Western Dakota

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Former tribal area of ​​the Nakota, neighboring tribes and current reservations

The Dakota , Dakhóta (also: Dakȟóta - "friends, allies") are the middle dialect and tribal group of the Sioux from the Sioux language family . Originally the Sioux tribes lived in the area west of the Great Lakes , but later large Sioux groups were displaced south and west by the Anishinabe (Chippewa or Ojibwe) . On the migration to their new hunting grounds, the Sioux divided themselves into three large regional tribal groups, which differed in dialect and partly also in their way of life and culture - the Dakota that remained in the east or the eastern Dakota , the Lakota that moved westward onto the plains ( which since then as Teton or Thítȟuŋwaŋ - "Inhabitants of the prairie, ie the plains"), as well as the now known as the Western Dakota (more rarely: "Middle Dakota") called Dakota (because they are between the Dakota in the east and the Lakota in the west lived).

In historical literature and specialist literature, the Western Dakȟóta (Yankton and Yanktonai) were and are incorrectly referred to as Nakota .

The speakers of each dialect had no difficulty understanding one another. While Dakhótiyapi (Santee-Sisseton) and Lakȟótiyapi are still spoken by many Sioux today, the dialect variant of Dakȟótiyapi (Yankton-Yanktonai) has almost died out.

Controversial name as Nakota

In the past, under the false collective term Nakota, in addition to the Western Dakȟóta (Yankton and Yanktonai), the linguistically related Assiniboine (Nakhóta, Nakhóda or Nakhóna) and Stoney (Nakhóda or Nakhóta, an Assiniboine splinter group) were counted - but the latter had already been counted from the latter in 1640 Wazikute Band split off from the Upper Yanktonai and had largely moved north to the Prairie Provinces of Canada west of Lake Winnipeg . There they formed the Cree Assiniboine (Nehiyaw-Pwat) or Iron Confederacy , a powerful military and trade confederation of the dominant Woodland and Plains Cree as well as the Assiniboine, Stoney and later the Manitoba Saulteaux / Westliche Saulteaux (Plains Ojibwe) (the arch enemies of the Sioux peoples), which now led to recurring fights and conflicts between Sioux and Assiniboine. The Sioux therefore called the now hostile Assiniboine high (" rebels ").

Mid-18th century, the north-western bands of Assiniboine separated from them and developed together with the drawn Lakota a new tribal identity as Stoney (also known as Stoney Nakoda Nation or Iyärhe Nakoda called), but remained a member of the Cree-Assiniboine alliance. Some stoney therefore claim they understand the Lakota better than the neighboring Assiniboine and call themselves the Rocky Mountain Sioux . Since the Assiniboine were often called Stone or Rocky Sioux , some of the Stoney called themselves Iyarhe Nakodabi - 'Rocky Mountain Sioux' and both called themselves Nakhóda , they were often confused or even treated as one people.

In 1978 , Douglas R. Parks, David S. Rood, and Raymond J. DeMallie undertook a systematic linguistic study of the various dialects and languages in the Sioux and Assiniboine Reservations in order to develop a precise dialectology of the Sioux languages . As a result, they found that both the Santee-Dakota (Eastern Dakota) and the Yankton / Yanktonai (Western Dakota) refer to themselves as "Dakota". In contrast, the autonym "Nakota (Nakoda)" is only common among the Assiniboine and the Stoney; however, their findings have rarely been reflected on or taken up in academic literature (especially if it is not a question of linguistic specialist literature) or in popular science literature .

Today the examined Sioux groups refer to themselves in their mother tongue as follows:

  • Dakhóta or Dakhód - the Santee-Dakota or Eastern Dakhóta; mostly as Dakota referred
  • Dakȟóta or Dakȟód - the Yankton and Yanktonai or Western Dakȟóta; usually incorrectly referred to as Nakota
  • Lakȟóta or Lakȟól - the Teton Sioux (this name is no longer in use); Today, therefore, usually as Lakota called
  • Nakhóta, Nakhóda or Nakhóna - the Assiniboine , the true Nakota
  • Nakhóda or Nakhóta - the Stoney , the real Nakota

