Quest expedition

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The expedition ship Quest

The Quest Expedition (official name: Shackleton Rowett Expedition 1921–1922) was a research trip to Antarctica and at the same time the last expedition of the polar explorer Ernest Shackleton . The expedition, financed by the English businessman John Quiller Rowett, is named after the research vessel Quest . Although Shackleton circumnavigated the Antarctic continent and the search for "lost" sub-Antarctic islandshad named as goals, the exact purpose of this "oceanographic and sub-Antarctic expedition" in terms of expanding scientific knowledge remained largely unclear. Even before reaching the target area Shackleton died in Grytviken ( South Georgia ) of a heart attack.

Under the leadership of Shackleton's deputy Frank Wild , the expedition continued with a shortened program. The quest but was unsuccessful owing to their small size and weak engine as unsuitable, far into the Antarctic pack ice to advance. Instead, Wild let the ship set course for Elephant Island , where six years earlier, 21 stranded participants in the endurance expedition had waited several months to be rescued. Following this, the Quest was to be overtaken for a further advance into the pack ice in Cape Town . There Wild and the other members of the expedition reached Rowett's unsubstantiated order to cancel the expedition and return to England .

Although the scientific knowledge gained is hardly worth mentioning, the trip is at least of historical importance. It marks the end of the so-called Golden Age of Antarctic research and the transition to a technical era of Antarctic research trips. The event that made the expedition remembered by the public and that overshadowed the course of the journey was the sudden death of Ernest Shackleton.

Prehistory and initial planning

Ernest Shackleton (left) and John Quiller Rowett aboard the Quest

Shackleton returned from the expedition endurance , in which he had saved by his personal commitment all expedition members before the otherwise certain death in May 1917 in the in the wake of World War I standing England back. Although he was actually too old for that, he signed up as a war volunteer and was sent on a military operation to northern Russia with the rank of major . Unsatisfied with his work, he wrote home: "I feel I am of no use, except when I expose myself to the storms of the wilderness." After the war, Shackleton returned to England in March 1919. He hoped for financial gain by founding a company that would strive for the economic development of the northwestern Russian region. To this end, he went looking for further investors, but all plans came to a standstill after the Bolsheviks came to power in the course of the Russian Civil War . During the following five months around the turn of the year 1919/1920, Shackleton gave lectures on the endurance expedition twice a day, six days a week, in the Philharmonic Hall in London. Increasingly tired from this activity, despite high debts from previous ventures, he began to sound out the possibilities for another expedition.

Shackleton planned to take a trip to the Arctic "to occupy the great open space that is now called the Beaufort Sea ." This area north of Alaska and west of the Canadian Arctic archipelago was still largely unexplored at the time. On the basis of existing records of tidal currents , Shackleton suspected large land masses there, which "apart from their economic importance, would be of the greatest scientific interest to the world". He also hoped to reach the northern pole of inaccessibility for the first time . In March 1920, his plans were endorsed by the Royal Geographical Society and also found support from the Canadian government. In the following years Shackleton tried to finance his project, the cost of which he initially put at £  50,000 (today around £ 2,222,000 [£ 1 = € 1.118]). He met his old school friend from his time at Dulwich College , the successful businessman John Quiller Rowett (1874-1924). This provided him with start-up capital with which Shackleton could buy the Norwegian sealer Foca I and other equipment and begin recruiting members of the expedition.

In May 1921 the Canadian government began to rethink due to a tight budget . After a series of telegrams between Shackleton and Canadian Prime Minister Arthur Meighen , the government withdrew its commitment to financially support the expedition. Instead of giving up all planning, Shackleton decided to reorient. In mid-May, he informed his old companion Alexander Macklin (1889-1967), who was staying in Canada at the time to buy sled dogs for the expedition, that the new destination was Antarctica to do oceanographic research there and those on coastal cartography and studies To carry out occurrence of minerals.

Preparations

Realignment, financing and equipping of the expedition

Frank Wild on the top of the mast of the Quest with the electrically heated lookout

Even before the Canadian government withdrew, Shackleton had considered an Antarctic expedition instead of a trip to the Beaufort Sea. According to the later testimony of his friend Hugh Robert Mill (1861–1950), a long-time librarian of the Royal Geographical Society, he had already worked out different plans in March 1920. As an alternative to the expedition to the Beaufort Sea, Shackleton said he had planned “an oceanographic expedition to all the little-known islands in the South Atlantic and South Pacific ”. This included the search for "lost" or incorrectly mapped sub-Antarctic islands (for example Dougherty Island and the Nimrod Group ), the investigation of the mineral deposits on these islands and an extensive scientific research program. The latter included depth measurements off Gough Island to investigate a suspected bathyal continental link between Africa and South America . The authors and Shackleton biographers Margery and James Fisher described these plans as "diffuse" and "far too extensive to be processed within two years with a small team." In the opinion of Shackleton biographer Roland Huntford , the expedition had no real goal and was "all too clearly unprepared, an excuse [for Shackleton] to escape [from the monotony]."

