Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied

Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied

Maximilian Alexander Philipp Prinz zu Wied-Neuwied (born September 23, 1782 in Neuwied ; † February 3, 1867 there ; also Maximilian zu Wied , Max zu Wied or Maximilian von Wied zu Neuwied ; self-chosen pseudonym when traveling: Baron von Braunsberg ) was a German explorer , ethnologist , zoologist and natural scientist . Following the example of Alexander von Humboldt , he undertook two expeditions to America lasting several years . By evaluating them in numerous publications, he made significant contributions to botany , zoology and ethnology in Brazil and North America . The University of Jena awarded him an honorary doctorate in 1858 . More than 50 scientific genus and species names bear his name and are reminiscent of his research. Its botanical author's abbreviation is “ Wied-Neuw. "

life and work

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Monument to Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied, the painter Karl Bodmer and the Indian chief Mató-Tópe in front of the castle theater in Neuwied, donated in 1985 by Friedrich Wilhelm Fürst zu Wied . The palace theater was originally the New Palace, in which Maximilian's study was located.

Göttingen , memorial plaque for the former prince's house and its well-known guests

Monument to Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied in Mount Vernon Gardens, Omaha , Nebraska, United States

Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied was the eighth of ten children of Hereditary Count Friedrich Carl zu Wied-Neuwied (1741-1809) and his wife Louise, née Countess zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (1747-1823).

Christian Friedrich Hoffmann , a lieutenant engineer, taught him mainly natural history and archeology, spent a lot of time with him in the surrounding forests, accompanied him on the hunt and instructed him to collect plants.

Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied was aggregated on October 8, 1801 as Prime Lieutenant in the Regiment of the Guard of the Prussian Army . Because of his great interest in the military profession, he came on February 5, 1803 as the youngest staff captain in the regiment of the King . During the Fourth Coalition War he took part in the battle of Jena and Auerstedt and was taken prisoner by the French on October 28, 1806 near Prenzlau in the Uckermark, from which he was released after a few days. On March 31, 1808, he was given his farewell as a major and was given permission to wear his old army uniform.

He then devoted himself to self-study geography, natural history and ethnology at home . He also exchanged letters with Alexander von Humboldt and other natural scientists as well as with learned societies and institutions. He was enrolled at the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen in the winter semester of 1811/12 , lived with Dietrich on Prinzenstrasse and heard lectures from Johann Friedrich Blumenbach . No other university studies can be proven.

With the beginning of the Wars of Liberation , he returned as a major in the army on December 16, 1813 and was aggregated into the Brandenburg Hussar Regiment . He took part in the battles at Chalons, Chateau Thierry , La Fère and St. Martin in 1813/14 and was there in March 1814 when the Allies entered Paris victoriously. After the Peace of Paris he asked for his leave for an expedition to Brazil, which was granted to him on January 20, 1815.

In 1815 to 1817 he led his expedition to Brazil by and documented the flora, fauna and indigenous people, in particular the stem of Botocudos . He published the results of this expedition in 1820/21 under the title Journey to Brazil from 1815 to 1817 . On February 5, 1817, he was given another farewell and authorization to wear his army uniform; on June 17, 1824, he was authorized to wear the uniform of the 3rd Hussar Regiment .

From now on he devoted himself entirely to his natural history studies. In the 1820s he dealt in a special way with Labrador, North America, Russian Asia and the steppe of Kyrgyzstan and then decided on another expedition to North America.

He undertook this expedition to North America, accompanied by the Swiss painter Karl Bodmer and the princely hunter and taxidermist David Dreidoppel, from 1832 to 1834. He published the results of this expedition between 1837 and 1842 in his work Journey to Inner North America in 1832 until 1834 .

He exhibited his collection, which was created during the expeditions and expanded through exchange or purchase, in the former pheasantry in the park of the princely residence in Neuwied.

When the prince came to Berlin in the autumn of 1840 to pay homage to King Friedrich Wilhelm IV , the king also gave him the character of a major general with the following letter: “Ew. Liebden's last presence in Berlin reminded me of the award with which you helped defend the independence of the thrones and peoples in the army of my most blessed father at a very important time. Even though you have left your military career, it is with particular pleasure for me to assign you the character of major general in memory of your achievements in earlier times. I wish to see you in this capacity quite often, in order to renew the expression of my respectful and benevolent disposition for you. "

In 1842 he took drawing lessons from the Düsseldorf painter Lorenz Clasen after his previous drawing teacher August Adolf Chauvin had emigrated to Belgium.

On February 3, 1867 Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied died of pneumonia . He was buried in the family grave of the princes of Wied.

