Tristan da Cunha

The title of this article is ambiguous. Further meanings are listed under Tristan da Cunha (disambiguation) .

Tristan da Cunha
Satellite image of the main island Tristan da Cunha
Waters	Atlantic Ocean
Geographical location	37 ° 6 ′  S , 12 ° 17 ′  W Coordinates: 37 ° 6 ′  S , 12 ° 17 ′  W
Number of islands	6th
Main island	Tristan da Cunha
Total land area	180 km²
Residents	270 (November 23, 2017)
Map of Tristan da Cunha

flag coat of arms

Tristan da Cunha (English [ trɪstən də kuːnə ], Portuguese [ tristɐn since kuɲɐ ]) is an archipelago in the southern Atlantic Ocean , which in addition to the same 98  square kilometers large main island of Tristan da Cunha are some smaller islands. On the main island, which is considered the most remote inhabited island in the world, 270 inhabitants live in the only place Edinburgh of the Seven Seas (as of November 23, 2017). The archipelago belongs to the British overseas territory of St. Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha and forms an equal unit there.

geography

Tristan da Cunha is located in the South Atlantic about 3200 km from Cabo Frio in Brazil and 2800 km from the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and is part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge . The Tristan da Cunha archipelago also includes Gough Island, 399 km to the south-southeast, with a manned weather station, and the uninhabited islands of Inaccessible Island , Nightingale Island , Middle Island and Stoltenhoff Island, 33 km to the south-west . Nightingale, Middle and Stoltenhoff are often summarized as the Nightingale Islands .

Location and islands

island	Area [km²]	Residents
Tristan da Cunha	98	<270
Gough Island	65	< 006
Inaccessible Island	14th	uninhabited
Nightingale Island	02.6
Middle Island	00.2
Stoltenhoff Island	00.2

climate

Tristan da Cunha has a temperate, oceanic balanced climate with regular rainfall that is distributed over the whole year. The annual rainfall averages around 1680 millimeters. The climate in Edinburgh is characterized by the high humidity . In addition, storms regularly reach the country, which lift the humid air so that persistent clouds form. It rarely gets warmer than 25 ° C; There is only frost in the high areas.

Tristan da Cunha
Climate diagram
J F. M. A. M. J J A. S. O N D.     93   20th 16     113   21st 17th     121   20th 16     129   18th 15th     155   17th 13     160   15th 11     160   14th 11     175   14th 10     169   14th 10     151   15th 11     128   17th 13     127   19th 15th Temperature in ° C ,  precipitation in mm Source: climatemps.com

Monthly average temperatures and rainfall for Tristan da Cunha Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Max. Temperature ( ° C ) 20th 21st 20th 18th 17th 15th 14th 14th 14th 15th 17th 19th O 17th Min. Temperature (° C) 16 17th 16 15th 13 11 11 10 10 11 13 15th O 13.1 Precipitation ( mm ) 93 113 121 129 155 160 160 175 169 151 128 127 Σ 1,681 Hours of sunshine ( h / d ) 4.48 5.08 4.67 4.30 3.53 3.30 3.35 3.38 3.97 4.25 4.57 4.22 O 4.1 Rainy days ( d ) 18th 16 17th 20th 23 23 25th 26th 24 22nd 18th 19th Σ 251 Humidity ( % ) 79 77 75 78 78 79 79 79 78 79 79 80 O 78.3 Source: climatemps.com

geology

The main island Tristan da Cunha is the conical tip of a mighty submarine volcano , which culminates in the 2060 meter high Queen Mary's Peak and the 1967 meter high Mount Olav , the two highest peaks of the crater rim. The development of the volcanic chains in the South Atlantic is geologically interesting: In the past, the hotspot was exactly on the splitting axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The Paraná basalts were formed on the South American side and the Etendeka flood basalts on the African side . If one traces the volcanic chains of the whale ridge and the Rio Grande ridge back in history, two approximate straight lines emerge in the course of the opening of the Atlantic, which meet at an angle of about 120 ° at Tristan da Cunha. So you can see from this example that there is a big difference between the relative and the absolute disk movement.