Shackleton himself called his intentions “groundbreaking” and in this assessment referred in particular to the seaplane carried on the expedition , which was ultimately not used. In addition, numerous technological innovations were introduced for research vessels, such as two copies of the recently patented slinger , a gyro compass with a self-illuminating scale , an electrically heated lookout and a so-called odograph , which was used to determine and record the ship's speed and route . Despite bad experiences with a radio wave receiver on the Endurance , two radios with different ranges were installed on the Quest . On his previous expeditions, Shackleton placed particular emphasis on documentation through photographs and film recordings. For this reason, “a large and expensive range of cameras, cinematographic apparatus and general phototechnical equipment was acquired for this trip.” A plumb machine was planned for the oceanographic survey work . All of these purchases were funded with the help of Rowett's sponsorship money. He had meanwhile agreed to assume the entire cost of the expedition, which Shackleton finally estimated at around £ 100,000 (around £ 4,444,000 today). This made the Quest expedition the first fully privately financed research trip to the Antarctic. Frank Wild later wrote: “[Rowett's] generosity is all the more remarkable because he was aware that there was no prospect of a refund. He did this in the interests of research and out of friendship with Shackleton. ”The only public recognition that Rowett received was that his name was mentioned in the official naming of the expedition. According to Shackleton biographer Roland Huntford , Rowett's appearance was actually that of a ponderous and sober businessman who had made a fortune in the wine and liquor business. In 1920 he had been the co-founder and principal financier of a University of Aberdeen- based animal nutrition research institute and had supported dental research at Middlesex Hospital in London . In 1924 he apparently committed suicide due to an impending personal bankruptcy .

ship

The quest while driving through Tower Bridge in London

The sealer Foca I , which Shackleton acquired in March 1921 and renamed Quest at the suggestion of his wife Emily (1868-1936) , was a schooner built in Norway in 1917 with a length of 111  feet (about 34 m) and a maximum width of 23 feet (about 7 m). Its vertical stem was particularly striking . The measurement of the ship was 205 gross and 94 net registered tons and the loading capacity was 120  tons (according to other sources 125 tons). Shackleton had the ship equipped with a ketch rig in Southampton . It had a spacious deckhouse above the raised aft deck , electric lights in the cabins, square sails on the main mast and an auxiliary drive in the form of a two-cylinder compound steam engine made by Kalnæs Maskin Verkstad from Tønsberg . The steam engine was to be replaced by a diesel engine , but the delay caused by a shipyard workers' strike prevented the conversion. The steam drive was designed for a speed of up to 7  knots . In reality, however, a maximum of only about 5½ knots were reached, and the Quest tended to roll even in light seas . On the day of departure from England, Shackleton came to the conclusion that the ship was unsuitable for long sea voyages. Due to various breakdowns and operational disruptions, the Quest had to be repaired in every intermediate port on the journey south.

team

→ Main article: Quest expedition crew list

Machinist Alexander Kerr (1892–1964) inspects the automatic, steam-powered Lucas soldering machine for the Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company

In an article in the London Times , Shackleton had announced that he would set off for Antarctica with about a dozen participants, the majority of whom had already accompanied him on previous expeditions. On the day of departure from London there were finally 20 men in line with the expedition program. The deputy expedition leader Frank Wild had taken part in all Antarctic expeditions in which Shackleton had been involved. In addition, he had experience through his participation in the Australasian Antarctic Expedition (1911-1914) under Douglas Mawson . Seven other men, including Captain Frank Worsley , were veterans of the endurance expedition . The electrician James Dell (1880–1968) had participated with Shackleton and Wild around 20 years earlier on the Discovery Expedition led by Robert Falcon Scott . Shackleton also counted on Tom Crean , whom he put in charge of the lifeboats , but Crean had already withdrawn into private life and therefore rejected Shackleton's offer. Ernest Joyce fell out with Shackleton because of outstanding payments after attending the Ross Sea Party and was therefore not considered. Among the newcomers was the New Zealand officer of the Royal Air Force Roderick Carr (1891–1971). Shackleton hired him to pilot the expedition plane, a single-engine Avro 534 that had been converted into a seaplane with an 80-horsepower engine. Shackleton and Carr knew each other from their time together in northern Russia during the First World War. The latter had then worked as chief of staff in the Lithuanian Air Force . Since the biplane was not used because of missing parts, Carr assisted with scientific work during the expedition. The scientific staff included the Australian biologist Hubert Wilkins , who already had Arctic and Antarctic experience, and the Canadian geologist George Vibert Douglas (1892–1939), who had originally signed up for the planned research trip to the Beaufort Sea . James Marr and Norman Mooney (1905–1935) received the greatest public attention . Both were selected from 1,700 scouts who had applied to participate in the expedition as part of a tender organized  by the Daily Mail . Mooney from the Orkney Islands left the ship in Madeira due to persistent seasickness .