First expedition to Switzerland

Inspired by a travel report by the doctor and naturalist Johann Gottfried Ebel , the prince decided to go on a research trip to Switzerland. On June 3, 1808, he traveled to Heidelberg . There he met his companions Carl Keßler, Count Heinrich LX Reuss and the Rittmeister Lorenz von Reichenbach. They arrived in Zurich on June 22nd and visited various natural history collections there. Maximilian met the doctor and ornithologist Heinrich Rudolf Schinz , with whom he had an intensive exchange. The expedition through Switzerland went from Lucerne to the cantons of Uri , Unterwalden , Graubünden , Glarus , Schwyz and back via the Rigi . At the end of July the tour company reached Ticino and after boat tours on various lakes, it went on via Chiasso to Milan . In Pavia there was a visit to the natural history cabinet of Lazzaro Spalanzani "which is now supposed to be the most complete after that of Paris in the mammalian class ..."

Afterwards, on August 4th, the journey continued by stagecoach and on foot to Voghera and Genoa . The group reached the canton of Valais via the Simplon Pass . Then, under the guidance of mountaineer Jacques Balmat , first to climb Mont Blanc in 1786, the Col de Balme was conquered and Chamonix was reached. On the return trip, the group visited the educational institute of the pedagogue Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi . The last stop on the expedition was Basel , where the university library, the grave of Erasmus of Rotterdam and the collection of the engraver Christian von Mechel were visited. On September 11th Maximilian and his brother Carl reached Neuwied by ship. In 1841 and 1858 both traveled to Switzerland again, although the last trip was canceled due to Maximilian's illness.

The expedition to Brazil 1815–1817

The first expedition took him to Brazil from 1815-1817 , where Alexander von Humboldt was not allowed to travel. In Brazil, Wied had the opportunity to visit six tribes of Indians: Botokuden , Canacán , Coroados , Coropos , Pataxó and Puri .

Wied was particularly interested in the local bird life and created a corresponding collection. Back in Germany, he first described numerous species for science. His impressive descriptions of the nature of Brazil were not only noticed by Goethe . Most of this collection then went to the American Museum of Natural History and the Museum Wiesbaden .

On part of the Brazil expedition he was accompanied by the plant hunter Friedrich Sello and the ornithologist Georg Wilhelm Freyreiss from 1815 to 1817 .

Prince Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied with Joachim Quäck on the hunt in the Brazilian jungle.

Maximilian and the Botokude Quäck

→ Main article : Joachim Quäck

The Botokude Indian Joachim Quäck (Quäck = Portuguese: Kuêk, originally: Nuguäck or Nukuêk ) (born probably around 1800 in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais in Brazil ; died June 1, 1834 in Neuwied ) met Maximilian in 1817 as a minor. Neuwied in Brazil, who in 1817, during his expedition to Brazil, spent three months in the area between Rio Doce and Rio do Prado, observing and researching the life of the Botocuds. Quäck became Maximilian's local travel companion, who gave him the background knowledge he needed for his research. Maximilian had him come to Europe. Quäck arrived in Neuwied on February 12, 1818. There he worked for Maximilian as his personal valet . Quäck died at the age of 34 on June 1, 1834 of an inflammation of the liver and was buried as a Catholic on June 3, 1834 (presumably in the old cemetery of Neuwied).

Quäck's skull was autopsied after his death and was then transferred to the Skulls of Foreign Raçen department of the anthropological collection of the Anatomical Museum of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn . At the end of September 2010, a representative from the Brazilian city of Jequitinhonha asked whether the Anatomical Institute of the University of Bonn could hand over the skull to the city of Jequitinhonha. They wanted to hand it over to the descendants of the Krenak tribe - as a sign of the reconciliation of the local European population to the address of the original Amerindian inhabitants. The repatriation was successful with the help of the Foreign Office. On May 15, 2011, Quäck's skull was presented to the members of his tribe in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais by Karl Schilling, the managing director of the Anatomical Institute of the University of Bonn, as part of the celebration of the 200th anniversary of the city of Jequitinhonha. The two cities of Neuwied in Germany and Jequitinhonha in Brazil have a common history through Quäck and are therefore striving for a city partnership with youth exchange.

The work "Journey to Inner North America from 1832 to 1834"

The travel route from Maximilian to Wied-Neuwied in the years 1832 to 1834 in North America is marked in red, orange marks the boundaries.

→ Main article : Journey to Inner North America from 1832 to 1834

The work describes the results of the ethnographic journey of Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied, Karl Bodmer and David Dreidoppel in the years 1832 to 1834 to North America. The aim of this expedition was the flora and fauna of North America and the encounter with those Indian tribes who lived west of the Missouri at the time and came to the forts on the banks of the Missouri to trade fur with the American Fur Company .

The work Travels in the Interior of North America from 1832 to 1834 was an important documentation of the Indian population of the United States .

Karl Bodmer brought more than 400 sketches and watercolors of Indians, plants, animals and landscapes back to Germany from the trip. Prince Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied selected those from the numerous watercolors that he wanted to include in his book Journey to Inner North America from 1832 to 1834 .

