expedition

This article explains the expedition as a journey of discovery or research; for other meanings, see Expedition (disambiguation) .

Routes of the three expedition voyages of James Cook

An expedition , from the Latin expeditio “campaign”, expedire “loose”, is a journey of discovery or research into a remote or undeveloped region .

Earlier expeditions, such as the famous ones of Marco Polo and Christopher Columbus , were driven by trade . Governments turned discovered areas into colonies or protectorates . Up to the present day expeditions serve to explore raw material deposits. Since the 18th century with its established learned societies, expeditions have often been used for scientific research , for example

• to discover new plant and animal species,
• to cross areas of particular interest,
• to reach outstanding geographic destinations such as the North and South Poles.

Today, expeditions are mainly carried out by research institutes , international scientific organizations or Alpine associations. The expedition goals concern a wide variety of specialist areas such as

• Life sciences (e.g. botany , zoology and paleontology ),
• Earth sciences (e.g. geography , geology , geophysics and glaciology ),
• Atmospheric sciences (e.g. meteorology , aeronomy and climate science ).

Further study trips in the field of anthropology and ethnology are undertaken for museums of ethnology or to carry out archaeological excavations. Geoscientific expeditions are nowadays also undertaken by universities or research institutes as part of scientific projects or international measurement campaigns .

Scientific expeditions should be distinguished from journeys without research character, in particular trekking tours or mountaineering journeys , even if they are sometimes referred to as expeditions for marketing reasons .

In English, expedition is equated with research trip (English language: exploration ), while in German exploration is the search for mineral resources.

Expedition preparation

The preparations depend on the type and scope of the expedition and can take several months or even years. At the beginning there is the definition of goals as well as the procurement and evaluation of information, which specify the time, personnel and financial framework. Conversely, expedition planning must be based on the expected financial framework.

The sources for obtaining information are travel descriptions , scientific publications according to the content of the project, geographical treatises, aerial and satellite images as well as small-scale maps to provide an overview of the area. Until around 1950, the expedition's goal in some very remote areas also included the first creation of maps by means of cartographic surveying and terrestrial photogrammetry , for which only rough sketches, e.g. B. the valley courses, had to be sufficient.

Expedition planning

The planning includes the determination of the timing of the expedition as well as the distribution of tasks to the expedition participants. The economic framework is defined by a cost and financial plan in which the expenditure side (e.g. flight and transport costs, equipment and food, permits and insurance) and the income side (e.g. subsidies, donations, loans, possible income) Book sales and lectures). These points may be recorded in a written contract, which usually also regulates the exploitation rights to the results of the expedition.

Sports and medical expedition fitness

The basic prerequisite for participating in an expedition is a medical examination, depending on the extent of the exposure, to rule out illnesses or previous damage that could lead to an unsuitability for an expedition. The Alfred Wegener Institute has developed a medical questionnaire for the participants in its polar expeditions. An essential part of preparing for an expedition, also for accident prevention, is improving performance (strength and endurance) through targeted sports training. According to the project, the athletic preparation begins, depending on the project, up to a year in advance according to the principles of training theory and previous sports medicine and, if necessary, altitude medical advice.

For larger expedition projects and those in extreme climates, it can make sense to undertake a pre-expedition to train and test the equipment. For the selection of expedition participants see the selection process of the ZDF Südpolteilexpedition 2010. However, this also shows the limits of these and the relationship between effective implementation in the expedition space and the results of selection processes.

Expedition skills

In general, for expeditions wilderness skills as knowledge and skills as for trekking necessary to serve the assurance of progress and (over) living in each climate zone. Sufficient knowledge and skills are for your own safety - however, an expedition is not “survival in the bush”. In order to train scientific expedition participants in sufficient wilderness skills, some institutes hold courses exclusively for their students and academic participants. Basic knowledge and skills in fishing , skiing alpine and cross-country skiing and mountain walking and mountain climbing with knots are required depending on the purpose of the expedition. The latter can be acquired through the DAV climbing training to top rope and lead climbing.

General expedition skills are knowledge and skills in dealing with technical expedition equipment, some of which are accompanied by state-approved authorizations such as radio communication certificate and radio operating certificate for the participation in the respective radio communication with a handheld radio in radio traffic , with satellite radio such as Iridium (communication system) or emergency radio beacon as a rescue device radio station . In addition, when using watercraft with engines, the sport boat driving license for the sea and when handling and carrying handguns, the certificate of expertise in weapons for a WBK weapon possession card and European firearms pass . These are required for self-protection in areas with polar bears and grizzly bears such as Svalbard , Northeast Greenland , Northern Canada and Alaska . Ownership is partially required and checked by the respective national authorities.