The relative plate movement occurs at right angles to the mid-ocean ridge, that is, the African plate moves east and the South American plate moves west. In absolute terms, however, the African Plate moves northeast and the South American Plate northwest, which explains the angle that the volcanic chain describes.

history

founding

After the discovery by the Portuguese navigator Tristão da Cunha in 1506, the island initially remained uninhabited for a long time. After several Dutch landings and expeditions on the island in the middle of the 17th century, Tristan da Cunha was first inhabited for a long time in the summer of 1790/91. American whalers , who captured seals and penguins here for seven months , set up a base of tents on the island, which was roughly at the position of the current settlement.

Jonathan Lambert

The first settler to permanently inhabit the island was Jonathan Lambert from Salem , Massachusetts , who, together with two companions, planned to establish an important trading post for whalers in the South Atlantic on Tristan da Cunha. The group landed on the island in 1810. Shortly thereafter, Lambert declared himself the "King of Tristan da Cunha" ("King of Tristan da Cunha") and published a notice in the Boston Gazette on July 18, 1811 , in which he declared his possession of the islands and these in Iceland of Refreshment (dt. islands of refreshment ) renamed. According to tradition, Lambert died on May 17, 1812. Since the only survivor of Lambert's companions, Tommaso Curri, did not provide a clear description of the subsequent settlers, Lambert's death has not yet been fully recorded and explained. Numerous legends have therefore formed on the island. All common representations speak of a death at sea, but the exact circumstances are not clear.

On August 14, 1816, a British garrison that landed on the island with the HMS Falmouth took Tristan da Cunha into possession and built the military base of Fort Malcolm . The main aim of the British garrison was to prevent the liberation of Napoleon Bonaparte, interned on St. Helena, by the French, who could also have used the island as a base. In addition, US ships should no longer be able to use the island as a base as in the British-American War 1812–1814.

The Admiralty , the British Naval Ministry, saw the island as being of significantly less strategic importance as early as 1817, so the garrison withdrew in the same year. In addition, the ship HMS Julia sank off Tristan da Cunha a few months before the withdrawal , killing 55 people.

After the withdrawal, only the Scottish corporal William Glass and his family and two South Africans, who had worked as stonemasons in the construction of the infrastructure, remained on the island. They signed an agreement that gave all residents of the community equal rights. Among other things, all income and expenses should be divided equally and there should be complete equality.

Growth and development

Population development from 1821 to 1923

On July 22, 1821, the ship Blenden Hall ran aground off Inaccessible Island . All but two of the 84 passengers and crew survived. After the survivors had spent several months on Inaccessible, they succeeded in a second attempt to cross over with a sailboat towards Tristan da Cunha. The residents of the settlement became aware of the accident and brought the survivors ashore. However, only seven of the survivors remained on the island, the rest were brought to Cape Town a short time later with the brig Nerinae .

The town's population grew slowly due to its remoteness. Only a few of the people or whalers stranded on the island stayed there permanently, most of them left the island after some time for Cape Town. Islanders also occasionally left Tristan da Cunha for South Africa, mostly traveling in larger groups. In October 1857, for example, 47 locals moved to the vicinity of Cape Town with the HMS Geyser , with the population in Edinburgh falling to 23.

As a result of the decline in the whaling industry and the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, which enabled a much faster connection to the Far East than the route across the South Atlantic and around the Cape of Good Hope, Tristan da Cunha's isolation increased significantly in the 1860s. Fewer and fewer ships stopped on the island.

On August 5, 1867, the HMS Galatea landed in front of Tristan da Cunha during a world tour, whose commander Prince Alfred was first received on the ship by the islanders and then brought ashore to visit the settlement. He also had a large amount of goods delivered from the ship to the island. After his departure, the mayor Peter Green suggested that the settlement be named Edinburgh in honor of Prince Alfred, who held the title of Duke of Edinburgh . With 105 inhabitants, the highest population of the place up to then was recorded in 1881.