He thereupon asked Karl Bodmer to supervise the production of the illustrations against the payment of a monthly wage of 100 thalers, half of which he had to use for wages and expenses.

Indian riding horse. Watercolor by Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied 1833 or 1834.

Karl Bodmer then supervised 20 renowned engravers in Paris, Zurich and London, who made 63 steel and 18 copper plates, which exactly reproduced his watercolors. The engravers used pantographs to precisely enlarge the templates and their proportions.

Of the 81 plates, 48 ​​large ones appeared as picture panels ( called tableau ) in large format and 33 smaller ones as vignettes. After printing, he directed artists to color the panels and vignettes according to his instructions . He therefore constantly traveled back and forth between the cities of Paris, Zurich and London to ensure the exact execution of the prints and their colored versions. On November 10, 1837, the first delivery of the German edition was offered in five different versions. The prices for each of the 20 deliveries were between 3 Thalers, 5 Silver Groschen and 10 Thalers, depending on the type of paper and the number of colored engravings. This resulted in prices for the entire German work in the amount of 60-200 thalers. For comparison: a skilled worker in Koblenz earned 200 thalers for a whole year.

Between 1837 and 1842 Jakob Hölscher published the German-language book project Journey to Inner North America in Koblenz from 1832 to 1834 as a two-volume work with a picture atlas in individual deliveries. Because of the 81 Bodmer illustrations, it is considered a milestone in the history of book printing in the 19th century .

The travel descriptions comprise a total of 1340 text pages into which 52 small woodcuts are inserted. The text by Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied contains, in the order of his diary entries, not only travel descriptions and reports about the Indian peoples, but also notes about the flora and fauna of North America and a description of the industrialized eastern states of the USA. The separate picture atlas consists of 81 illustrations and a map; it was offered in five different versions, which contained different paper qualities and either uncolored black and white images or colored color images.

Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied's diary entry of August 31, 1832. He draws the horse-drawn carriage that goes up to the coal mine of Mauch Chunk in Pennsylvania, USA, and the switch and braking device (b).

The printed text by Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied comprises around 300,000 words, while the manuscript contained around 500,000 words. The manuscript was therefore greatly shortened before publication, for example to describe drinking bouts, to depict the sexual habits of the Indian tribes visited and to include some unflattering remarks about the white traders on the Missouri. Chapter 21 in Volume 2 is suitable as an introduction to reading the text (e.g. the reprint by L. Borowsky Verlag, Munich 1979); there Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied describes the original river landscape of the Missouri and its fauna in 1833. This river trip in untouched nature must have been a unique experience. According to Hermann Josef Roth, Karl May read Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied's travelogues and possibly used his experiences for the character Old Shatterhand .

The list of subscribers lists 215 people and institutions who ordered a total of 277 copies, 160 of which were in the simplest version without coloring. It turned out that further buyers of the work were very difficult to gain. Tensions arose between Karl Bodmer and Prince Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied, as Bodmer had contractually agreed to take over responsibility for sales in France and England. The first French edition appeared in 1840–1843, and the first English edition followed in 1843–1844. The economic depression of 1846 and the revolution of 1848 dampened demand everywhere and a financial debacle loomed. In 1847 Karl Bodmer renounced all of his rights to the original records and transferred the responsibility for marketing to Prince Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied and his family. Hans Peter Treichler reports that Karl Bodmer drew a downright devastating balance at the time: he, Bodmer, sacrificed ten of the best years of his life to the picture atlas. Even if he took the two years in America aside, this commitment had permanently damaged his artistic career, and the neglected could not be brought back with a high degree of commitment and willpower.

However, he did not hand the plates over to the Prussian embassy in Paris until 1856, where they were stored until 1873 because of the Franco-Prussian War . Bodmer's works and printing plates, which he had to give Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied, were kept in Neuwied Castle and were forgotten. Stanley Pargellis , director of the Newberry Library , and the German scientist Dr. Joseph Röder ensured that they were rediscovered. A traveling exhibition brought 118 watercolors to America from 1953 to 1955 and made the watercolors known there.

In 1959, the art dealer M Knoedler & Co from New York acquired all of the archival materials and Karl Bodmer's works of art and printing plates stored in Neuwied Castle and exhibited them at the Joslyn Art Museum in Omaha (Nebraska). The following year, the Omaha-based Northern Gas Company bought the collection for the Inner North Foundation and gave it to the Joslyn Art Museum, initially as a loan and in 1986 as a gift.

Engagé with an Indian dog sled at Fort Clark. Watercolor by Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied 1833.