For some research stations, participation in expeditions requires further knowledge of fire protection , as taught in courses at the NBC and Self-Protection School or the Ship Safety Training Center , as well as skills in vehicle repairs. The reason is that a fire brigade cannot be used to fight fires or a car repair shop cannot be used to repair snow-covered vehicles, off-road vehicles and rigid inflatable boats. Large research stations have their own technical staff available for these tasks, some of them from the respective national military such as the American and Argentinian research stations in Antarctica. In the dry and cold climate zone in particular, a fire is a considerable danger, including as an electrical fire, engine fire or careless handling of open fire in a tent or in an emergency hut. Extreme cold makes pipes and insulation made of plastic and metal brittle, so that fuel can escape from them or an electrical short circuit can occur and cause a fire. In the dry and cold climate zone, vehicles are permanently preheated where possible or, where this is not possible, kept in operation overnight. Specialist support is not available at smaller research stations. All tasks, including the kitchen service, are done by the expedition participants. A cooking course can therefore also be part of the preparation.

First aid

Since immediate first aid by rescue organizations is not available during an expedition, reliable first aid and extended first aid as well as knowledge of therapeutic procedures in emergency medicine and their limits on the part of the expedition members are necessary. The basis of first aid is “safe handling for targeted action” as a first aid worker in medical emergencies through repeated first aid courses during the preparation of the expedition. Basic skills from Tactical Combat Casualty Care are partially helpful. However, medical care (“practice of medicine” as an intervention in the competencies of doctors and alternative practitioners) is punishable under German criminal law for first aiders, and this is where its limits. The extended knowledge of first aid is supplemented by skills for use in the field. The extended first aid includes basic knowledge of emergency medicine with cardiopulmonary resuscitation , behavior in the event of hypothermia due to the wind chill factor and basic knowledge from training for paramedics with a focus on traumatology , bandages and medication as well as travel medicine and infectious diseases caused by tropical diseases as far as necessary for the expedition area. Prevention takes place through vaccinations against infectious diseases as far as necessary for the expedition area. General hygiene measures prevent most diseases.

Meteorology and local weather forecast

Climate zones and weather determine the eco-zones according to which the requirements for an expedition are based. Knowledge of clouds and general meteorological relationships are necessary for local weather forecasting. The local, daily weather conditions determine the possibilities during the expedition, especially when climbing. Weather reports are coded worldwide using the SYNOP code with the cloud key. Basic meteorological information and climate data can be determined via the Internet if required. An altimeter / barometer is used for the local weather forecast and an anemometer is used to determine the wind chill as a felt temperature .

Expedition leadership

Theoretical Foundations for leadership of groups of people in an organization unit are leadership and for the organization under management skills with planning , organization , leadership and control carried out.

Kurt Hahn at the Schloss Salem School already used experiential approaches from expeditions as a teaching aid . Leaders Robert Falcon Scott , Roald Amundsen , Ernest Shackleton , Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord and George S. Patton can serve as examples of leadership methods .

Expedition equipment

A reasonable expedition equipment taking into account the climate and the season is more important in addition to the catering part of the expedition preparation. Missing or inadequate expedition equipment can have serious consequences for the safe execution and make rescue measures necessary. The procurement of the expedition equipment marks the end of the expedition preparation. The basic equipment required for land expeditions is the same as for trekking . For the shipment and return of expedition equipment , the respective customs regulations of the importing and return country as well as the airline's regulations must be observed .

climate zone	season	Vegetation zone					Air temperature	Protective effect
dry-cold	winter	Polar zone and tundra					<−20 ° C	Heat and wind protection
damp and cold	winter	boreal forest zone deciduous deciduous forest	=	dry-cold	summer		<−5 ° C	Wind and moisture protection, conditional heat protection
dry-hot	winter		=	damp and cold	summer		<+15 ° C	conditional heat and moisture protection
dry-hot	summer	Desert and savanna					> +25 ° C *	Protection from solar radiation and heat at night, however, down to −5 ° C
moist and hot	all year round	Rainforest					> +30 ° C	Protection against permanent skin moisture

Expedition supplies

The planned and prepared supply of the expedition can take place in advance through depots or as a follow-up supply by aircraft or accompanying with Akia , carts , porters or pack animals . Today less often by dog sledding , but like the Sirius patrol in Northeast Greenland National Park , the rangers of the US National Park Service or Parks Canada rangers are still in use. With alpine style for a limited time of up to 14 days by self-carrying.

Transport and shipment

on foot

• in the expedition style with porters also wrongly sherpa after a Tibetan ethnic group led by a sirdar ,
  in the alpine style by self-carrying or self-pulling a trekking cart ;
• in permanent snow areas with tub sleds such as Akja or Pulka as well as dog sleds with sled dogs ;
• with draft animals or pack animals such as mules or dromedaries ;
• by mountain bike (MTB);

rarely with mounts on land

motorized on land with

• Off-road vehicles like Mercedes G and Land Rover Defender or
• Expedition truck with a fixed body or cabin like the Unimog , the MAN gl SX45 8 × 8, in Russia Ural ,
• All Terrain Vehicle (ATV) Kraka or Quad
• Snowmobile Bandvagn 206 for jungle areas in Russia and former CIS countries MT-LB , DT-30 or snowmobile and snowmobile Light Over Snow Vehicles (LOSV);

air-assisted with

• EC 135 or Mil Mi-8 helicopter
• twin-engine aircraft with STOL characteristics such as the Dornier Do 228 or the Twin Otter de Havilland Canada DHC-6 ;

water-based

• in coastal waters, wetlands or river navigation
  • Inflatable boat or rigid inflatable boat ,
  • Kayak or Canadians

for river crossings with Packraft .