In 1885, 15 of the 19 adult male inhabitants of the island were killed by the accident known as the Lifeboat Disaster : Since the potato harvest had failed that year, despite the bad weather, those 15 men set out in a longboat on November 8, 1885 to go with the At this time the ship West Riding sailing past the island to receive food in barter. After the boat rounded the Big Point headland , it was not seen. Most likely the boat capsized in the rough sea and drowned all occupants.

In the First World War Tristan da Cunha was - in contrast to the Second World War - not directly involved. However, the Admiralty canceled the annual supply ship, so the island was completely isolated from the rest of the world during this time. Allegedly, no letter should have reached the island for ten years, only the news about the armistice agreement in July 1919 ended this phase.

In World War II

After the outbreak of the Second World War , the HMS Queen of Bermuda from Durban first arrived at Tristan da Cunha on August 29, 1940 , and brought some deliveries to the island. The Royal Navy prepared a comprehensive report on the current situation on the island.

In 1942 the British Navy established a secret station codenamed Job 9 (later renamed HMS Atlantic Isle ) on Tristan da Cunha. This should recognize enemy submarines that had to appear at this time in order to maintain radio contact. A radio and weather station was also operated there, sending current data to Cape Town twice a day. The station staff consisted of 16 trained volunteers (Tristan Defense Volunteers) . The island's residents who helped build the station were initially paid in kind before the British pound sterling , a currency, was first introduced on Tristan da Cunha in December 1942 .

With the presence of the British, the infrastructure of Edinburgh of the Seven Seas was fundamentally modernized. During the Second World War, the school, hospital and the island's first shop were built. In 1943 the first edition of the regional newspaper The Tristan Times appeared . In addition, all houses in the village were connected to running water, and a new sewage system was set up.

After the war, most of the infrastructure that had been built was retained, as the British government placed foreign personnel in the most important offices on the island, such as the administrator (from 1950), the operator of the radio station, the doctor in the hospital or the teacher.

Volcanic eruption in October 1961

Satellite image of the main island Tristan da Cunha, the location of the eruption is in the north-east of the settlement

No volcanic activity had been recorded on Tristan da Cunha since the island was settled until 1961. Not until August and September 1961 were minor earthquakes caused by volcanic activity , some of which led to landslides on the rock faces south of Edinburgh. On October 8, 1961, there was a stronger earthquake and rock falls, which particularly affected the eastern part of the settlement. The earthquake caused a crack to the east of the town. A hill formed there due to further volcanic activity, from which the volcano erupted two days later. In a hastily called citizens' meeting, it was decided to evacuate the almost 300 residents of the village to the Potato Patches overnight .

After further volcanic activity near Edinburgh, the decision was made on October 10th to evacuate the island . For this purpose, the residents were first brought to the actually uninhabited island of Nightingale Island by two ships , where they spent the night in sheds. On October 11, the population was brought to Cape Town on the Dutch ship Tjisadane , where they arrived five days later. The RMS Sterling Castle brought them from Cape Town to Southampton on November 3rd . The islanders lived in the coastal town of Calshot, about 10 kilometers southwest of Southampton .

The UK government initially believed the island's evacuation was permanent and wanted to prevent the costly return of residents to Tristan da Cunha. At the beginning of 1962, however, an expedition by the Royal Society came to the conclusion that the island was habitable again. On September 8th, a group of twelve islanders arrived on the island to pave the way for reconstruction. The British Colonial Office wanted to prevent the return anyway and ordered a vote on the return of the residents to Tristan da Cunha. With 148: 5 votes, a clear majority voted for the return. Few islanders stayed in the UK.

History until today

After the islanders who had not stayed in the United Kingdom were brought back to Tristan da Cunha by ship via Rio de Janeiro and St. Helena, the reconstruction of the buildings destroyed by the volcanic eruption began. In particular, the lobster factory , which was located on Big Beach in the immediate vicinity of the eruption, was considerably destroyed and was therefore rebuilt at the port. The port was also so badly destroyed in the eruption that it had to be rebuilt in 1965. It was named Calshot Harbor after the place where the islanders lived in England . The numerous damaged houses were also repaired.