Očhéthi Šakówiŋ or the Seven Council Fires of the Sioux

The Sioux formed a loose alliance of three regional dialect and tribal groups, which they called Oceti Sakowin or Očhéthi Šakówiŋ ("The Fire of the Seven Tribes", "The Seven Council Fires") because they were made up of seven Otonwepi (blood and language-related subgroups; Singular: Otonwe or Tȟuŋwaŋ ) passed. The Očhéthi Šakówiŋ included (from east to west) the four Otonwepi of the Eastern Dakota (Mdewakanton, Wahpekute, Sisseton and Wahpeton), the two Otonwepi of the Western Dakota (Yankton and Yanktonai) and, as the largest Otonwe itself / Tȟuŋwaŋ, the Lakota / Tȟuŋwa:

1. (Eastern) Dakota or Dakhóta (also: Santee-Sisseton or Santee)

  • Santee (Isáŋyathi - 'Knife Makers') or "Upper Council of the Dakota", "Upper Sioux"
    • Mdewakanton or Mdewakaŋtoŋwaŋ / Bdéwákhathuŋwaŋ ('Dwellers of the Spirit Lake / Sacred Lake' - "residents / people of / on the Bdé Waḳaŋ / Mde Waḳaŋ , ie Mille Lacs Lake ")
    • Wahpekute or Waȟpékhute ( 'Shooters Among the Trees' - "Protect in the deciduous forest," nomadic group, hence the suffix missing Tȟuŋwaŋ or Othúwahe - "village" or "settlers")
  • Sisseton or "Lower Council of the Dakota", "Lower Sioux"
    • Sisseton or Sisíthuŋwaŋ ('Dwellers in the Swamps', 'Fish Ground Dwellers', 'Marsh Dwellers', 'People of the Marsh')
    • Wahpeton or Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ ('Dwellers Among the Leaves')

2. Western Dakota or Dakȟóta (also: Yankton-Yanktonai), formerly incorrectly called Nakota (the autonym of the enemy Stoney and Assiniboine )

  • Yankton or Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ ('People of the End [of the Village]', 'Village at the End')
  • Yanktonai or Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna ('People of the End [of the Little Village]', 'Little Dwellers at the End', 'Little Village at the End')

3. Lakota or Thítȟuŋwaŋ / Teton ("inhabitants of the prairie, ie the plains")

The Mdewakanton were the leading Otonwe / Tȟuŋwaŋ of the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ until the Eastern Dakota uprising in Minnesota in 1862 , but had to transfer their position within the alliance to the largest Óšpaye / Oyate as a result of the defeat, in which they suffered great losses in men and combat strength Cede (tribe) the Lakota, the Oglala .

Originally the Assiniboine (and their close relatives, the Stoney) were also part of the Sioux peoples, but had already allied themselves with the more numerous Woodland and Plains Cree in the middle of the 17th century and founded a strong trade and military alliance that soon became known as the Cree -Assiniboine or Cree Confederation or Iron Confederacy ("Iron Confederation"), the allied tribes named this alliance after the two dominant peoples simply as Nehiyaw-Pwat (in Cree: Nehiyaw - "Cree" and Pwat or Pwat-sak - "Sioux (enemies)"). As early as the 17th century, European traders and travelers reported that the Assiniboine used Cree as a second language - many Cree bands also spoke Assiniboine. As a powerful middleman in the fur trade , they also got European weapons and this better weapon equipment allowed the Cree Assiniboine Confederation to expand west, south and north, militarily against the Chipewyan in the north and the Dakota in the south (1670–1700) proceeded. At the latest when bands from the Manitoba Saulteaux / Westliche Saulteaux (Plains Ojibwe) (arch enemies of the Sioux peoples) joined the Cree-Assiniboine Confederation at the beginning of the 18th century and now jointly took action against neighboring tribes, the Sioux ( Eastern Dakota, Western Dakota and Lakota) the Assiniboine and Stoney no longer belong to the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ / Oceti Sakowin - since these were now among their enemies, they were simply referred to as high (" rebels ").