Since then, the museum's holdings have included 386 drawings and watercolors by Karl Bodmer, the diaries and travel correspondence from Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied, as well as other documents such as newspaper clippings, invoices, invitations and maps. From 2008 the diaries of Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied will be published in three volumes in English translation with the drawings and watercolors by Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied. The first volume with the diaries from May 1832 to April 1833 was published in 2008.

In 1989 the Joslyn Art Museum published a hand-colored and limited edition of 125 copies of the Illustrated Atlas of the Journey to Inner North America 1832–1834 , which was produced with the original printing plates.

The museum and the University of Nebraska Press have published drawings and watercolors from the museum's holdings in various book publications . In 1984 the book Karl Bodmer's America was published with 359 reproductions of drawings and watercolors that Karl Bodmer had made during his trip to America .

According to Hans Peter Treichler, the original watercolors are artistically superior to the later engraved illustrations in terms of their spontaneity, but also in terms of their coloring and lines.

Karl Bodmer's illustrations of North America come in different colors because they were colored by hand. You can now find them not only in the museums mentioned, but also in The Whitney Gallery of Western Art in the Buffalo Bill Historical Center in the city of Cody (Wyoming, USA) and in several other predominantly American museums. Many of his works are offered through the art trade.

The scientific collections

Most of the ethnological objects are located in the Linden Museum in Stuttgart and in the Ethnological Museum in Berlin. Individual objects are in the German Leather Museum in Offenbach, in the Canadian Museum of Civilization on the Ottawa River in Gatineau , Québec and elsewhere.

Double rifle from Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied's personal property in Neuwied Castle.

The zoological objects are largely kept in the National Museum of American History of the Smithsonian Institution . Individual objects are in the American Museum of Natural History in New York, the Museum of Natural History in Berlin, in the Natural History Department of the Wiesbaden Museum and elsewhere.

Most of the herbarium materials are located in the Princely-Wied Archive in Neuwied Castle in Neuwied , in the Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem and in Brussels.

Most of the autographs , letters and notes are in the Fürstlich-Wiedischen Archive in Neuwied Castle in Neuwied, in the Institute of Western Studies in the Joslyn Art Museum in Omaha , in the Stuttgart Brazil Library of Robert Bosch GmbH and in the collection of Dr. Hermann J. Roth in Bonn.

The fossils are stored in the Goldfuß Museum for Paleontology at the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn .

The prepared skull of Botocudo Joachim Quäck , who lived in Neuwied Castle, was autopsied after his death and was then placed in the Department of Skulls from Foreign Races in the anthropological collection of the Anatomical Museum of the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn . On May 15, 2011, Quäck's skull was handed over to the members of his tribe, the Botocuds, in a solemn ceremony in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais . Prepared skulls that Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied brought with him from Brazil and North America ended up in the collection of Professor Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in Göttingen and have been lost there.

Honors

In 1819 he became a member of the Leopoldina . In 1820 he was made an honorary member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences . The Natural Research Society of Emden made him a real honorary member in 1824. In 1826 he was elected an honorary member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences . In 1835 he was accepted as an honorary member of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg . On May 12, 1836 he received the Order of the Red Eagle, 1st class. Since 1853 he was also an honorary member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences . The Friedrich Schiller University in Jena awarded him an honorary doctorate in 1858 . In 1844, Wied-Neuwied was introduced by Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville as member number 290 of the Société cuviérienne .

About 50 scientific genus and species names bear his name (maximilliani, Neuwiedia or wiedii) and remember his research, such as: rock cavy , Horn Frogs , micro-Zwergkauz , Short Brow Spectacled , Margay , Tree Frog Pseudacris crucifer , Maximilian parrot , pinyon jay , the orchid genus Neuwiedia , Neuwiedia griffithii , Neuwiedia zollingeri and other species, pochard , Rotnasenmaus , red-eared slider , Dowitcher , Sunflower Maximilian sunflower , coastal black-handed titi , bothriopsis Bothriopsis bilineata, white-winged cotinga and worm snake .

Works

The smallest dwarf owl was described by Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied in 1830 and given the name Strix minutissima . The specimen described is in the Walter Rothschild Zoological Museum in Tring .

Expedition to Brazil from 1815 to 1817

German first editions

• Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied: Journey to Brazil in the years 1815 to 1817. 2 volumes, Verlag Heinrich Ludwig Brönner, Frankfurt 1820-1821. Digitized version of Volume 1 archive.org and Volume 2 archive.org
• Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied: Illustrations on the natural history of Brazil. Weimar 1822-1831. archive.org .
• Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied: Contributions to the natural history of Brazil , 1824–1833, 4 volumes in 5 parts ( contributions to the natural history of Brazil. Weimar 1825–1833). Digitized version of Volume 1 (1825) doi: 10.5962 / bhl.title.63798 , Volume 2 archive.org , Volume 3 (1830) archive.org and Volume 4 (1832) archive.org .
• Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied: Brazil, supplements, corrections, additions . Brönner, Frankfurt am Main 1850. Microfiche edition: Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim u. a. 1994–1998 (overall title: Princely Library Corvey - Microedition of Non-Fiction ).