In 1966, 35 residents to return to the UK, decided since it depends on life on the island disillusioned were. The emigrants made Tristan da Cunha better known and, among other things, more frequently visited by cruise ships, including the Queen Elizabeth 2 in 1979.

On May 21, 2001, Edinburgh of the Seven Seas was hit by a strong hurricane that severely damaged almost all houses in the town. The Prince Philip Hall , the hospital and the lobster factory were particularly hard hit . However, none of the local residents were injured more seriously. The islanders helped voluntarily and unpaid to repair the storm damage, especially the roofs had to be replaced. The damage amounted to about £ 45,000.

On November 27, 2011, the sailing regatta yacht Puma Ocean Racing powered by Berg Propulsion reached the village with its engine and auxiliary rig after its mast had broken a week earlier. Puma was on the first leg of the Volvo Ocean Race with five other yachts . The residents of Edinburgh gave the sailors an overwhelming welcome and entertained them during the two-week stay necessary to bring a cargo ship from Cape Town to Tristan da Cunha. This heaved the Puma in a dangerous maneuver from the open water onto deck and brought it to Cape Town for repairs.

Population and culture

On May 29, 2016, 266 people lived on the archipelago. They are distributed over nine family names .

With the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 , all citizens of Tristan da Cunha were granted full British citizenship. You can therefore enter, live and work in the UK without any formalities.

Culture

The culture is strongly influenced by British culture, which the islanders experienced two years after the volcanic eruption in 1961. Many elements of British culture were carried over there upon returning to the island, such as regular dance events held at Prince Philip Hall .

Sketch of a traditional long boat

Since the end of the 19th century the traditional long boats have been built on Tristan da Cunha, with which the islanders used to cross over two to three times a year to the island of Nightingale Island , which is a good 40 kilometers away . There they collected eggs and guano as fertilizer, among other things , and they also hunted meat and fat from shearwaters . The islanders still visit Nightingale today, but sometimes with more modern sailing boats.

Although there are clubs in the town, social life in Edinburgh is very limited. As on other isolated islands, alcohol consumption on Tristan da Cunha is very high. The average adult drinks about a liter of whiskey a week, which is a high percentage of the average person's expenses. The life expectancy is still about the same as in the UK.

language

English is the only official language spoken on Tristan da Cunha . Due to the different linguistic influences of the settlers, however, a separate dialect developed on the island, which emerged in the 1820s. The most important linguistic influences are British English and the dialects of English spoken in the north-east of the USA, in the South African Table Bay region and on St. Helena . The dialect took on various distinctive features of other dialects and restructured itself again and again during its development. Despite this, due to the island's remoteness, it only recorded a few elements of other languages.

The dialect spoken in Tristan da Cunha differs from the standard English language both in pronunciation and in grammar, for example in the formation of verb forms, adjectives and questions.

education

In the 19th century, some of the Glass family's children attended schools in England or South Africa. On the island, visitors mostly served as teachers. The town's first full-time teacher was Benjamin Pankhurst, who taught from 1830 to 1832. In the late 19th century, Rev Taylor founded the town's first school, which was housed in one house with the church until 1923. During the Second World War, classes were held at the naval base. Due to its size, the building was still used as a school until 1975.

In 2006, to mark the 500th anniversary of the island's discovery, a trust fund was set up to enable students on the island to study at a university outside Tristan da Cunha. At the moment, after leaving school, the young people are completing a training program in various ministries on the island before they accept a post.

politics

The administrator's Union Jack includes the Tristan da Cunhas coat of arms

The governor of St. Helena is also the governor of Tristan da Cunha. The Government of Tristan da Cunha is (English by an administrator administrator ) led who is dispatched directly from the mother country and appointed by the Governor. This is the Island Council ( English Iceland Council ) before and is the highest office in Tristan da Cunha. The current administrator has been Sean Burns since 2016 , who was administrator from 2010 to 2013. As a rule, the administrator is not an island resident, but only lives on Tristan da Cunha for the duration of his term of office. The administrator's official residence is The Residency in the eastern part of Edinburgh.