Expedition trip

Trip south

Routes of the Quest Expedition (1921–1922):
  • Outward journey to South Georgia (September 1921 to January 1922)
  • Driving through the pack ice zone (Jan. to Apr. 1922)
  • Return to Plymouth (May to September 1922)

    • On September 17, 1921, King George V and numerous onlookers said goodbye to the expedition team in London. After leaving St. Katharine Docks , the Quest first drove downstream on the Thames to Gravesend and then into the North Sea .

    Shackleton's original intention was to go to Cape Town and head for the larger of the South Atlantic Islands on the way . From there, a trip to Enderbyland was planned to follow the Antarctic coastline to Coatsland and into the Weddell Sea . At the end of the first summer season, the quest should first go to South Georgia and finally to Cape Town again in order to be repaired there for another trip to Antarctica. However, difficulties with the ship immediately after the departure from England made all planning obsolete. Problems with the steam engine forced the team to spend a week in Lisbon and then on Madeira and the Cape Verde Islands . Due to these delays, Shackleton changed the route and had the Quest set course for Rio de Janeiro to have the ship's propulsion system overhauled. She arrived there on November 22, 1921.

    The repairs to the steam engine and other maintenance work delayed the onward journey by another month. As a result, a trip to Cape Town and then into the pack ice was out of the question. This also meant that additional provisions and equipment that had been sent from England to Cape Town could not be included. Shackleton planned to move to Grytviken on South Georgia in the hope of being able to replenish at least some stocks there. When asked where the quest should go after staying in Grytviken, Shackleton did not answer. Alexander Macklin wrote in his diary: "The boss said quite frankly that he didn't know what he was going to do."

    Shackleton's death

    On December 17, 1921, the day before leaving Rio, Shackleton became seriously ill. Ship's doctor Alexander Macklin had received news from a shipyard worker that Shackleton had suffered a heart attack. Shackleton declined a thorough examination and treatment by Macklin and said the next day that he was feeling much better. According to other expedition participants, on the other hand, on the crossing to Grytviken, he looked strangely dull and listless. Contrary to his usual stance of not allowing alcohol on board, Shackleton drank champagne every morning “to numb the pain.” Worrying probably continued to weigh on his poor health; In particular, there were renewed problems with the ship's steam boiler and the Christmas party that had been prepared had to be canceled due to a storm. When the storm subsided on New Year's Day 1922, he noted in his diary: “Calm and mild after the storm. The New Year has started nicely for us. ”On January 4th, the coast of South Georgia came into view and the Quest anchored in Grytviken harbor that same day.

    Shackleton's grave in Grytviken (South Georgia)

    After a visit to the local whaling station , Shackleton returned on board apparently recovered. He informed Frank Wild that he wanted to make up for the unusual Christmas party the next day and retired to his quarters to devote himself to his diary. His last entry was: “The rancid smell of dead whale pervades everything. It is a strange and strange place. [...] A wonderful evening. In the rising dusk I saw a lonely star, floating like a jewel over the bay. ”Later Shackleton slept; his snoring was heard by James McIlroy (1879–1968), who had just finished his watch . Shortly after 2 a.m. on the morning of January 5, 1922, Alexander Macklin was called into Shackleton's cabin. According to Macklin, Shackleton complained of pain in the back and face and asked for pain medication. Macklin had told his patient that he was overworked and should lead a more orderly life. Shackleton asked, “You always want me to give up things, what should I give up?” To which Macklin replied, “Mostly the alcohol, boss. I think you won't like it. ”Shortly thereafter, Shackleton suffered a serious heart attack and died instantly. At the later autopsy of the corpse, Macklin found that the cause of death was arteriosclerosis in the coronary arteries, which had been made worse by Shackleton's deteriorated general condition. Later in the morning Frank Wild informed the crew, who had been shocked by the news, with the short words: “Sir Ernest Shackleton died this morning. The expedition continues. That's all. ”Shackleton's body was embalmed at Grytviken for transport to England . Leonard Hussey (1891–1964) accompanied the coffin when it left on January 19 for Montevideo . Here he received the message from Shackleton's widow Emily (1868-1936) with the request to bury her husband in South Georgia. Hussey returned to Grytviken with the coffin aboard the Woodville steamer , where Shackleton was buried in the neighboring cemetery on March 5 after a brief prayer at the local Lutheran church. Since the quest had already left South Georgia, Hussey was the only expedition member to attend Shackleton's funeral alongside some Norwegian whalers. The grave was initially decorated with a simple wooden cross, which was replaced six years later by a granite stele.