The Lewis and Clark Expedition

History of the expeditions

The voyages of discovery at the beginning of the history of the expedition were marked by a wave of new discoveries due to an imperfect image of the earth. The phase of the subsequent research trips had the goal of gaining knowledge in the field of earth sciences and at the same time securing underdeveloped states and their raw materials in the context of the emerging industrialization for their own nation. Through agreements between the colonial powers, colonial borders were often drawn in this period of the 19th century, which are still valid today as state borders, dividing population groups, dividing states and, as a result, wars of independence from the middle of the 20th century and in the 21st century led to further internal but also interstate conflicts. This potential for conflict has a corresponding influence on the feasibility of today's expeditions according to the security situation in these areas. Information can be obtained from the travel warnings from the Foreign Ministries.

The history of the North Pole expeditions and the golden age of Antarctic exploration were marked by national competition to "conquer" the last unreached destinations on earth. The expeditions were partly planned in a very short time and carried out with untried means. These led to a fatal outcome on some expeditions. The technical equipment and clothing partly did not correspond to today's standards and safety in use. Woolen clothing and zydarski bags are still valid equipment today. At the same time, only partial or insufficient use was made of the knowledge and skills of people living in these climates. The English did not use sled dogs, while the Norwegians used them with success and adapted their clothing to the Eskimos .

Reasons for the failure of an expedition even today can be found in particular with the Franklin expedition .

Orientation equipment from early expeditions

GPS was only available for location determination from the late 1980s. Until then, the position was determined by astronomical navigation using a sextant and chronometer . With so-called lunch cutlery , the highest level of the sun and thus the true local time is determined around noon . The latitude is calculated from the height of the sun . The geographical longitude results from the difference between local time and Greenwich Mean Time , which is read by the chronometer. Bearing and triangulation were used for orientation in the field and for land surveying, one of the most urgent tasks of early expeditions.

Bivouac equipment from early expeditions

Memorial stones from the German expedition to the passage of Venus on December 9, 1874 in Isfahan, Iran

Until the advent of synthetic fibers, clothing made of cotton was sometimes also made of light loden in dry and hot and humid areas, while wool and loden were worn for dry and cold and humid areas. The early clothing of the English Everest climbers consisted of tweed . Women's hair footlets were also used. Sleeping bags were made of reindeer fur or, as on the Schröder-Stranz expedition, were filled with kapok as an insulating material. Down sleeping bags did not appear until the 20th century. Tents were made of cotton. The Zdarskysack served to protect the sleeping bag from moisture and dirt .

Catering for early expeditions

Since the journey was often made by ship, “normal” ship and fresh food was brought along, which had to be prepared. This consisted of cereal grains - these have a longer shelf life than flour -, rusks , cured meat , jerky meat , stockfish , pea sausage or olive oil and had a long shelf life, or consisted of fresh food such as live animals that were slaughtered when necessary. Tin cans were first used in the 19th century . As with the Franklin expedition, early forms probably led to lead poisoning . To avoid scurvy , sauerkraut and lemon juice containing vitamin C were part of the diet - see also James Cook . Hoosh from Pemmican was part of expedition catering for Antarctic expeditions . For land transport, as in Africa and India, porters were used on a large scale, in other parts of the world also pack animals. Otherwise, the expedition's catering was obtained from the country through purchase on site or hunting with corresponding uncertainties for availability and hygiene.

List of well-known explorers and explorers

Explorers

A discoverer is generally used to describe people who observe something independently existing and make this knowledge available to an indefinite public as a discovery .

Surname	expedition	year	discovery
Christoph Columbus		1492	America
Vasco da Gama		1497-1499	Sea route to India
Ferdinand de Magellan		1519-1522	Circumnavigation
Gonzalo Pizarro	Gonzalo Pizarro expedition	1540-1542	Exploring South America
Francis Drake	Circumnavigation	1577-1580	Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Indian Ocean
Samuel de Champlain		1603-1632	Canada
Vitus Bering with Georg Wilhelm Steller	First Kamchatka expedition Second Kamchatka expedition	1725-1730 1733-1743	Bering Strait , Siberia and Aleutian Islands
Carsten Niebuhr	Arab trip (Carsten Niebuhr)	1761-1767	Exploration of Arabia
James Cook		1768-1771 1772-1775 1776-1780	First South Sea voyage Second South Sea voyage Third South Sea voyage with the North Pacific and Northwest Passage
Alexander MacKenzie		1789 1792	Northern Canada Great Slave Lake , Mackenzie River , Arctic Ocean , Fraser River

See also : List of Explorers

Explorers

Research trips by research travelers have the purpose of gaining data and knowledge about mostly newly discovered areas of the earth. Their preparation can include acquiring existing knowledge, learning the regional languages, selecting, procuring and packing the necessary materials and equipment, putting together a harmonizing team in which all essential skills are represented that are required at the destination, the appropriate time to start the journey as well as the planning of the travel route as far as possible. In contrast to this, adventurers are seen without a goal.