The island council has been elected every three years since 2002 - as a rule - by the island's eligible population. There are neither political parties nor constituencies . The eight candidates who received the most votes in the election move directly to the body, and the administrator appoints three more members, which is intended to create a political balance in the council. The administrator chairs the council. The Island Council meets approximately every three months in the government building, the Administration Building .

If there is more than one candidate, one of the eleven council members will be elected Chief Islander in a separate vote . He is the deputy of the administrator and occasionally represents the island abroad. The Deputy Chief Islander is elected at the first meeting of the Island Council. Current Chief Islander is Ian Lavarello.

In addition to the Island Council, there are twelve ministries (departments), each with a chairman. The chairmen meet occasionally with the island council.

See also : List of Administrators of Tristan da Cunha  and Constitution of St. Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha

Economy and Infrastructure

economy

Potato fields on Tristan da Cunha

The main industry on Tristan da Cunha is lobster fishing and sales. The lobster factory is Edinburgh's largest employer. There the lobster species Jasus tristani , which is only endemic in the waters around Tristan da Cunha and on Seamount Vema, which is almost 2000 kilometers northeast, is processed into frozen products. In 1948, the South African company received South Atlantic Islands Development Corporation (SAIDC) the license for catching and processing crawfish on Tristan da Cunha, today, the right hand holds the successor company Ovenstone Agencies (Pty) Ltd . Before 1948, lobster fishing was only done for self-sufficiency. The factory, which was initially located east of Edinburgh on Big Beach , was badly damaged in the volcanic eruption in 1961, but was rebuilt at the port. The factory reached its highest production in 1972, when 857 t of lobster were caught and processed, in the 2008/09 fishing season it was a total of 435 t. The lobsters are caught by nine high-performance boats, mainly with special lobster traps or nets . In the night of February 12th to 13th, 2008, the factory burned down completely and had to be rebuilt. It was reopened on July 17th, 2009.

The license fee for fishing for lobster makes up over 80% of the income of the Tristan da Cunha overseas territory. The products are currently mainly exported to the United States and Japan, and the company is currently entering the Chinese market. On the island there are efforts to export the lobster to the European Union. Since 2009 the fishery has been in the process of being assessed for the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) environmental label .

In addition to fishing, agriculture and sheep breeding are important for the production of wool on the island. In addition, the tourism sector is to be expanded over the next few years.

In contrast to St. Helena and Ascension, where the St. Helena pound is issued and used as an official means of payment, the official currency on Tristan da Cunha is the British pound sterling . Although the Bank of St. Helena, founded in 2004, has no branch on Tristan da Cunha, the islanders are entitled to use their services.

traffic

The port of Calshot Harbor

Tourists are brought ashore by boat

Since there is no airport or runway on Tristan da Cunha , Edinburgh of the Seven Seas can only be reached by ship. The small fishing port of Calshot Harbor is in the north of the town. Every year around eight to ten ships ( trawlers , supply ships or cruise ships ) operate from Cape Town , most of which anchor off the island. From there you can get ashore with a smaller boat. These ships also carry the mail as well as some supplies that are needed on the island. Depending on the external conditions, the trip to the island can take between five and 15 days. There are about ten planned connections to the island every year.

Until 2003 there was a regular mail ship connection from Portland (UK) to Ascension - St. Helena - Tristan da Cunha, which was operated once a year by the RMS St. Helena . Since then, the post ship has only operated to St. Helena, the section to Tristan da Cunha was only sailed again in 2006 for the 500th anniversary of the island's discovery. From January 4 to 6, 2018, the RMS St. Helena visited Tristan da Cunha one last time before it was shut down on February 28, 2018.