English first edition

• Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied: Travels in Brazil in the years 1815, 1816, 1817. Henry Colburn & Co, London 1820.

French first edition

• Maximilian de Wied: Voyage au Brésil dans les années 1815, 1816 et 1817. Arthus-Bertrand, Paris 1821-1822. 3 volumes and table volume. archive.org .

Dutch first edition

• Maximiliaan Prins van Wied-Neuwied: Reize naar Brazilie in de jaren 1815 dead 1817. W. van Boekeren, Groningen 1822–1823. 2 volumes.

Prepared birds in the Wiesbaden Museum , collected and prepared by Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied on his expedition to Brazil and North America.

German reprints and new editions

• Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied: Journey to Brazil in the years 1815 to 1817. Arr. And ed. by Wolfgang Joost. FA Brockhaus Verlag, Leipzig 1987, ISBN 3-325-00093-2 .
• Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied: Journey to Brazil in the years 1815 to 1817. Published by Hermann Josef Roth. Reprint of the two-volume edition from 1820/21. Gardez! Verlag, Remscheid 2001. Volume 1: ISBN 3-89796-027-3 , Volume 2: ISBN 3-89796-028-1 , Complete work: ISBN 3-89796-026-5 .
• Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied: Journey to Brazil in the years 1815 to 1817. With the complete illustrations from the original volumes and an afterword by Matthias Glaubrecht . The Other Library, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-8477-0017-3 .

Subsequent publications

• Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied: Illustrations on the natural history of Brazil. In the French edition: Recueil de Planches coloriées d 'Animaux du Brésil. Fifteen deliveries. Weimar, in the publishing house of the Landes-Industrie-Comptoir. 1822-1831.
• Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied: Contributions to the natural history of Brazil.
  • Volume I: With 3 copper plates. Weimar, published by Gr. HS priv. Landes-Industrie-Comptoirs. 1825.
  • Volume II: With 5 copper plates. Weimar, published by Gr. HS priv. Landes-Industrie-Comptoirs. 1826.
  • III. Volume: First Division . Weimar, published by Gr. HS priv. Landes-Industrie-Comptoirs. 1830.
  • III. Volume: Second Division. With 1 plate illustrations. Weimar, published by Gr. HS priv. Landes-Industrie-Comptoirs. 1831.
  • IIII. Volume: First Division . Weimar, in the publishing house of the Landes-Industrie-Comptoir. 1832.
  • IIII. Volume: Second Division. With 5 plates illustrations. Weimar, in the publishing house of the Landes-Industrie-Comptoir. 1833.

Posthumous publications

• Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied: Unpublished pictures and manuscripts on the ethnology of Brazil. Eds. Josef Röder and Hermann Trimborn. Dümmler, Bonn 1954.
• Susanne Koppel: Brazil library of Robert Bosch GmbH: Catalog, volumes 1-2. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1988–1991.
  • Catalog Volume I: Completed at the end of 1983. Arranged by Susanne Koppel. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt Stuttgart, ISBN 3-421-02840-0 .
  • Catalog Volume II: Estate of Prince Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied:
    • Part 1: Illustrations for the journey in Brazil from 1815 to 1817. Arranged by Renate Löschner. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-421-02938-5 .
    • Part 2: Correspondence and drawings for the natural history works. Arranged by Birgit Kirschstein-Gamber, Susanne Koppel and Renate Löscher. With an introduction by Dorothea Kuhn. Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, Stuttgart 1991, ISBN 3-421-03005-7 .

Journey to Inner North America from 1832 to 1834

This scientific illustration, created by Karl Bodmer, was published in 1865 and shows the North American red- eared slider turtle ( Trachemys scripta elegans ) described by Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied.

German first editions

• Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied: Journey into the inner North America in the years 1832 to 1834. 2 text volumes and 1 picture volume with illustrations by Karl Bodmer, J. Hölscher, Koblenz 1839–1841.
• Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied: Directory of the mammals observed on my trip in North America. Nicolai Verlag, Berlin, 1862. With 4 lith. By CF Schmidt.
• Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied: Directory of the reptiles that were observed on a trip in northern America. Nova Acta Academiae Caesareae Leopoldinae Nat. Cur. 32, I, 8, E..Blochmann & Sohn, Dresden 1865 (With 7 hand-colored illustrations by Karl Bodmer of turtles and two salamanders. Also published separately: Frommann, Jena.)

French first edition

• Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied: Voyage dans l'interieur de L'Amérique du Nord exécuté pendant les années 1832, 1833 et 1834. Arthus-Bertrand 1840–1843.