Surname	expedition	Expedition year	Background / goal of the expedition
Squidward Haenke	Alessandro Malaspina di Mulazzo expedition	1789-1794 1793-1810 1804	Participants South America with Peru , Ecuador , Bolivia , Chile Atacama Desert first European on the Chimborazo
Alexander von Humboldt		1799-1804 1829	American research trip to Russia
Meriwether Lewis William Clark	Lewis and Clark Expedition	1804-1806	Exploration of Ohio North America
Jean Louis Burckhardt		1812	Rediscoveries of the Nabatean city of Petra in southern Jordan and the Nubian temple of Abu Simbel in Egypt
Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied	Journey to inner North America	1815-1817 1832-1834	Brazil USA
Otto von Kotzebue	Rurik expedition	1815-1818	Russian circumnavigation / discovery and exploration of the Northwest Passage
John Ross		1818	Expedition Northwest Passage and Arctic Sea
William Edward Parry		1818 1819-1820 1821-1823	2nd Officer Northwest Passage 1st Arctic Expedition Queen Elizabeth Islands 2nd Arctic Expedition
James Clark Ross		1818 1819-1825 1829-1831 1839-1842	Participant Northwest Passage several polar expeditions under Parry Participant North Pole Expedition and North Magnetic Pole South Pole and Southern Ocean
John Franklin		1818 1819-1822 1845-1847	1. Polar expedition under John Ross 2. Polar expedition to the Northwest Territories 3. Franklin expedition to the polar region
Hamilton Hume William Hovell	Hume and Hovell's expedition	1824-1825	first expedition, a path from New South Wales in the hinterland of Victoria found
Charles Darwin	The Zoology of the Voyage	1831-1836	South America
Jakob Philipp Fallmerayer		1831-1834 1840-1842 1847-1848	Greece and the Middle East
Charles Wilkes command	United States Exploring Expedition	1838-1842	Exploration and mapping trip of the United States Navy into the Pacific, especially the US west coast
Ludwig Leichhardt	1st expedition 2nd expedition 3rd expedition	1844-1845 1846-1847 1848	Australia 4800 km Jimbour (Brisbane) -Northern Territory-Port Essington (Darwin) planned crossing of Australia from east to west Another attempt, since lost
Heinrich Barth		1845-1847 1849-1855	North Africa West Africa and the Sahara
Eduard Vogel		1853-1856	Africa highlands from Adamaua relief for Barth
Richard Francis Burton		1853 1854 1857	Mecca with John Hanning Speke Sudan East Africa with the great lakes and the sources of the Nile
Alexandrine Tinné		1862 1869	Upper course of the Nile - northwestern Congo Tripoli - Murzuk
David Livingstone		1849-1873	Africa
Henry Morton Stanley		1870-1871	Africa
Bernhard von Wüllerstorf-Urbair Ferdinand von Hochstetter Georg von Frauenfeld	Novara expedition	1857-1859	Expedition leader Head of Geology Head of Zoology
Charles Francis Hall		1860-1862 1864-1869 1871	Canadian Arctic - North Pole Expedition
Robert O'Hara Burke William John Wills	Victorian exploration expedition	1860-1861	Australia south-north crossing west of 143rd longitude
Gerhard Rohlfs		1860-1865 1873-1874 1878	Timbuktu Siwa Oasis Kufra Egypt
Carl Koldewey	First German North Polar Expedition and Second German North Polar Expedition	1868 1869-1870	Polar expeditions to Greenland's east coast
David E. Folsom Charles W. Cook William Peterson	Folsom expedition	1869	Yellowstone National Park
Henry Washburn, Nathaniel P. Langford, G.C. Doane	Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition	1870	Yellowstone National Park
Ferdinand Hayden	Hayden expedition	1871	Yellowstone National Park
Karl Count von Waldburg-Zeil Theodor von Heuglin		1870	Spitzbergen companion
Julius by Payer Carl Weyprecht	Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition	1872-1874	Franz Josef Land
Eduard Schnitzer		1871-1892	Central Africa
Wyville Thomson	Challenger expedition	1872-1876	Deep sea expedition
Adolphus Greely		1881-1884	Polar region
Karl of the Stones	1st German Int Polar Year Expedition 1st Xingú Area Expedition 2nd Xingú Area Expedition	1882-1883 1884 1887-1888 1897-1898	South Georgia under Dr. K. Schrader Xingú Area Brazil Xingú Area Brazil South Sea Islands Marquesas
Gertrude Bell		1888-1920	Arabia British explorer, historian, writer, archaeologist, mountaineer, political advisor and member of the Secret Intelligence Service
Mary Kingsley		1894-1895	British explorer and ethnologist Congo - Congo - Cameroon
Fridtjof Nansen		1888 1893-1896	Crossing the inland ice of South Greenland, North Pole Expedition
Nikolai Mikhailovich Prschewalsky		1870–1873 1876–1877 1879–1880 1883–1885	Central Asia expeditions
Victor Hensen	Plankton expedition	1889	Atlantic
Franz Steindachner	Pola expeditions	1890-1898	Deep sea, Mediterranean, Red Sea
Erich von Drygalski	West Greenland Expeditions Berliner Ges f geography Gauss expedition	1891-1893 1901-1903 1910	1st German South Polar Expedition Participation in Graf Zeppelin Expedition Spitzbergen
Robert Peary		1891-1893 1905-1906 1908-1909	Greenland and Arctic 87 ° 6'N April 6, 1909 possibly North Pole
Adrien de Gerlache de Gomery	Belgica expedition	1897-1899	West Antarctica
Frederick Cook		1891-1892 1897-1899 1907-1909	under Robert Peary Arctic expedition under Adrien de Gerlache de Gomery Belgica expedition Arctic expedition north of Axel-Heiberg-Insel towards the North Pole, alternative route Devon Island via Nares Strait to Anoatok Greenland
Franz Boas	Jesup North Pacific Expedition	1897-1902	anthropological research expedition in the North Pacific to Siberia , Alaska and the north-west coast of Canada
Carl Chun	Valdivia expedition	1898-1899	Deep sea, Atlantic and Indian oceans
Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink	Southern Cross Expedition	1898-1900	Viktorialand , Ross Ice Shelf (78 ° 50'S)
Sven Hedin	- - - Sino-Swedish expedition	1893-1897 1899-1902 1905-1908 1927-1935	China Taklamakan Pamir Mountains Himalaya Persia Fritz Mühlenweg as participant
Max von Oppenheim		1895-1923 1899 1914-1918	Diplomat, orientalist and archaeologist in the Middle East. Discovery of Tell Halaf. News center for the Orient
Roald Amundsen	Belgica expedition Gjøa expedition Fram expedition Maud expedition Norge expedition	1897–1899 1903–1906 1910–1913 1918–1920 1926	West Antarctica Northwest Passage Geographic South Pole Northeast Passage Flight over the geographic North Pole in an airship
Luigi Amadeo of Savoy	Stella Polare	1899 1906 1909	Exploration of the north polar region Rwenzori Mountains Uganda Karakoram K2
Edward Harriman	Harriman Alaska Expedition	1899
Rudolf Schlechter	West African rubber expedition	1899-1900	Exploration of rubber-producing plant species in West Africa
Robert Falcon Scott	Discovery Expedition Terra Nova Expedition	1901-1903 1910-1912	Ross Sea , Ross Ice Shelf (82 ° 17'S) and Viktorialand geographic South Pole
Otto Nordenskjöld and Carl Anton Larsen	Swedish Antarctic Expedition	1901-1904
Ernest Shackleton	Discovery Expedition Nimrod Expedition Endurance Expedition Quest Expedition	1901–1903 1907–1909 1914–1917 1921–1922	Participants under Scott Ross Ice Shelf , Polar Plateau (88 ° 23'S), Viktorialand Weddell Sea , planned crossing of the Antarctic Weddell Sea , Elephant Island , South Georgia
Francis Younghusband George Mallory	Tibet crossing British Mount Everest expeditions	1904 1920 1921, 1922, 1924	Tibet Mount Everest
Percy Fawcett	i. A. Royal Geographical Society	1906-1925	Expeditions in South America
Douglas Mawson		1911-1914	1st Australian Antarctic Expedition
Carl Ernst Arthur Wichmann Hendrikus Albertus Lorentz	North New Guinea Expedition	1903
Mina Benson Hubbard		1905	Crossing Labrador
Alfred Wegener	- - Research station Eismitte	1906 1913 1929-1930	Greenland north-east coast under Ludvig Mylius-Erichsen crossing and wintering under Johan Peter Koch 3rd Greenland expedition inland ice
Enno Littmann	Aksum expedition	1906	Ethiopia Eritrea
TE Lawrence		1909-1918	Palestine - Sinai Peninsula
Herbert Schröder-Stranz	German Arctic Expedition	1912-1913	Spitsbergen
Theodor Lerner		1896 1913	Spitzbergen release expedition DAE
Oskar von Niedermayer		1912	first crossing of the Lut desert
Alfred Leber	Dt New Guinea Expedition	1913-1914	Medical-demographic
Hermann Detzner		1914-1918	Kaiser-Wilhelms-Land Island of New Guinea first Europeans crossing the valleys of the central highlands in the Hagen Mountains
Rupert crab apple	Greenland under Wegener Anjumanpass Hindu Kush Afghanistan Arctic Ocean Greenland	1930-1931 1936-1937 1940-1945	Head of West Station “Scheideck”, meteorological observations of air traffic at Lufthansa Wehrmacht weather stations in the Arctic
Ladislaus Almásy	- Salam expedition	1922-1934 1940-1943	Sahara North Africa Brandenburg (special unit) Africa campaign
Louis Audouin-Dubreuil	Croisière Noire Croisière Jaune	1924-1925 1931-1932	Africa Middle East / Lebanon- China
Alfons Gabriel		1927-1928, 1933, 1937	Deserts of Afghanistan and Iran
Clärenore Stinnes with Carl-Axel Söderström	Circumnavigation of the world by car	1927	Balkans -Moscow-Siberia-Gobi Desert-Beijing-Japan-Hawaii-North America-Central America-South America to Buenos Aires-Vancouver
Günter Dyhrenfurth	Himalaya Expedition International Himalaya Expedition	1930 1934	Karakoram
Orde Wingate	Camel expedition	1932	with the support of RGS Libyan Desert
Richard Evelyn Byrd	Byrd Antarctic Expedition Operation Highjump	1926 1928-1930 1933-1935 1939-1941 1946-1947	Svalbard North Pole Antarctica, Flyover of the South Pole Antarctica Antarctica Antarctica
Otto Schulz combat handle	German Amazon Jary Expedition	1935-1937	Amazon	Expedition leader
John Riddoch Rymill	British Graham Land	1936	Antarctic expedition leader
Ivan Dmitrievich Papanin		presumably on May 21, 1937	North Pole
Alfred Ritscher	- Third German Antarctic Expedition	1912-1913 1938-1939	Skipper "German Arctic Expedition" Schröder-Stranz Expedition leader Neuschwabenland
Kurt Herdemerten	Dt-Greenland-Exp Herdemerten-Greenland-Exp	1930-193 1938	under Alfred Lothar Wegener expedition leader
JGS Sugden P. G. Mott	Oxford University Greenland Expedition	1938
Hans Ertl	International Himalaya Expedition German Bolivia Expedition Willy Merkl Memorial Expedition	1934 1950 1953	First ascent of Sia Kangri 7422 m
Willy Merkl , Hermann Buhl , Karl Herrligkoffer	German American Himalayan Expedition Dt Nanga Parbat Expedition	1932 1934
Heinrich Harrer	German Nanga Parbat Expedition - -	1939 1939-1951 1953-1991	Climbing the Rupal flank Tibet South America, Alaska, Africa and Southeast Asia
Wilhelm Dege	- Company Haudegen	1930s 1944-1945	Spitzbergen Nordostland Wehrmacht weather stations in the Arctic
Karl Helbig		1930–1932 1936–1937 1953–1954 1957–1958	Sumatra Borneo Central America Mexico
Wilfred Thesiger		1941-1943 1946-1964	Ethiopia and Sahara Long Range Desert Group Oman , Saudi Arabia , Yemen Empty Quarter , Iraq
Thor Heyerdahl	Kon-Tiki -Expedition u. a.	1947	Pacific Ocean - Polynesia
Edmund Hillary Tenzing Norgay		May 29, 1953	First ascent of Mount Everest
Hannes Lindemann		1955 and 1956	Atlantic
Vivian Fuchs	Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition	1955-1958	with Hillary
Stefan Kröpelin	Research expedition	October 2005	5,000 km by off-road vehicle in the Chad Basin with the Erdi-Ma northeast triangle of Libya, Chad and Sudan