The place is accessed by a small network of unpaved roads. Occasionally it happens that traffic controls are carried out at the only major intersection of the town. The only road that leaves the village is the approximately 4.5 kilometers long and also unpaved road to the Potato Patches , on which there are only two alternative options. A public minibus also runs on this street.

Infrastructure

Just a few meters west of the settlement, the CTBTO operates three different monitoring stations for the detection of nuclear tests. The "IS49" station measures infrasound , "RN68" is designed for radionuclide and noble gas detection in the air, and the "HA09" hydroacoustic station monitors the sea for possible submarine explosions of nuclear weapons. A constant energy source was required to operate the three stations, which was set up on the island during construction. This was the first time that Edinburgh was supplied with electricity 24 hours a day. The mains voltage in the Tristan da Cunha power grid is 240 V, the mains frequency 50 Hz.

The village's only hospital , the Camogli Health Center , is located in an exposed location at the southwest end of the village.

In addition to the craft shop housed in Tristan's Museum , there is a supermarket in Edinburgh . The food offered there is mostly transported to the island by ship. A warehouse is attached to the shop.

communication

Up until 2005, it was difficult to deliver mail to the town, as it had no postcode until then. In addition, mail addressed to "Edinburgh" was often wrongly delivered, as the location was often confused with Edinburgh in Scotland when it was distributed . In October 2005, following a decision by the Royal Mail , Edinburgh of the Seven Seas, like the entire Tristan da Cunha archipelago, was the third last British overseas territory to receive the postcode TDCU 1ZZ . The main aim was to enable the island's residents to shop online . The online retailers had previously refused to deliver to the island. The Royal Mail worked with the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and the Universal Postal Union to establish the zip code .

Until June 2006, telephone and internet access for residents was handled by satellite telephones via Cape Town Radio. This led to extremely high prices in telecommunications. A phone call cost £ 1.83 per minute and an email cost £ 6.50. In 2006, with the help of Global Crossing, a satellite connection to the British capital London was created, which enabled a cheap internet connection and phone calls at the same price as in London (2p to Great Britain, 5p to Germany, 27p to South Africa etc.). In addition, the data transmission rate of twelve lines has been increased from 64 Kbit / s to 256 Kbit / s. For the first time, local residents were able to send e-mails free of charge. Since September 2007, every household in Edinburgh has had a working satellite telephone. In addition, an Internet café was set up in the Administration Building , which primarily offers space for laptop users.

In addition to the British BFBS Radio 1 , the St. Helena- based station "Saint FM" has been received in Edinburgh since 2008 . The broadcaster's Internet livestream is downloaded to Tristan da Cunha and prepared for radio reception. In addition, the island resident Laurian Rogers operates the local station "Atlantic FM", which has been broadcasting its program since January 2008.

Trivia

The writer Arno Schmidt believed in the island of the template for the Roman Insel Felsenburg by Johann Gottfried Schnabel to have found and wrote a radio essay .

Edgar Allan Poe describes the archipelago in detail in the 15th chapter of his novel The Report of Arthur Gordon Pym from 1838.

In his novel Tristan Island , published in 1992, Erich Wolfgang Skwara describes a former Austrian diplomat and his bizarre plan to drag Tristan da Cunha off the coast of Southern California by ship. A variety of information about the history and the inhabitants of the archipelago is woven into the story.

In the novel Tristan da Cunha or half of the earth by the Austrian writer Raoul Schrott , published in 2003, the landscape and history of the island are described in detail and form the background for complex love stories.

One of the most famous depictions of the island in world literature is found in the novel The Children of Captain Grant from Jules Verne's novel trilogy of the Southern Hemisphere (the other two parts are 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea and The Mysterious Island ). Based on the discovery of a fragmented message in a bottle from shipwrecked people, the 37th degree of latitude of the southern hemisphere around the world that can be safely deciphered is explored, which Jules Verne, as in almost all of his novels, is unusually precise and poetic for its time Freedom included - an objective description of country and people connects.