Socio-political organization of the Western Dakȟóta

The Western Dakȟóta comprised two Otonwepi (blood and language-related subgroups; singular: Otonwe or Tȟuŋwaŋ ) - the Yankton and Yanktonai , which in turn comprised at least three Óšpayepi / Oyate ( tribes ) (Yankton, Upper Yanktonai and Lower Yanktonai), which in numerous separate thiyóšpaye ( bands ) were split up. Each Thiyóšpaye was through its own Ithacha / Itháŋčhaŋ (elder) and a tribal council advising this - consisting of the leaders of the Okhódakichiye (warrior or military societies ), the Akíčhita / Akichita (literally: "Warrior, soldier", acted as camp police) as well also Waphíya wičhášta ( holy man ) and Phežúta Wičhášta (healer or spiritual healer ). There were also war leaders ( Blotahuŋka ) who led the warriors in war. The individual bands (usually about 50 to 100 people), in turn, were divided again into several Wicoti ( local groups ) (Engl. Local bands ) consisting of one or more to large families (Engl. Extended families ) were composed and shared a Wichóthipi ( Camp (camp) ) formed; thus their relatives were linked by blood, marriage, and adoption. The smallest organizational unit was the Thiwáhe ( nuclear family ), which mostly lived in a Thípi (" dwelling ", the term was used to describe both the earth house and the tipi ) or two neighboring tipis and thus formed a common Tiohnake ( household ).

Most of the year the Western Dakȟóta spent in fixed villages made up of earth houses along the riverbanks, which were mostly only inhabited by a Wicoti (local group), in order to make a living by farming (corn, beans and squash), fishing and hunting in the neighboring forests to secure. In summer and autumn they gathered in larger camps to hunt buffalo and to celebrate the Wi Wáŋyaŋg Wačhípi ( sun dance ) - during this time they lived in leather tents, which are now mostly understood as tipis and transported on horse-drawn travois . These were set up in a large circle called the Hóchoka ( camp circle ). There was a fixed order in which each band and family had their specific place. The camp circle consisted of a large C-shaped ring, mostly open to the east, which was up to four rows deep in about 1,000 tipis and formed a circle about 2 km in diameter. Particularly honorable were certain places in the circle, such as the "horns", as the two flanks to the right and left of the entrance or Tiyopa were called. The chief's tip was in the middle of the circle opposite the entrance. The name Hunkpatina / Húkpathina ('Dwellers at the camp circle entrance', 'Camps at End of Horns' etc.) is an honorary designation for this Óšpaye , and refers to their traditional place on the “horns” of the camp circle (and thus on End or beginning), because the trunk traditionally had its place on the right or left at the entrance to the camp circle. The boundaries between the three Óšpayepi were not fixed, but rather overlapped. The various Óšpayepi (tribes) and their thiyóšpaye (bands) met regularly to hunt together or for ceremonies. The buffalo hunt and the sun dance represented important social and religious events for the Sioux, during which bands of the Western Dakȟóta often formed a camp circle together with bands of the Lakota (their relatives living west on the Great Plains ) and went hunting together and religious festivals and performed rituals.

Western Dakȟóta tribes and bands (Yankton and Yanktonai)

The Western Dakȟóta comprised two Otonwepi (blood and language-related subgroups; singular: Otonwe or Tȟuŋwaŋ ) - the Yankton and Yanktonai, which in turn comprised at least three Óšpayepi / Oyate ( tribes ) (Yankton, Upper Yanktonai and Lower Yanktonai), which in numerous separate thiyóšpaye ( bands ) were divided:

  • Yankton or Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ (often rendered as: Ihanke-towan ; People of the end [of the Village] ',' Village at the End ', Ihanke - "End"; Othúwahe or Tȟuŋwaŋ - "village", "village at the end / Entrance")
    • Chankute
    • Chagu
    • Wakmuhaoin
    • Ihaisdaye
    • Guard unpa
    • Ikmun
    • Oyateshicha
    • Washichunchincha
  • Yanktonai or Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna / Ihaŋktoŋwaŋna (often rendered as: Ihanktonna ; 'People of the End [of the Little Village]', 'Little Dwellers at the End', 'Little Village at the End'; Ihanke - "End"; Othúwahe or Tȟuŋwaŋ - "village"; na - diminutive : "small village at the end / entrance") divided into two Óšpayepi / Oyate (tribes):
    • Upper Yanktonai or Wičhíyena ("Those who talk like men")
      • Wazikute ( 'Shooters Among the Pines', as the Assiniboine broke away from these, the latter were henceforth of the now hostile Sioux High - called "rebels")
      • Takini / Takina ('Improved in condition as a lean animal', 'Return to life')
      • Cikcitcena / Shikshichena / Siksicena ('Bad ones of different sorts', 'Bad ones')
      • Bakihon ('Gash themselves with knifes', 'Gashers')
      • Kiyuksa ('Breaker of the marriage law or custom', 'Law breakers')
      • Pabaska / Paksa / Natakaksa ('to cut off the head', 'Head cut off', hence mostly called Cutheads in English , originally Sisseton, joined the Lower Yanktonai, northernmost and most important group)
      • seventh group (name not recorded)
    • Lower Yanktonai or Hunkpatina / Húkpathina ('Dwellers at the camp circle entrance', also: 'Camps at the Edge', 'End of Entrance', 'Head of the Camp Circle', 'Camps at End of Horns')
      • Putetemini / Pute Temini ('Sweat lips', 'Sweating lips'), the most important band, therefore often also called Hunkpatina / Húkpathina
      • Cuniktceka / Shungikcheka / Sunikceka ('Common dogs')
      • Takhuha Yuta / Tahuhayuta ('Eaters of hide scrapings')
      • Sanona / Sanone ('Shoots at some white object', 'Rubbed white')
      • Ihasha ('Red lips')
      • Iteghu / Itegu ('Burnt faces')
      • Pteyutecni / Pteyuteshni / Pteyutesni ('Eat no buffalo cows', 'No buffalo cow eaters')

Tribal areas and way of life

The Western Dakȟóta (Yankton and Yanktonai) were typical representatives of the German language, usually as Plains Indians peoples referred to in English but as Plains Indians are known. Typical of the prairies is an extreme climate, which is characterized by very cold winters, hot summers and one or more consecutive years with major floods, which in turn are followed by periods of major droughts. The frequency and strength of the drought (as well as a decrease in precipitation) increases with the distance to the forests from the high grass prairie in the east (the “prairie in the narrowest sense”) via the central mixed grass prairie to the dry short grass prairie (mostly “Great Plains” or Called "Plains") in the west.

The differences between the Western Dakȟóta (Yankton and Yanktonai) and the tribes later living further west on the Great Plains (Lakota, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Assiniboine, Cree, etc.) were mainly in the way of farming, the resulting way of life and the role of the horse noticeable:

In the area of ​​the prairies, thanks to the numerous rivers and fertile black earth, simple farming was possible, which enabled the conditions for a sedentary way of life. Agriculture formed the basis of nutrition (supplemented by fishing, wild animal hunting and the gathering of fruits and roots) and enabled the generation of food surpluses, which not only enabled the tribes to maintain a secure stockpile, but also to generate necessary goods in extensive trade contacts with the nomadic plains. Tribes. Despite these economic differences, by the middle of the 19th century at the latest, the tribes had largely aligned themselves in their external appearance (clothing, jewelry, dwellings, etc.), religious rituals and social structure, and developed an independent culture, so that both - the sedentary and the nomadic Tribes - to be regarded as representatives of the plains culture or plains culture.

The western Dakȟóta were not nomads , and their tribal areas extended over the eastern high grass plains of today's North and South Dakota , northwestern Iowa and southwestern Minnesota , with the Missouri Rivers ( Mnišóše ) mostly the western border and the Minnesota River ( Mini-so-tah Wakpá - "slightly cloudy, smoking river") represented the eastern border of their areas. The sedentary "Yankton / Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ" were more like the Eastern Dakota and the hostile Algonquin of the north-eastern woodlands in their way of life , while the "Yanktonai / Iháŋktȟuendenwaŋna" living directly to the north pursued a semi- sedentary way of life, with a nomadic component in addition to sedentariness . The latter therefore resembled the semi-settled prairie tribes further west of the Sioux-speaking Mandan, Hidatsa, Ponca and Omaha or the Caddo-speaking Arikara and Pawnee.