Expedition travelers

Surname	expedition	Expedition year	Expedition land
Wally Herbert	Transarctic expedition with dog sled	April 6, 1969	Arctic and North Pole on foot
Werner Freund		1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977	Algeria Uganda Ceylon Cameroon Ethiopia Ecuador indones. New Guinea Paraguay Brazil Papua New Guinea South Colombia South Sudan
Rüdiger Nehberg		1972 1980 1981 1987	Blue Nile Yanomami Brazil Germany crossing Atlantic crossing pedal boat
Reinhold Messner	- u. a. Sigi Löw Memorial Expedition to Nanga Parbat	1969 1970–1986 1989–1990	Andes expedition 14 eight-thousander and Seven Summits crossing of the Antarctic
Günther Bock, Michel Dacher, Peter Lechhart, Franz Martin	German Greenland Expedition 1970		Nuuk - Tasiilaq ice sheet crossing
Arved Fuchs		since 1977 1979 1980 1983 1984 1989 1989–1990 1993 1997–1998 2000 2002 1993 and 2003–2004	Arctic West Coast Greenland North Pole on foot (failed) Retro Alfred Wegener Expedition 1930 Circumnavigation of Cape Horn in a folding boat in the southern summer Int. Expedition "Icewalk" North Pole Antarctic crossing Greenland with dog sled "Arctic Passages" West coast Greenland hist. Expedition Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton Antarctica with crossing South Georgia's Northeast Passage Northwest Passage
Bruno Baumann		1989 1994 1996 2004	Taklamakan on foot Alashan , Tibet , Tibesti Mountains Taklamakan Retro-Expedition Sven Hedin Discovery of the "sunken kingdom of Shangshung" Yarlung dynasty
Ines Papert		1997 1998	Aconcagua Peru expedition with Nevado Pisco, Nevado Alpamayo , Nevado Artesonraju , Torre del Paron
Frederik to Denmark	Sirius Dog Sled Expedition	February 11 to May 31, 2000	2795 km crossing of North Greenland Northeast Greenland National Park
Liv Arnesen and Ann Bancroft		2001	Antarctica on skis
Gerlinde Kaltenbrunner	High mountain expeditions	since 2003	u. a. Nanga Parbat
Cecilie Skog			first woman on the Seven Summits, North Pole, South Pole, crossing the Antarctic
Jakub Postrzygacz	Canning Stock Route	2005	First conqueror by bike
Oh Eun-sun			first woman on the 14 eight-thousanders
Evelyne Binsack	Expedition Antarctica	2006/2007	28,000 km from Switzerland to the South Pole
Tim Cope		Summer 2004 to summer 2007	Ride from the steppe of Mongolia, starting in Kharkhorin near Karakorum, to Hungary
Jeremy Clarkson and James May	Top Gear: Polar Special Polar Challenge	2007	magnetic north pole from 1996 at 78 ° 36 ′  N , 104 ° 12 ′  W with heavily modified Toyota Hilux and Toyota Land Cruiser
David de Rothschild	Plastiki expedition	2010	Pacific Ocean	Pollution of the oceans with plastic waste
Harry of Wales	in favor of the aid organization "Walking With The Wounded"	November / December 2013	South Pole	March with wounded soldiers 335 km to the South Pole
Freya Hoffmeister	Kayak expeditions	2009 2011-2015	Circumnavigation of Australia Circumnavigation of Australia	13,714 km in 332 days 22,000 km in 929 days