The chapter Mercury in the book The Periodic Table by Primo Levi alludes to Tristan da Cunha, even if the name of the island is not explicitly mentioned in the chapter. The descriptions of the island and Levi's comments in another chapter leave no doubt that the island is meant.

literature

Non-fiction

• Erling Christophersen: Tristan da Cunha. The loneliest island in the world . With contributions by PA Munch, Yngvar Hagen, S. Dick Henriksen, Reidar Sognnes, Elring Sivertsen, JC Dunne and Egil Baardseth. 49 original recordings, 3 drawings and 4 maps. German translation from Norwegian by Werner von Grünau. Berlin: Universitas. Deutsche Verlags-Aktiengesellschaft 1939
• Arnaldo Faustini: The Annals of Tristan da Cunha ( online ; PDF; 859 kB)
• Sue Steiner, Robin Liston, Richard Grundy & Mike Huntley: Tristan da Cunha . In: St. Helena, Ascension and Tristan Da Cunha . 2nd Edition. Bradt Travel Guides, 2007, ISBN 978-1-84162-198-2 , pp. 141-170 ( online ).
• Daniel Schreier & Karen Lavarello-Schreier: Tristan da Cunha: History. People. Language . Battlebridge Publications, 2003, ISBN 978-1-903292-03-7 .
• Peter A. Munch : Crisis in utopia: The ordeal of Tristan da Cunha . Cromwell, New York 1971, ISBN 978-0-690-22075-9 .
• Daniel Schreier: Tristan da Cunha English . In: The lesser-known varieties of English: An introduction . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-88396-2 , pp. 245-260 ( online ).
• Patrick Helyer: Bibliography of Tristan da Cunha. Nelson, Shropshire 1998, ISBN 0-904614-62-X .
• Peter A. Munch : Sociology of Tristan da Cunha. Jacob Dybwad, Oslo 1945; 2nd edition: Ams Press Inc., 1977, ISBN 0-685-87356-0 .
• Ders .: The Song Tradition of Tristan da Cunha. Indiana University Research Center for the Language Sciences, 1970, ISBN 978-0-391-02076-4 .
• Ders .: Crisis in Utopia. The Ordeal of Tristan da Cunha. Crowell, 1971, ISBN 0-690-22075-8 .
• Daniel Schreier & Karen Lavarello-Schreier: Tristan da Cunha: History, People, Language. Battlebridge Publications, 2003, ISBN 1-903292-03-4 .

Fiction

• Hervé Bazin : happiness on the volcano. Herder, Freiburg 1971, ISBN 978-3-451-16256-5 .
• Raoul Scrap : Tristan da Cunha Or Half the Earth . Hanser, Munich 2003, ISBN 9783446203556 .

Web links

Commons : Tristan da Cunha  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Wikimedia Atlas: Tristan da Cunha  - geographical and historical maps