English first edition

• Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied: Maximilian Prince of Wied's Travels in the Interior of North America, during the years 1832-1834. Achermann & Comp., London 1843–1844 (translation by H. Evans Lloyd). Excerpts from it appeared in 1906 as a photomechanical facsimile with halftone images in Early Western Travels, 1748–1848 Volumes 22–25 by Reuben Gold Thwaites, Arthur H. Clark Company, Cleveland - Ohio.

Reprints of Karl Bodmer's original plates

• Leipziger Edition : Edition of uncolored prints from the original plates of the picture atlas published by Verlag Schmidt and Guenther, Leipzig 1921–1922, under the series title Reprints of Rare Americana .
• Alecto Historical Editions : Limited Edition Prints. London 1989-1993. Hand-colored and limited to 125 copies new edition of the tableaus and vignettes using the original printing plates by Karl Bodmer under the name Bodmers America . The coloring deviates from the restrained coloring of the originals, which Karl Bodmer authorized with his blind stamp , and is determined by a stronger color.

Hand-colored prints from new image plates

• Hand- colored edition limited to 50 copies for "Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition" (13 volumes), published by Reuben Gold Thwaites, Dodd, Mead & Company, New York 1904–1905.
• Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied: Directory of the reptiles that were observed on a trip in northern America. Salt Lake City approx. 2006, ISBN 1-932871-04-7 , ISBN 1-932871-03-9 ( lot-tissimo.com )

Photomechanical reprints

• Indians: Facsimiles to Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied: Journey to Inner North America 1832–1834. Unchanged photomechanical reprint of two volumes of text, vignettes and plates. Central antiquariat Leipzig 1968.
• Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied: Journey into the inner North America 1832–1834. Reprint with two text volumes, vignette tape and blackboard folder. Verlag L. Borowsky, Munich 1979 (complete edition).
• Walter Hansen: The journey of Prince Wied to the Indians. Verlag W. Ludwig, Pfaffenhofen-Ilm 1977 (shortened to a continuous and easily legible text version with black and white photographs)
• Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied: Journey into the inner North America 1832–1834. Reprint of the tableaus and vignettes in good color print quality with very shortened text, inexpensive. Taschen, Cologne 2001.
• Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied: Directory of the reptiles that were observed on a trip in northern America. Bibliomania! , Salt Lake City approx. 2006, ISBN 1-932871-04-7 (bound), ISBN 1-932871-03-9 (unbound).
• Reuben Gold Thwaites Early Western Travels, 1748–1846. AMS Press, New York 1966.

American first editions of the Sketches and Watercolors
Collection in the Joselyn Art Museum

• David C. Hunt, William J. Orr, WH Goetzmann (Eds.): Karl Bodmer's America. With a biography by William J. Orr: Karl Bodmer. The Artist's Life. and the first publication of Bodmer's American sketches and watercolors in the Joselyn Art Museum in top quality. Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha Ne 1984, ISBN 0-8032-1185-6
• John C. Ewers: Views of vanishing frontier. Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha Ne 1984, 1985, ISBN 0-936364-12-2
• Marsha V. Gallagher: Karl Bodmer's eastern views. Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha Ne 1996, ISBN 0-936364-26-2

Karl Bodmer's North American Prints
Collection at the Joselyn Art Museum

• Brandon K. Ruud (Ed.): Karl Bodmer's North American Prints. Illustrations of prints and essays by Ron Tyler and Brandon K. Ruud. Foreword by J. Brooks Joyner. Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha, Nebraska in association with the University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 2004. ISBN 0-8032-1326-3

Travel diaries of Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied in English translation

• Stephen S. Witte, Marsha V. Gallagher (Eds.): The North American Journals of Prince Maximilian of Wied. Volume 1: May 1832-April 1833. Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha (Nebraska) 2008. (English translation with the drawings and watercolors from the diaries.)
• Stephen S. Witte, Marsha V. Gallagher (Eds.): The North American Journals of Prince Maximilian of Wied. Volume 2: April – September 1833. Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha (Nebraska) 2010. (English translation with drawings and watercolors from the diaries.)
• Stephen S. Witte, Marsha V. Gallagher (Eds.): The North American Journals of Prince Maximilian of Wied. Volume 3: September 1833-August 1834. Joslyn Art Museum, Omaha (Nebraska) 2012. (English translation by William J. Orr, Paul Schach and Dieter Karch with the drawings and watercolors in the diaries. Foreword by John Wilson.)

The Berlin and Stuttgart North America Collection by Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied

• North America Native Museum Zurich: Karl Bodmer. A Swiss Artist in America 1809-1893. A Swiss artist in America. Scheidegger & Spiess, Zurich 2009, ISBN 978-3-85881-236-0 (Text: German and English. With a bibliography and images of all tableaus and vignettes from the NONAM, North America Native Museum - Indian and Inuit cultures in Zurich.) .