The "Yankton / Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ" lived in fixed villages along the rivers and inhabited rectangular or round domed earth houses , which offered better protection in the bitterly cold winters, but also stayed cool in the hot summer months. In order to secure their livelihood, they practiced agriculture (corn, beans, squash, later watermelons and wheat), fishing and mostly in winter hunting (deer, antelopes, beavers) in the adjacent forests. In spring / summer and autumn they gathered in larger camps to hunt buffalo and to celebrate the sun dance ( Wi Wáŋyaŋg Wačhípi ) - during this time they lived in the leather tents, which are now mostly understood as tipis and transported on horse-drawn travois were. The buffalo hunt provided them with food and raw materials for the most important everyday items.

The tribal area of ​​the "Yankton / Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋ" extended from the Cottonwood River (derived from Wağacha / Wáyacha - " Eastern Canadian Black Poplar ") in the east, westward over the Big Sioux River , the upper reaches of the Des Moines River ( Inyan Shasha , also: Eah-sha-wa-pa-ta - "river of the red-colored stone", possibly with reference to the reddish pipestone), the Lower James River ( E-ta-zi-po-ka-se Wakpá - "non-navigable river" ) to the Missouri River ( Mnišóše ) in the west and thus included the approx. 320 km long and up to 160 km wide plateau of the Coteau des Prairies . The Yankton controlled and protected the sacred quarries of Pipestone ( Pipestone National Monument ) in southwest Minnesota on the plateau for the Sioux . They won the day as Catlinit known reddish mudstone , by all Prairie and Plains tribes as the best material for their Holy pipes ( Čhaŋnúŋpa Wakȟáŋ - "Holy Pipe" Čhaŋnúŋpa - "pipe") was recognized and negotiated it through the entire Great Plains. Leaning on the stone and other goods, the Yankton tried to subdue other peoples further west and to deny them access to their area and its resources. In their tribal area there was also an important traditional meeting and trading place; In the river basin between the Big Sioux River and the James River, the various Sioux bands met each spring to exchange goods, and later European and American traders joined them.

The "Yanktonai / Iháŋktȟuŋwaŋna" meanwhile followed the Lakota to the west, had adopted a semi-sedentary way of life (with the characteristic combination of village agriculture and buffalo hunting), so that at the beginning of the 19th century their tribal and hunting areas were located on the Red River of the North and the upper reaches of the Big Sioux River in the east westward over the Sheyenne River , the Upper and Middle James River to almost the banks of the Missouri River and thus the wide dry plateau of the Coteau du Missouri (Missouri Plateau) in central North Dakota and included in northern South Dakota. They now inhabited seasonal villages along the rivers - but mostly kept the rectangular or round dome-shaped earth house as their dwelling, sometimes it was now supplemented by pile dwellings, grass and mud huts.

In contrast, the Assiniboine and Stoney were real nomadic Plains tribes who maintained mounted warrior groups, lived in teepees all year round and hunted bison . Decimated by several severe smallpox epidemics in the late 1700s and early 1800s, the Assiniboine could never regain their old power and strength on the Plains and the "Plains Assiniboine (Southern Asssiniboine)" were therefore forced to the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1851 to sign, which limited their tribal area to western Montana.

Thus, the Western Dakȟóta (Yankton and Yanktonai) can be seen as cultural "mediators" between the riding nomads of the Great Plains and the sedentary arable tribes of the north-eastern woodlands, as they had adopted elements from both cultures in their social and societal structure.

Importance of the horse

The dog was until the horse reappeared in North America - the only working animal - pack animal - the Indian. The word "horse" does not exist as a vocabulary in Indian languages. Since the horse, like the dog, was a workhorse for the Indians, most of the tribes gave it the designation "Big Dog" (e.g. among the Blackfoot ), which best illustrates the true, practical value of the horse - than before the women had to transport everything that the dog could not carry. The most excellent naming, however, came up with the Sarcee , who called it the “Seven Dogs”, which roughly compares the work performance between dog and horse best. But with the horses, the Indians were not only able to transport much larger loads, they could also hunt bison in a much more targeted and faster manner. For the first time they were able to leave the prairie rivers and penetrate deep into the interior of the arid Great Plains and establish themselves there permanently as nomads. In addition to the success in bison hunting, it also enabled the expansion of warlike activities between the tribes. Within a few decades an equestrian nomadism developed on the Plains, which completely changed the power structure in the entire area of ​​the prairies and plains - to the detriment of the previously dominant and populous sedentary prairie tribes.