• Tristan da Cunha in the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian Institution (English)
• Official website of Tristan da Cunha (English)
• Story of Tristan da Cunha (English)
• Tristan Times - News from Tristan da Cunha (English)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Population Update, 23rd November 2017. Tristan da Cunha, 26 November 2017.
2. ^ Sue Steiner, Robin Liston, Richard Grundy and Mike Huntley: Tristan da Cunha . In: St. Helena, Ascension and Tristan Da Cunha . 2nd Edition. Bradt Travel Guides, 2007, ISBN 978-1-84162-198-2 , pp. 145 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e} tristandc.com: History: Discovery & Early History 1506 - 1817
4. ↑ Arnaldo Faustini: The Annals of Tristan da Cunha , p. 16 ( online ; PDF; 859 kB)
5. ↑ ^{a b} Arnaldo Faustini: The Annals of Tristan da Cunha , p. 17 ( online ; PDF; 859 kB)
6. ↑ tristandc.com: History: A Growing Community - 1817 - 1853
7. ^ The South Atlantic and Subantarctic Islands: The Wreck of the Blenden Hall . Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
8. ↑ Arnaldo Faustini: The Annals of Tristan da Cunha , p. 32 ( online ; PDF; 859 kB)
9. ↑ ^{a b c d} tristandc.com: History: Isolation and hardship - 1853 - 1942
10. ↑ Arnaldo Faustini: The Annals of Tristan da Cunha , p. 41 ( online ; PDF; 859 kB)
11. ^ Full text of the report of the Royal Navy ( Memento of November 26, 2006 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 451 kB) - The South Atlantic and Subantarctic Islands
12. ↑ ^{a b} tristandc.com: History: Joining the Modern World
13. ^ The South Atlantic and Subantarctic Islands: Recent History: World War II . Archived from the original on September 12, 2012. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
14. ↑ Tristan da Cunha - 1961 Volcano - Information about the volcanic eruption of 1961 on vulkaner.no
15. ↑ tristandc.com: History: Volcanic Interlude
16. ^ ^{A b} The South Atlantic and Subantarctic Islands: Recent History . Archived from the original on March 25, 2009. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
17. ↑ sthelena.se: The Tristan disaster , May 21, 2001 (report on the storm damage with pictures)
18. ↑ tristandc.com: 2001 Hurricane - Reconstruction update
19. ↑ PUMA entranced by the aura of Tristan ( Memento from April 12, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
20. ↑ PUMA turn tourist on Tristan ( Memento from April 12, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
21. ↑ Wave of relief as Mar Mostro heads for Cape Town ( Memento from April 12, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
22. ↑ tristandc.com: Tristan da Cunha Longboats
23. ↑ tristandc.com: Nightingale Island
24. ↑ ^{a b c} Daniel Schreier: Tristan da Cunha English . In: The lesser-known varieties of English: An introduction . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-88396-2 , pp. 245 ( online ).
25. ^ Daniel Schreier: Tristan da Cunha English . In: The lesser-known varieties of English: An introduction . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-88396-2 , pp. 248-260 ( online ).
26. ↑ tristandc.com: St Mary's School
27. ↑ tristandc.com: The Tristan da Cunha Education Trust Fund
28. ^ Tristan Administrator. The Tristan da Cunha website. Retrieved March 14, 2018
29. ↑ tristandc.com: Tristan Island Council
30. ↑ tristandc.com: Tristan da Cunha's Chief Islander
31. ↑ tristandc.com: Tristan da Cunha Departments
32. ↑ Global Capture Production 1950-2008 - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
33. ↑ cf. Article Lobster trap in the English Wikipedia
34. ↑ ^{a b} Marine Stewardship Council : Tristan da Cunha rock lobster  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
35. ↑ tristandc.com: News of the building of a 21st Century Tristan Fishing Factory
36. ^ Submission from Dr AG James, Managing Director, Ovenstone Agencies (Pty) Ltd - Communication from the British Committee on Foreign Affairs in the House of Commons
37. ↑ tristandc.com: Tristan Fishing Industry
38. ↑ Bank of Saint Helena: Tristan da Cunha ( Memento from July 15, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
39. ↑ tristandc.com: Shipping schedules and fares
40. ↑ tristandc.com: 2006 RMS St Helena Q5 cruise to Tristan da Cunha
41. ↑ Last Voyage to Tristan by the RMS St Helena http://www.tristandc.com/news-2018-01-06-RMS-St-Helena.php
42. ↑ CTBTO Preparatory Mission: HA09, Tristan da Cunha , page 2
43. ^ Sue Steiner, Robin Liston, Richard Grundy and Mike Huntley: Tristan da Cunha . In: St. Helena, Ascension and Tristan Da Cunha . 2nd Edition. Bradt Travel Guides, 2007, ISBN 978-1-84162-198-2 , pp. 142 ( online ).
44. ↑ tristandc.com: Tristan da Cunha Shops
45. ↑ BBC News : First postcode for remote UK isle , August 7, 2005
46. ↑ ^{a b c} tristandc.com: Tristan da Cunha Communication News
47. ↑ Saint FM - Tristan da Cunha ( Memento from July 20, 2011 in the Internet Archive )