    Drive through the pack ice zone of the Weddell Sea

    The quest in the pack ice of the Weddell Sea

    After Shackleton's death, the task of the new expedition leader, Frank Wild, was initially to decide on the objectives of the quest's onward journey . After the problems with the steam boiler had been resolved and equipment and provisions could at least partially be replenished in South Georgia, Wild decided, according to Shackleton's plans, to first drive eastwards to Bouvet Island , and then to advance south into the pack ice as close as possible to Enderbyland and with surveying work for the Coastline to begin. In addition, the " Lost Land " on the northern edge of the Weddell Sea should be found, from which James Clark Ross had reported in 1842 on his Antarctic voyage. However, these plans depended on the weather, ice conditions and the capabilities of the ship.

    The Quest left Grytviken on January 18, 1922, heading for the South Sandwich Islands . Due to the high swell , it was full of water amidships . Wild complained that the ship " rolled like a tree trunk", had a leak in some places, made little speed and used a lot of coal . At the end of January, Wild gave up the plan to head for Bouvet Island and instead took a direct course south. The pack ice limit was reached on February 4th. The Quest was the smallest ship to penetrate the pack ice zone up to then, and after the problems so far, Wild suspected: "Will we escape or will the Quest join the other ships in Davy Jones' Locker ?" Ship at 69 ° 17 ′  S , 17 ° 9 ′  E not far from the coast of Enderbyland, its highest southern latitude. In the face of sinking temperatures and increasingly thick pack ice, Wild, worried that the ship could be enclosed by the ice, turned in a northwesterly direction. After several new attempts to advance south had failed between February 18 and 24, the Quest finally took a direct westward course.

    Wild and Captain Worsley became increasingly divided over the further strategy of the expedition as they sailed through the Weddell Sea. There was also growing dissatisfaction among the other participants in the expedition, the effects of which Wild suppressed "with the most drastic means" - without specifying them. On March 12, at 64 ° 11 ′  S , 46 ° 4 ′  W , the quest reached the area where James Clark Ross claimed to have seen land 80 years earlier. Measurements with the plumb machine showed, however, that at a sea depth of 2300  fathoms (about 4200 meters) the proximity of land could be practically excluded. Between 15 and 20 March was the quest of sea ice trapped and the scarcity of coal a serious problem. When the ship was released, Wild set a direct course for Elephant Island in the hope of replenishing dwindling fuel supplies with oil from elephant seals . According to James Marr, this was just a pretended reason: “[…] I think there is no doubt that he [Wild] was driven by a longing to see the place where he spent those famous four and a half months with the survivors of the failed endurance expedition. ”The island came into view on March 25th, but a landing at Point Wild failed due to poor weather conditions. Only through binoculars could the veterans of the endurance expedition make out some striking landmarks of their old camp before the ship anchored on the west side of the island to hunt seals . After the men had stocked up on sufficient supplies, the quest set sail again and reached South Georgia on April 6th.

    Return to England

    Memorial cross for Ernest Shackleton in Grytviken

    The expedition members stayed in South Georgia for a month. During this time, the endurance veterans erected a memorial cross in memory of Shackleton on Hope Point at King Edward Cove , Grytviken's harbor bay. On May 8, 1922, the Quest left Grytviken and drove to the island of Tristan da Cunha in rough seas , which has belonged to the British overseas territories since the annexation in 1816 . Upon arrival on May 20th, James Marr presented a Robert Baden-Powell flag to the local Boy Scout tribe in a solemn ceremony . Wilds described the island's residents in his travelogue as "uneducated, almost completely cut off from the world [and] from a terribly narrow horizon." During the five-day stay, short expeditions were made to the neighboring islands of Inaccessible and Nightingale Island to study geological and biological To take samples. This was followed by another stopover on Gough Island for botanical investigations. The Quest arrived in Cape Town on June 18th , where it was greeted effusively by a large crowd. The South African Prime Minister Jan Christiaan Smuts honored the expedition participants with an official reception. In addition, they were invited to festive evening parties by other dignitaries . To her disappointment, Rowett received her order there to return to England. On July 19, the Quest left Cape Town heading north and, after stopping at St. Helena , Ascension , São Vicente and São Miguel, arrived in Plymouth on September 16, 1922, almost one year to the day after the start of the expedition .