Authorities and organizations that conduct expeditions

Expeditions are mainly carried out by research institutions. These can be universities or non-university institutes. Clubs and associations as well as state authorities promote expeditions.

Expedition animal filmmaker

Well-known animal filmmakers who have undertaken expeditions to produce nature and animal films include Michael and Bernhard Grzimek , Heinz Sielmann , David Attenborough , Martin Schliessler , Ernst Arendt and Hans Schweiger, Benny Rebel , Andreas Kieling , Matto Barfuss , Dieter Glogowski, Norbert Rosing , David Bittner and Dirk Steffens . Michael Martin is known in German-speaking countries for his desert photographs.

Marine expeditions

• Hans Hass diving pioneer
• Jacques-Yves Cousteau marine researcher

Expedition destinations and expedition rooms

The fact that terra incognita still exists is shown by the participation of an NDR television team in the Ultima Thule 2008 expedition to explore the northernmost land point in the world in Greenland. Frequently commercial expedition destinations are the Seven Summits as the highest peaks in the world and the Seven Second Summits . As another expedition goals are long-distance hiking trails that run through corresponding natural and wilderness areas and regions of the world natural heritage as a UNESCO World Heritage are.

See also

• List of Antarctic expeditions
• Science tourism
• German Society for Mountain and Expedition Medicine

literature

• Dietmar Henze: Encyclopedia of the explorers and explorers of the earth. 5 volumes. ADEVA, Graz 1973-2004, ISBN 3-201-01835-X .
• Johannes W. Grüntzig , Heinz Mehlhorn : Expeditions into the realm of epidemics. Medical ascension orders of the German imperial and colonial times. Elsevier-Verlag, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-8274-1622-1 .
• Fergus Fleming, Annabel Merullo: Legendary Expeditions: 50 Original Reports . 2nd Edition. National Geographic Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-937606-94-7 .
• Ariane Audouin-Dubreuil: Expedition Silk Road: With the first off-road vehicle from Beirut to Beijing. National Geographic Verlag, 2008, ISBN 978-3-89405-854-8 .
• Owen Beattie, John Geiger: The Icy Sleep: The Fate of the Franklin Expedition. Piper Verlag, 1998, ISBN 3-492-22113-0 .
• Cornelia Klauß, Frank Böttcher (ed.): Unrecognized by Freundesland - Illegal journeys through the Soviet empire Lukas Verlag, 2011, ISBN 978-3-86732-076-4 .
• Jörg Kuhbandner, Jan Oelker (eds.): TRANSIT. Illegally through the vastness of the Soviet Union. Notschriften-Verlag, Radebeul 2010, ISBN 978-3-940200-48-8 .
• Matthias Hake: Expedition Manual. Planning, equipment, crisis management. 1st edition. Pietsch Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-613-50490-1 .
• Nigel Gifford: Expeditions. Handbook for planning and practice: conception, financing, travel, food, equipment, logistics and guidance. Pietsch, Stuttgart 1984, ISBN 3-613-50005-1 .
• Heinz Kohnen: Safety and Survival in Polar Expeditions. In: Reports on Polar Research. Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, special issue 3, 1983.
• Stefan Simmerer: Do-it-yourself expeditions. In: Outdoor. 09/2003. (on-line)
• Inge Röger-Lakenbrink: Alpine trekking with horses and mules. Cadmos Verlag, Lüneburg 1999, ISBN 3-86127-339-X .
• Royal Geographical Society (Ed.): Expedition Handbook. Self-published, London 2004.
• Royal Geographical Society (Ed.), Rachel Duncan: Polar Expeditions. 4th edition. Self-published, London 2003.
• Tom Sheppard: Vehicle-dependent Expedition Guide. Desert Winds, Hertfordshire, England 1998, ISBN 0-9532324-0-9 .
• Stephen Arrington: The Expedition & Diving Operations Handbook. Diversification Series Verlag Best Pub., 1995, ISBN 0-941332-40-3 .
• Steven James Foreman: How to Plan and Survive Safaris, Camping Trips, and Expeditions in Africa. Lulu Press, 2007, ISBN 978-1-4303-0842-3 .
• Franz Berghold , Wolfgang Schaffert: Handbook of trekking and expedition medicine: Practice of altitude adjustment - therapy of altitude sickness. DAV Summit Club , Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-00-025756-8 .
• W. Treibel: First aid and health on the mountain and when traveling. Bergverlag Rother , 2006, ISBN 3-7633-6027-1 .
• Royal Geographical Society (Ed.), Sarah Anderson: Expedition Medicine. 2nd Edition. Profile Books, 2002, ISBN 1-86197-434-5 .
• Chris Johnson, Sarah Anderson, Jon Dallimore, Shane Winser, David A. Warrell: Oxford Handbook of Expedition and Wilderness Medicine. 1st edition. Oxford Handbooks Series, published by OUP Oxford, 2008, ISBN 978-0-19-929661-3 .
• Gregory H. Bledsoe, Michael J. Manyak, David A. Townes: Expedition and Wilderness Medicine: Wilderness, Remote, and Extreme Environments. 1st edition. Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-86873-0 .
• Andrew Selters: Glacier Travel and Crevasse Rescue: Reading Glaciers, Team Travel, Crevasse Rescue Techniques, Routfinding, Expedition Skills. 2nd Edition. The Mountaineers Books, 2006, ISBN 0-89886-658-8 .