The Lakota developed within about 50 years into one of the largest and most feared equestrian peoples of the northern prairie, so they respectfully called the horse "bison dog" ( Ŝuŋktaŋka ). With the horse the life of the Plains Indians changed fundamentally and over time it played an increasingly important role in the culture of the Plains Indians: as a gift, payment, bride price, to redress disputes and as a mythical object of religious worship. As a prestige object, it was often richly decorated or painted for parades and other occasions. Some tribes viewed it with religious reverence, others viewed the horse as mysterious, for still others it was even sacred, so that among the Comanche it is called "Gotthund" ( Puuku / Tʉhʉya ) and among the Sioux often as " Holy Dog " ( Ŝuŋˈkawakaŋ ).

history

The Sioux remained almost unmolested by the wars in the east between the British, French and Americans. Only in the British-American War of 1812 were some Yanktonai warriors involved under Chief Waneta , who was even promoted to captain for his services to the British. In the Treaty of Washington on April 19, 1858, the Yankton had ceded almost all of their tribal territory to the government and were relocated to reservations . In return, they received money, food, and deliveries from the government. Parts of the Yanktonai moved to Devil's Lake Reservation in 1867, while others moved to Standing Rock and Fort Peck Reservations. The American Civil War (1861-1865) led to financial difficulties and the lack of annual supplies, which caused a famine in the Eastern Dakota. Unrest broke out in some groups, but when the Sioux uprising broke out in Minnesota in 1862, the Yankton leader Palaneapape kept them out of the conflict and warned the white settlers in good time to seek protection from the forts. In doing so, he saved the lives of many whites. The Yanktonai also stayed out of the war. Nevertheless, on September 3, 1863, the US Army attacked a Yanktonai hunting camp on Whitestone Hill during a punitive expedition, killing between 100 and 300 Indians. Shortly after the Dawes Act was passed in 1887, the division of the reservations into individual parcels began and ended in 1890.

Today's tribes and First Nations of the Western Dakȟóta

Tribes in the USA

The various tribes and groups of the Western Dakȟóta were resettled to reservations in Montana , North Dakota and South Dakota after the suppression of the uprising of 1862 and are today, mostly together with members of the Dakota ( Eastern Dakota ) and Lakota tribal groups, the Sioux and Anishinabe and Assiniboine , organized and registered in the following five federally recognized tribes :

United States - North Dakota

  • Standing Rock Sioux Tribe (also: Wichíyena Oyáte (but only refers to the Yanktonai who live here), the Standing Rock Reservation (Iyaposdata okášpe) with its administrative seat in Fort Yates , ND, is the northernmost of the reservations that emerged from the Great Sioux Reservation, the the reservation, km² approximately 9,200 were created 1889th large, both sides is the border of North and South Dakota and south to the north of the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation (Šahíyenawozu okášpe), Cannonball River and on the east by Lake Oahe , the dammed Missouri River , limited, the Grand River also flows throughthe southern part of the reservation, in the reservation there is the grave of Sitting Bull and a memorial for Sacajawea , tribal groups: Western Dakȟóta, Lakota , tribes: Yanktonai : Cutheads ( Pabaksa , Paksa or Natakaksa ) der Upper Yanktonai (Ihanktonwana) and groups of the Lower Yanktonai (Hunkpatina), mostly live in the North Dakota part of the reservation. Lakota: Hunkpapa un d Sihasapa (Blackfeet), today mostly live in the South Dakota part of the reservation, in 2005 the unemployment rate was 86.00%, total tribal members (whites and Indians): 16,420 (including 12,828 Sioux), of which 8,217 live, including 6,414 Sioux, in the reserve)
  • Spirit Lake Tribe (also: Mni Wakan Oyáte , the Spirit Lake Reservation (formerly: Devil's Lake Reservation ), covers approx. 1,049 km², the largest body of water is Devils Lake , with approx. 900 km² the largest natural lake in the state, which extends over 320 km long, the most important river is the Sheyenne River , which flows through the reserve for about 80 km and limits it to the south. Administrative headquarters: Fort Totten, North Dakota, tribal groups: Dakota , western Dakȟóta, tribes: Dakota: Sisseton (Sisituwan), Wahpeton and other groups. Yanktonai: Cutheads ( Pabaksa , Paksa or Natakaksa ) of the Upper Yanktonai (Ihanktonwana), total tribe members (Whites and Indians): 6,748, of which 4,238, including 3,587 Sioux, live in the reservation)