    Aftermath and ratings

    According to Wild's account, the expedition ended "in silence," according to another source, however, the expedition participants were given a euphoric reception upon arrival in Plymouth. Wild expressed the hope that "when everything has been sorted and evaluated, our efforts will prove their worth in having helped solve great nature puzzles that still astonish us." Wild summarized the results of this work in five chapters in the appendix of his book Expedition together. They show, among other things, the efforts of the scientific expedition team to collect data and samples during the stopovers as well as the survey work carried out by George Vibert Douglas and Roderick Carr on the coastline of South Georgia before the trip into the pack ice. These results have also been published in several scientific articles.

    Frank Wild as expedition leader (around 1922)

    The lack of a clearly defined objective of the expedition was exacerbated by the fact that a stopover in Cape Town to pick up important equipment was not possible on the trip south. Little replacement material could be obtained in South Georgia. No sled dogs or sledges were available, which made a landing planned by Wild in Graham Land on the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula pointless. Shackleton's death was a serious setback for the expedition. Very soon the question arose whether Wild could be an appropriate substitute for him, because according to Roland Huntford's account , Wild was a serious alcoholic. On the other hand, it could be argued whether under Shackleton's leadership better results would have been achieved, since his behavior during the trip south was characterized by indifference, mood swings and indecision.

    In view of the planned introduction of technical innovations in Antarctic expeditions, it was a bitter disappointment that the expedition aircraft could not be used. Shackleton had great expectations and discussed this plan in detail with the British Aviation Department beforehand . The two radios that were carried along were also only partially operational. The larger of them was not working properly and was therefore shut down early. The second device only had a range of about 400 km. Even Wild's attempt to install a new radio on Tristan da Cunha did not produce the desired result.

    After the Quest expedition ended, it took six years before research trips of this magnitude were undertaken again in Antarctica (see list of Antarctic expeditions ). The following expeditions, whose protagonists include the Australian John Rymill and the Americans Richard Evelyn Byrd and Finn Ronne , differed fundamentally from their predecessors. Instead of the pioneering spirit and national prestige, the systematic exploration of the Antarctic and the testing of technical innovations, including the establishment of permanent research stations, now came to the fore. Therefore, the Quest Expedition is commonly seen as the end of the golden age of Antarctic research and the transition to a technical era of Antarctic research trips. Apart from Frank Worsley, none of the veterans of the endurance expedition returned to Antarctica. Among the other expedition members, Hubert Wilkins made history when he and his co-pilot Carl Ben Eielson undertook a trans-Arctic flight from Point Barrow in Alaska to Spitsbergen in April 1928 . Six months later, on November 16, 1928, they took off on Deception Island for their first powered flight in Antarctica. On December 20, they flew over the Gerlache Strait and the Antarctic Peninsula into an unknown area and discovered a. the Stefansson Sound and Hearst Island . In 1931 Wilkins' attempt to reach the North Pole from Spitsbergen with the submarine Nautilus failed . In the 1930s he organized several expeditions by his friend and financier, the American Lincoln Ellsworth , with the aim of flying over the Antarctic continent. The third attempt was successful in 1935. James Marr took part in several Australian expeditions in the late 1920s and 1930s after completing his training as a marine biologist. The prevented Antarctic pilot Roderick Carr became Air Marshal in the Royal Air Force .

    In the years following this research trip, the Quest had an eventful history as an expedition ship during the British Arctic Air Route Expedition (BAARE, 1930-1931) to Greenland under the direction of the British Arctic explorer Gino Watkins (1907-1932), as a mine sweeper in World War II and finally as a sealer again. On May 5, 1962, the ship sank off the north coast of Labrador after being leaked by ice pressure. Parts of the deckhouse including Shackleton's cabin had already been dismantled in 1923 after the ship was sold to a Norwegian shipping company and were later kept in the Saltdal open-air museum . The Norwegian branch of the South Georgia Heritage Trust (SGHT) planned to display the deckhouse in the South Georgia Museum in Grytviken. However, the project was not implemented. Instead, the deckhouse has been owned by the local museum of the Irish town of Athy not far from Shackleton's birthplace Kilkea since autumn 2015 .

    Literature cited

    Standard works on the quest expedition

    • James Marr : Into the Frozen South . Cassell & Co., London 1923 ( online at Internet Archive [accessed January 13, 2010]).
    • Frank Wild : Shackleton's Last Voyage . Cassell & Co., London 1923 ( online at Internet Archive [accessed January 13, 2010]).
    • Ernest Shackleton : Diary of the Quest Expedition 1921-1922 . Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge 1922 ( online at Scott Polar Research Institute website [accessed January 19, 2010]).

