . Volume 13: Plains. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC 2001, ISBN 0-16-050400-7 .

Web links

• History & Culture of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe
• Sisseton History