United States - South Dakota

  • Yankton Sioux Tribe (also Ihanktonwan Dakota Oyáte , the Yankton Reservation covers approx. 1,772 km² and is located in the extreme southeast of South Dakota, in the south the Missouri River forms both the reservation and the state border with Nebraska, the administrative center is Marty , tribal group: Western Dakȟóta , Tribe: Yankton and some Yanktonai, total tribe members (whites and Indians): 15,594 (4,510 of them Sioux), of which 6,465, including 1,396 Sioux, live in the reservation)
  • Crow Creek Sioux Tribe (also: Khağí wakpá Oyáte , the Crow Creek Reservation with administrative headquarters in Fort Thompson covers approx. 1,092 km² and is located in the middle of South Dakota along the east bank of the Missouri River, on the west bank is the Lower Brule Reservation , tribal groups: Dakota , Western Dakȟóta, tribes: Mdewakanton (People of Spirit Lake), Yankton (Ihanktonwan - People of the End) and some Lower Yanktonai (Hunkpatina), total tribe members (whites and Indians): 22,364 (of which 5,659 Sioux), 2,010 of them live including 1,821 Sioux, in the reserve)

United States - Montana

  • Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes (also: Waxchíca , the Fort Peck Indian Reservation with its administrative headquarters in Poplar extends in northeast Montana north of the Missouri River from west to east about 180 km and from south to north about 65 km and covers approx. 8,290 km², tribal groups: Lakota , Dakota, Western Dakȟóta, Nakota, tribes: Hunkpapa, Cutheads ( Pabaksa , Paksa or Natakaksa ) of the Upper Yanktonai ('Ihanktonwana'), Sisseton, Wahpeton and the following groups of the Assiniboine : Hudesabina ('Red Bottom') ), Wadopabina ('Canoe Paddler'), Wadopahnatonwan ('Canoe Paddlerrs Who Live on the Prairie'), Sahiyaiyeskabi ('Plains Cree-Speakers'), Inyantonwanbina ('Stone People') and the Fat Horse Band, from the approx. 11,786 tribe members live around 6,000 on the reservation)

First Nations in Canada

The Yanktonai, who fled north to Canada after the uprising of 1862, are now tribal members of two First Nations (sometimes also called bands ) of the Prairie Province of Manitoba in Canada , both of which, however, consist mainly of descendants of tribes and groups of the Dakota ( Eastern Dakota ):

Canada - Manitoba

Dakota Ojibway Tribal Council

  • Birdtail Sioux First Nation ( Beulah's administrative centeris on the most populous and largest reservation, Birdtail Creek # 57, approx. 96 km northwest of Brandon , which is located directly on the Assiniboine River in southwest Manitoba, tribal group: Dakota , Western Dakȟóta, tribes: Mdewakanton , Wahpekute and some Yanktonai, reservations: Birdtail Creek # 57, Birdtail Hay Lands # 57A, Fishing Station # 62A, approx. 28.85 km², 410 of the 805 tribe members live on the reservation)