    Complementary works

    • Caroline Alexander: Endurance . Bloomsbury, London 1998, ISBN 0-7475-4123-X .
    • Margery and James Fisher: Shackleton . James Barrie Books, London 1957.
    • Roland Huntford : Shackleton . Hodder and Stoughton, London 1958, ISBN 0-340-25007-0 .
    • Hugh Robert Mill: The Life of Sir Ernest Shackleton . William Heinemann, London 1923 ( online in Internet Archive [accessed September 10, 2009]).
    • Leif Mills: Frank Wild . Caedmon of Whitby, Whitby 1999, ISBN 0-905355-48-2 .
    • Beau Riffenburgh: Encyclopedia of the Antarctic . Routledge, New York 2006, ISBN 0-415-97024-5 .
    • Ernest Shackleton: South . Macmillan, New York 1920 ( online at Internet Archive [accessed March 6, 2012]).
    • Kelly Tyler-Smith: Lost Men . Bloomsbury, London 2006, ISBN 978-0-7475-7972-4 .
    • Alliott Verdon Roe : The World of the Wings and Things . Hurst & Blackett, London 1939 ( limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed January 19, 2010]).
    • William James Mills: Exploring Polar Frontiers, Vol. II . ABC-Clio, Santa Barbara 2003, ISBN 978-1-57607-422-0 ( limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed March 7, 2012]).

    Web links

    Commons : Ernest Shackleton  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