Web links

Wiktionary: Expedition  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

1. ↑ expeditio . Pons publishing house . Retrieved June 15, 2014.
2. ↑ expedio . Pons publishing house. Retrieved June 15, 2014.
3. ↑ AWI medical questionnaire (PDF; 77 kB)
4. ↑ Mountain sports training ( Memento of the original dated February 7, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the website of the German Society for Mountain and Expedition Medicine e. V. 
5. ↑ Martina Schneibergová: Expedition Spitzbergen: After two days the first tent tore. on: radio.cz
6. ↑ Selection process ZDF Südpolexpedition 2010 ( Memento of the original from April 13, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
7. ^ Arctic Survival and Safety Course. ( Memento of the original from September 9, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Course Wilderness Skills UNIS 
8. ↑ Information for expedition participants. ( Memento of the original from February 23, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. AWI advanced training for expedition participants 
9. ↑ knots - knots Primer for outdoor activities. on Wikibooks
10. ↑ Climbing training at the German Alpine Club
11. ↑ First aid in the field on Wikibooks
12. ↑ Explanation of the SYNOP key.
13. ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original from October 20, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Clearance procedure for Germany when re-importing also INF3 customs form for higher value assets 
14. ↑ dangerous air freight lithium-ion battery # Dangers when handling lithium-ion batteries In the past 20 years, lithium-ion batteries were responsible for 140 incidents in aircraft. The ICAO classifies them as dangerous, highly flammable cargo. [1]
15. ↑ US National Park Rangers in the English language Wikipedia
16. ↑ http://www.outdoorseiten.net/forum/showthread.php?46604-USA-Sommer-2010-9-Wochen-Trekking-in-Alaska-mit-Packraft-Wrangell-St.-Elias-amp-Denali&highlight= Packraft application Packraft on a trekking tour Wrangell-St.-Elias-Denali Alaska-
17. ↑ Comelia Lüdecke: 100 years ago: Greenland expedition of the Society for Geography in Berlin (1891, 1892–1893) under the direction of Erich von Drygalski.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: Polar Research. 60 (3) 1990, pp. 219-229.  
18. ↑ Steffen Wenig (Ed.): In Imperial Order - The German Aksum Expedition 1906 under Enno Littmann . Volume 1: The actors and the scientific undertakings of the DAE in Eritrea. Linden-Soft, Aichwald 2006, ISBN 3-929290-33-2 .
19. ^ German Antarctic Expedition 1938/39. ( Memento of the original from May 5, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: DMZ. No. 42, December 2004. 
20. ↑ Expedition Report Greenland Inland Ice Crossing 1970 ( Memento of the original from December 2, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
21. ↑ Thomas Borchert: Record in 70 days: Norwegian is the first to cross the Antarctic on skis. In: Spiegel Online , January 22, 2010.
22. ^ Dieter Glogowski
23. ↑ David Bittner ( Memento of the original dated December 8, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
24. ↑ Sven Glagow: NDR team discovers an island in the arctic ice. Ultima Thule Expedition