Film and video

• Film: Bodmer's Journey:

The years 1833 and 1834, in which Bodmer drove up the Missouri with the German naturalist and ethnologist Prince Maximilian zu Wied , are the subject of the film Bodmer's Journey . The Swiss filmmaker Luke Gasser made this film in 2010 as a documentary essay. The film with a running time of 105 minutes is set up in a kind of road movie and designed with reenactments .

• Video: A prince among Indians. The travels of Maximilian zu Wied: The first broadcast of the film produced by Terra X was shown on ZDF on March 12, 2017 at 7.30 p.m. The 43-minute video, produced in Germany in 2017, can be accessed in the ZDF media library until March 11, 2027, 7.30 p.m.

literature

Biographies

Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied

• Society for nature protection and ornithology Rhineland-Palatinate and Hermann Josef Roth (ed.): Maximilian Prinz zu Wied. Hunter, traveler, natural scientist (= fauna and flora in Rhineland-Palatinate. Supplement 17). GNOR, Nassau / Lahn 1994.
• Hans Läng : Prairie and Plains Indians. The journey into inner North America by Maximilian Prinz zu Wied and Karl Bodmer. Verlag Hermann Schmidt, Mainz 1993, ISBN 3-87439-289-9 .
• Friedrich Ratzel :  Neuwied, Max Prince von Wied too . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 23, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1886, pp. 559-564.
• Hermann Josef Roth : Maximilian Prince zu Wied - life and work. Biographical highlights. In: Fauna and flora in Rhineland-Palatinate. Supplement 17, Landau 1995, pp. 13-26.
• Hermann Josef Roth (ed.): Prince Maximilian zu Wied. Hunter, explorer, traveler. Westerwald and America. Life and work. Verlag der Museen des Westerwaldkreises, Montabaur 1995, ISBN 3-930081-04-0 .
• Philipp Wirtgen : In memory of Prince Maximilian zu Wied. His life and scientific activity. Heuser, Neuwied 1867.
• Kurt von Priesdorff : Soldier leadership . Volume 6, Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt Hamburg, undated [Hamburg], undated [1938], DNB 367632810 , pp. 42-43, no. 1681.

bibliography

• Claus Nissen: The zoological book illustration. Your bibliography and history. Volume I: Bibliography. Anton Hiersemann Verlag, Stuttgart 1969, p. 432.
• Hermann Josef Roth : Preparatory work for a bibliography on Maximilian Prinz zu Wied. In: Fauna and flora in Rhineland-Palatinate. Supplement 17, Landau 1995, pp. 325-344.

Secondary literature

• Realm of the dead. No. 16, year 1818, page 121ff, estate of Prince Maximilian zu Wied, Brazilian library of Robert Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart.
• Société Cuvierienne: Nouveaux membres admis dans la Société curvienne . In: Revue Zoologique par La Société Cuvierienne . tape 7 , 1844, pp. 40 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
• Susan Delano McKelvey : Botanical Exploration of the Trans-Mississippi West 1790-1850. Jamaica Plain 1955.
• Siegfried Schmidt: The book collection of Prince Maximilian zu Wied. Origin, inventory and fate of a 19th century private natural science library. Bouvier, Bonn 1985, ISBN 3-416-01890-7 .
• Hanno Beck, Renate Löschner, Birgit Kirschstein-Gamber Susanne Koppel: Brazil Library of Robert Bosch GmbH . Catalog - VOLUME 1 + VOLUME 2/1 Hardcover - 1988 ISBN 3421028400
• Eliana De Sa Porto De Simone: The image of Brazil in the artistic representations of Prince Maximilian Wied zu Neuwied. In: Walther Bernecker, Gertrut Krömer (ed.): The rediscovery of Latin America. The experience of the subcontinent in travelogues of the 19th century. Vervuert, Frankfurt am Main 1997. 3-89354-738-XS 377-389.
• Hans-Jürgen Krüger: Prince Maximilian zu Wied - his travels, his debts. In: Heimat-Jahrbuch 2000 of the district Neuwied. Edited by the district of Neuwied, pp. 142–154.
• Bernd Willscheid: The Botokuden Indian Quäck in Neuwied. In: Heimat-Jahrbuch 2002 of the district Neuwied. Published by the district of Neuwied, pp. 178–192.
• Michael G. Noll : Mosaic of a travelogue. In: Heimat-Jahrbuch 2002 of the district Neuwied. Published by the Neuwied district, pages 193–201.
• Michael G. Noll: " Prince Maximilian's America: The Narrated Landscapes of a German Explorer and Naturalist. " (Dissertation, University of Kansas, 2000)
• Hermann Josef Roth : Christoph Kloft (ed.) And Hermann Josef Roth: ... and in the middle of it the Westerwald. Stories and fortunes in the center of Europe. Points of view between Mainz and Cologne, Rheingau and Siebengebirge Paulinus Verlag, Trier 2008, ISBN 978-3-7902-1627-1
• Heike Paulsen: Medical considerations within the travel diaries about North America by Paul Wilhelm von Württemberg, Prince Maximilian zu Wied and Duke Bernhard zu Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach. Diss. March 16, 2011. Printed with the permission of the Medical Faculty of the University of Cologne 2011.
• Wolfgang Büscher : Hartland. America on foot. Rowohlt, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-87134-685-9 , pp. 46-58.
• Ulrich Schmotz: Dead End. Journey to the interior of North America. traveldiary.de Reiseliteratur-Verlag, Hamburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-944365-22-0 . 176 years after Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied and Karl Bodmer's journey, Ulrich and Elke Schmotz took their route from Boston to Fort McKenzie exactly to the day. 176 years after Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied and Karl Bodmer, you were at the same locations on the same days as Karl Bodmer painted his watercolors and Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied recorded his diary entries.
• Ulrich Schmotz: Dead End - Journey into the interior of North America Ulrich Schmotz's diary with travel report (beginning in the present)