    Individual evidence

    1. ^ Huntford: Shackleton . 1985, p. 684.
    2. ↑ Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, p. 446: “ oceanographic and sub-antarctic expedition ”.
    3. ↑ Mill: The Life of Sir Ernest Shackleton . 1923, p. 257.
    4. ↑ Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, p. 435: “ I feel I am no use to anyone unless I am outfacing the storm in wild lands. ”
    5. ↑ Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, p. 437.
    6. ^ Huntford: Shackleton . 1985, pp. 671-672.
    7. ↑ Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, p. 441.
    8. ↑ Sir Ernest Shackleton - marvelous moving pictures, event poster for Shackleton's lectures in the Philharmonic Hall in London. University of Exeter. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
    9. ↑ Mill: The Life of Sir Ernest Shackleton . 1923, p. 268.
    10. ↑ Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, p. 443: “ fill in this great blank now called the Beaufort Sea. ”
    11. ↑ Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, p. 442: “ the greatest scientific interest to the world, apart from the possible economic value. ”
    12. ↑ Wild: Shackleton's Last Voyage . 1923, 2.
    13. ↑ a b Calculation using template: inflation and template: exchange rate .
    14. ↑ Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, p. 443.
    15. ↑ Mill: The Life of Sir Ernest Shackleton . 1923, pp. 269-270.
    16. ^ Huntford: Shackleton . 1985, pp. 680-682.
    17. ↑ a b Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, pp. 442-445.
    18. ↑ Low-Latitude Antarctic Gazetteer (Site No. 280): The crow's nest is now a pulpit in the "All Hallows-by-the-Tower" church in London.
    19. ↑ Mills: Frank Wild . 1999, p. 287: “ an oceanographical expedition with the object of visiting all the little-known islands of the South Atlantic and South Pacific. ”
    20. ^ Shackleton's Search for Antarctic Islands of Doubt. In: New York Times . July 3, 1921, p. 68. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
    21. ↑ Shackleton to Sail to Antarctic Again , New York Times, June 29, 1921, p. 13. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
    22. ↑ Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, p. 446: “ diffuse ”, “ far too comprehensive for one small body of men to tackle within two years. ”
    23. ^ Huntford: Shackleton . 1985, p. 685: “ only too clearly a piece of improvisation, a pretext to get away. ”
    24. ↑ Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, p. 448: “ pioneering ”.
    25. ↑ a b c Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, pp. 446-449.
    26. ↑ Wild: Shackleton's Last Voyage . 1923, p. 11.
    27. ↑ U.S. Patent 1,379,570 to Google Patents. Retrieved March 8, 2012.
    28. ↑ Shackleton: South . 1920, p. 37.
    29. ↑ Wild: Shackleton's Last Voyage . 1923, p. 10.
    30. ↑ Mills: Frank Wild . 1999, p. 289: “ a large and expensive outfit of cameras, cinematographical machines and general photographic appliances acquired. ”
    31. ↑ Wild: Shackleton's Last Voyage . 1923, p. 13.
    32. ↑ Mill: The Life of Sir Ernest Shackleton . 1923, p. 271.
    33. ↑ Frank Wild: The Voyage of the Quest . In: Geographical Journal. 61 (2), 1923, p. 74: “ His generous attitude is the more remarkable in that he knew there was no prospect of financial return, and what he did was in the interest of scientific research and from friendship with Shackleton. ”Retrieved January 19, 2010.
    34. ↑ Mills: Frank Wild . 1999, pp. 287-288.
    35. ^ Huntford: Shackleton . 1985, p. 682.
    36. ^ David Smith: The Agricultural Research Association, the Development Fund, and the Origins of the Rowett Research Institute ( Memento July 16, 2011 in the Internet Archive ). Agricultural History Review, footnote no. 106, p. 60. British Agricultural History Society 1998. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
    37. ↑ a b Shackleton leaves for Antarctic 1921 . Approximately 2-minute film sequence of the end of the quest and passage of Tower Bridge. British Pathé website . Retrieved March 7, 2012.
    38. ↑ a b c Wild: Shackleton's Last Voyage . 1923, p. 8.
    39. ^ A b Huntford: Shackleton . 1985, pp. 684-685.
    40. ^ Lloyd's Register 1930-1931. (PDF; 69 kB) Accessed March 7, 2012.
    41. ↑ Marr: Into the Frozen South . 1923, p. 12.
    42. ↑ Mills: Exploring Polar Frontiers. Vol. II. 2003, p. 703.
    43. ↑ Lloyd's Register of Shipping: Volume I. - Steamers and Motorships also Sailing Vessels and Motor Trawlers, Drifters and other Fishing Vessels, and List of Ship Owners & c. London, 1925.
    44. ↑ a b c Fisher: Shackleton. 1957, pp. 459-461.
    45. ↑ Mills: Frank Wild . 1999, pp. 287-289.
    46. ↑ Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, p. 464.
    47. ^ Tyler-Smith: Lost Men . 2006, pp. 256-257.
    48. ^ Riffenburgh: Encyclopedia of the Antarctic. Vol. I. 2006, p. 892.
    49. ^ Verdon Roe: The World of Wings and Things . 1939, p. 258.
    50. ↑ a b Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, pp. 451-453.
    51. ↑ Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, p. 454.
    52. ↑ Wild: Shackleton's Last Voyage . 1923, p. 32.
    53. ^ Huntford: Shackleton . 1985, p. 683.
    54. ↑ Mills: Frank Wild . 1999, pp. 292-293.
    55. ↑ Mill: The Life of Sir Ernest Shackleton . 1923, p. 275.
    56. ↑ Marr: Into the Frozen South . 1923, p. 72.
    57. ↑ Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, pp. 466-467.
    58. ↑ Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, p. 472: “ The Boss says quite frankly that he does not know what he will do. ”
    59. ↑ Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, p. 471.
    60. ↑ Mills: Frank Wild . 1999, p. 294.
    61. ↑ Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, p. 473: “ to deaden the pain. ”