Independent First Nations

  • Canupawakpa First Nation (also Canupawakpa Dakota Nation , the First Nation lives approx. 72 km southwest of Brandon, approx. 27 km south of Virden, Manitoba and 6 km north of Pipestone , Manitoba, the administrative center. The tribal members have retained their language and theirs Culture Preserved Tribal groups: Dakota , Western Dakȟóta, tribes: Wahpekute, Wahpeton, Yanktonai, Reserves: Canupawakpa Dakota First Nation, Fishing Station # 62A, Oak Lake # 59A, approx. 11.53 km², of the 661 tribal members 298 live on the Reservations)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ since only among the Assiniboine and Stoney the autonymum Nakota (Nakoda) is well established, Yankton / Yanktonai and the Santee Dakota, both as Dakota designate, the Yankton / Yanktonai to delimit the Dakota (Eastern Dakota) and Western Dakota referred Therefore it is controversial today to use the term "Nakota" as a name for the Yankton / Yanktonai
  2. ^ Jan Ullrich: New Lakota Dictionary (Incorporating the Dakota Dialects of Yankton-Yanktonai and Santee-Sisseton) . Lakota Language Consortium, 2008, ISBN 978-0976108290 , p. 2.
  3. ↑ Our Languages ​​~ Hohe Nakoda ~ History and Background. Saskatchewan Indian Cultural Center, archived from the original on September 27, 2011 ; Retrieved February 12, 2013 .
  4. ^ Alberta Online Encyclopedia
  5. ↑ History of the Council Fires ( Memento of the original from February 25, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / lakotapeopleslawproject.org
  6. ^ Beginning Dakota - Lesson One: The Dakota People
  7. ↑ Yankton
  8. ↑ Yanktonai
  9. ↑ James Henri Howard: The Canadian Sioux , University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 978-0-8032-2327-1
  10. ↑ according to information from the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation, the Cutheads belonged to the Upper Yanktonai
  11. ^ The History of the Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation, Montana, 1800-2000, ISBN 978-0-9759196-5-1 , page 43
  12. ↑ The History and Culture of the Mni Wakan Oyate (Spirit Lake Nation) - Dakota Migration - Sub-Bands ( Memento of the original from January 21, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ndstudies.org
  13. ^ Treaty with the Yankton, April 19th, 1858, Article 1. Retrieved May 10, 2018 .
  14. ↑ Micheal Clodfelter: The Dakota War. The United States Army Versus the Sioux, 1862-1865 . Jefferson / London 1998, p. 140-143 .
  15. ↑ the Dakota were eponymous for the two present-day US states of North and South Dakota
  16. ↑ Northern Plains Reservation Aid - Living Conditions Overview of the current living situation in the reservations of the Northern Plains (except Sioux, also Blackfoot, Cree, Chippewa, Cheyenne, Assiniboine etc.)
  17. ↑ Homepage of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe
  18. ↑ AISRI Dictionary Database Search - Dakota Dictionary
  19. ↑ the Great Sioux Reservation originally comprised 240,000 km² in South Dakota, Nebraska and Wyoming, in 1876 the US government violated the treaty of 1868 and opened 31,000 km² of the area of ​​the reservation in the Black Hills for private interests. In 1889 the remaining area of ​​the Sioux Reservation was divided into several separate reservations: Standing Rock Reservation , Cheyenne River Indian Reservation , Crow Creek Reservation , Lower Brule Reservation , Rosebud Indian Reservation , Lake Traverse Indian Reservation , Yankton Reservation, and Pine Ridge Reservation
  20. ^ North Dakota Indian Affairs Commission - TRIBAL DATA
  21. ↑ Homepage of the Spirit Lake Tribe (Mni Wakan Oyate) ( Memento of the original from July 17, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.spiritlakenation.com
  22. ↑ Homepage of the Yankton Sioux Tribe
  23. ^ Homepage of Fort Peck Assiniboine & Sioux Tribes
  24. ↑ History of the Fort Peck Reservation ( Memento of the original from October 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.ihs.gov
  25. ↑ The reserve is shared by three Dakota First Nations: Birdtail Sioux First Nation, Canupawakpa Dakota First Nation and Sioux Valley First Nation
  26. ^ Homepage of the Canupawakpa First Nation

See also

literature

Web links

  • Nakota. EMuseum @ Minnesota State University, archived from the original on November 6, 2009 ; accessed on February 4, 2013 .