Web links

Commons : Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Literature by and about Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied in the catalog of the German National Library
• Works by and about Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied  in the German Digital Library
• Search for Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied in the SPK digital portal of the Prussian Cultural Heritage Foundation
• The Max zu Wieds library in the ULB Bonn
• Philipp Griess, Eike Schmitz: A prince among Indians. The travels of Maximilian zu Wied (Video) ZDF. March 12, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2019.

Individual evidence

1. ^ Wolfgang Büscher: Hartland. America on foot. Rowohlt Berlin, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-87134-685-9 , pp. 47-58.
2. ↑ Lieselotte Sauer-Kaulbach: The Debut of a Research Traveler in Rhein-Zeitung, Neuwied issue July 25, 2017, p. 16 and July 28, 2017, p. 12
3. ^ ^{A b} Hoffmann D., Geller-Grimm F. (2013): A catalog of bird specimens associated with Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied and potential type material in the natural history collection in Wiesbaden. In: ZooKeys. 353. pp. 81-93 pensoft.net (PDF).
4. ↑ The current names of the botocuds are Krenak (in Portuguese: Crenaques) or Borun .
5. ↑ Source code
6. ↑ Brazil excursion in the footsteps of Maximilian and the Botokuden Quäck (accessed on February 17, 2016)
7. ↑ Andreas Fasel (2006): The Prince who was Old Shatterhand. - Welt am Sonntag 13: NRW 3.
8. ↑ General-Anzeiger Bonn.de of July 3, 2007: “Quäck” came to an extremely sad end
9. ^ Member entry by Maximilian Prinz zu Wied-Neuwied at the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina , accessed on October 19, 2015.
10. ↑ Member entry of Maximilian Prinz zu Wied at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences , accessed on February 3, 2016.
11. ↑ H. Metger: Forty- fourth annual report of the Natural Research Society in Emden 1858. Woortman, Emden 1859, p. 34 ( limited preview in the Google book search).
12. ↑ Holger Krahnke: The members of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen 1751-2001 (= Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, Philological-Historical Class. Volume 3, Vol. 246 = Treatises of the Academy of Sciences in Göttingen, Mathematical-Physical Class. Episode 3, vol. 50). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2001, ISBN 3-525-82516-1 , p. 162.
13. ^ Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1724. Maximilian Wied. Russian Academy of Sciences, accessed February 4, 2016 (Russian). 
14. ^ Members of the previous academies. Maximilian Prince zu Wied (Neuwied). Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities , accessed on June 27, 2015 . 
15. ^ Société cuviérienne, p. 40.
16. ↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names - Extended Edition. Part I and II. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-946292-26-5 doi: 10.3372 / epolist2018 .
17. ↑ Volume 2 also in google books
18. ↑ (In the holdings of the Hessian State Library Wiesbaden with the shelfmark Rara 04 C 359)
19. ↑ Detailed information on the following deliveries can be found here: Susanne Koppel: Brazil Library of Robert Bosch GmbH: Catalog, Volume II: Estate of Prince Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied, Part 2: Correspondence and drawings on the natural history works. Pp. 334-338. German publishing house, Stuttgart 1991.
20. ↑ Detailed information on the following volumes can be found here: Susanne Koppel: Brazil library of Robert Bosch GmbH: Catalog, Volume II: Estate of Prince Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied, Part 2: Correspondence and drawings on the natural history works. Pp. 339-341. German publishing house, Stuttgart 1991.
21. ^ Early Western Travels Volume 22.
22. ↑ Detailed information on the new edition of the Alecto Historical Editions Print 1–41 (PDF) ( Memento of July 24, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) and Print 42-82 (PDF) ( Memento of July 25, 2008 in the Internet Archive ).