    62. ↑ Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, pp. 473-476.
    63. ^ Shackleton: Diary of the Quest Expedition 1921–1922. Entry on January 1, 1922: “ Rest and calm after the storm. The new year has begun kindly for us. ”
    64. ↑ a b Mill: The Life of Sir Ernest Shackleton . 1923, p. 277.
    65. ^ Shackleton: Diary of the Quest Expedition 1921–1922. Entry on January 4, 1922: “ The old smell of dead whale permeates everything. It is a strange and curious place. […] A wonderful evening. In the darkening twilight I saw a lone star hover, gem like above the bay. ”
    66. ↑ Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, pp. 476-477.
    67. ↑ Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, p. 477: “ You're always wanting me to give up things, what is it I ought to give up? "," Chiefly the alcohol, Boss. I don′t think it agrees with you. ”
    68. ^ Huntford: Shackleton . 1985, p. 690.
    69. ↑ a b Alexander: Endurance . 1998, p. 193.
    70. ↑ Marr: Into the Frozen South . 1923, p. 102: “ Sir Ernest Shackleton died early this morning. The expedition will carry on. That's all. "
    71. ↑ Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, pp. 478-481.
    72. ↑ Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, pp. 481-483.
    73. ↑ Wild: Shackleton's Last Voyage . 1923, p. 176.
    74. ↑ Mill: The Life of Sir Ernest Shackleton . 1923, pp. 278-279.
    75. ↑ Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, pp. 480-481.
    76. ↑ Wild: Shackleton's Last Voyage . 1923, pp. 73-75. and pp. 78-79.
    77. ↑ Wild: Shackleton's Last Voyage . 1923, pp. 82-87.
    78. ↑ Wild: Shackleton's Last Voyage . 1923, p. 88: “ rolled like a log ”.
    79. ↑ Wild: Shackleton's Last Voyage . 1923, pp. 91-98.
    80. ↑ Wild: Shackleton's Last Voyage . 1923, p. 100: “ Shall we escape, or will the Quest join the ships in Davy Jones's Locker? ”
    81. ↑ Wild: Shackleton's Last Voyage . 1923, pp. 120-121.
    82. ↑ Wild: Shackleton's Last Voyage . 1923, p. 137.
    83. ↑ Mills: Frank Wild . 1999, p. 303.
    84. ↑ Wild: Shackleton's Last Voyage . 1923, p. 139: “ with the most drastic treatment ”.
    85. ↑ Wild: Shackleton's Last Voyage . 1923, p. 144.
    86. ↑ Mills: Frank Wild . 1999, p. 304.
    87. ↑ Marr: Into the Frozen South . 1923, p. 171: “ […] I think there is no doubt that he [Wild] was inspired by longing to see again the place where he had spent those famous four and a half months with the survivors of the ill-fated endurance expedition. ”
    88. ↑ Wild: Shackleton's Last Voyage . 1923, pp. 155-157.
    89. ↑ Mills: Frank Wild . 1999, p. 305.
    90. ↑ Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, pp. 482-483.
    91. ↑ Marr: Into the Frozen South . 1923, p. 204 (photo) -205.
    92. ↑ Wild: Shackleton's Last Voyage . 1923, p. 217: “ ignorant, shutt off almost completely from the world, horrible limited in outlook ”.
    93. ↑ Wild: Shackleton's Last Voyage . 1923, pp. 206-214.
    94. ↑ Marr: Into the Frozen South . 1923, pp. 214-223.
    95. ↑ Mills: Frank Wild . 1999, pp. 306-308.
    96. ↑ Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, p. 483. Supplement: Rowett's motives for breaking off the expedition are not mentioned.
    97. ↑ Wild: Shackleton's Last Voyage . 1923, p. 312.
    98. ↑ Wild: Shackleton's Last Voyage . 1923, p. 312: “ quitly ”.
    99. ↑ Mills: Frank Wild . 1999, p. 308.
    100. ↑ Wild: Shackleton's Last Voyage . 1923, p. 313: “ when all is sorted and fully worked up, that our efforts may proof of value in helping to solve the greatest natural problems that still perplex us. ”
    101. ↑ Wild: Shackleton's Last Voyage . 1923, pp. 314-365.
    102. ↑ Mills: Frank Wild . 1999, p. 307.
    103. ↑ Wild: Shackleton's Last Voyage . 1923, p. 82.
    104. ↑ Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, pp. 516-517.
    105. ^ Huntford: Shackleton . 1985, p. 464.
    106. ↑ Wild: Shackleton's Last Voyage . 1923, pp. 74-75.
    107. ^ Huntford: Shackleton . 1985, p. 693.
    108. ↑ Mills: Frank Wild . 1999, p. 330.
    109. ^ Huntford: Shackleton . 1985, pp. 687-688.
    110. ↑ Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, pp. 447-448.
    111. ↑ Frank Wild: The Voyage of the Quest . In: Geographical Journal. 61 (2), 1923, p. 76. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
    112. ↑ Wild: Shackleton's Last Voyage . 1923, p. 214.
    113. ↑ a b Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, p. 449.
    114. ^ Antarctic Explorers: Hubert Wilkins , information on south-pole.com. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
    115. ↑ a b c d Mills: Exploring Polar Frontiers. Vol. II. 2003, pp. 708-713.
    116. ↑ Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, p. 492.
    117. ↑ Fisher: Shackleton . 1957, p. 489.
    118. ↑ Mills: Exploring Polar Frontiers. Vol. II. 2003, pp. 681-683.
    119. ^ Photo of the BAARE team (1930–1931) in the archives of the Scott Polar Research Institute . Retrieved March 7, 2012.
    120. ^ M / S Quest , information on the website warsailors.com. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
    121. ↑ Low Lattitude Antarctic Gazetteer, Site No. 511. Retrieved January 13, 2011.
    122. ↑ Shackleton “Quest” cabin, new show piece for South Georgia Museum , MercoPress, February 16, 2010. Retrieved January 13, 2011.
    123. ↑ Shackleton's cabin donated to Ireland after decades in Norway. BBC.com on September 29, 2015. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
    124. ^ Paula Campbell: Shackleton's cabin bound for Athy. In: Leinster Leader , September 16, 2016. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
    This article was added to the list of excellent articles on April 21, 2012 in this version .