Paraná Etendeka Province

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A cliff in the Paraná Magma Province. Serra do Rio do Rastro , Santa Catarina .

The Paraná-Etendeka Province or Paraná-Etendeka-LIP (from Large Igneous Province , also: Parana-und-Etendeka-Plateau , Paraná-Etendeka traps , English Paraná and Etendeka Plateau ; Paraná and Etendeka Province ) is a magmatic large province that extends over the Paraná Traps (Parana Basalt Mountains) in the Paraná Basin , South America and the somewhat smaller region of flood basalts of the Etendeka Traps in north-west Namibia and south-west Angola . The basalt currents occurred around 128 to 138 million years ago. The whole province had effusions according to an area of 1.5 x 10 6 square kilometers and an output of more than 2.3 x 10 6 cubic kilometers.

The basalts in Paraná and Etendeka come from the geological age of Valanginium . Indirectly, the breakup of the continents and the extension processes could have caused the origin of the Paraná and Etendeka traps, just as with Gough and Tristan da Cunha , because these landscapes are connected by the Walvis Ridge and were created by the Gough-Tristan hotspot . The submarine mountains of the Rio Grande Rise (25 ° S – 35 ° S), which stretch eastward from the side of the Paraná Trapps, also belong to this system.

In addition to the mighty basalt coverings, the Greater Province also includes sub-volcanic and plutonic geological forms, including more cliff-like dykes and various plutonic surface forms (simple knolls, ring mountains). The interpretations of the geochemical composition and the isotopes indicate that the magma from which the traps were formed, as well as related igneous rocks, were formed by a partial melt of the asthenosphere after a plume ( English mantle plume ) occurred there . A large part of the magma was before the eruption with shares of Continental crust interspersed ( English contaminated ). There are also plutonites, which are related to the traps and have not been mixed, which indicates an origin directly from the earth's mantle .

Eruptions

Large deposits of ignimbrite in the traps indicate gigantic explosive eruptions. Evidence has been found that the Paraná Traps experienced some of the largest eruptions in Earth's history:

Surname Volume (km³) Age (million years) Coordinates
Guarapuava — Tamarana — Sarusas 8,600 132
Santa Maria - Fria 7,800 132
Guarapuava - Ventura 7,600 132
Goboboseb - Messum volcanic center - Springbok quartz latite unit 6.340 132
Caxias do Sul-Grootberg 5,650 132
Jacui-Goboboseb II 4,350 132
Ourinhos — Khoraseb 3,900 132
Anita Garibaldi — Beacon 3,450 132
Palmas BRA-21 — Wereldsend 1,900 29.5

Source: Ewart et al. (1998)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Vincent E. Courtillot, Paul R. Renneb: Sur l'âge des trapps basaltiques (On the ages of flood basalt events) . In: Comptes Rendus Geoscience . 335, No. 1, January 2003, pp. 113-140. doi : 10.1016 / S1631-0713 (03) 00006-3 .
  2. ^ RV Fodor, EH McKee, A. Roisenberg: Age distribution of Serra Geral (Paraná) flood basalts, southern Brazil . In: Journal of South American Earth Sciences . 2, No. 4, 1989, pp. 343-349. bibcode : 1989JSAES ... 2..343F . doi : 10.1016 / 0895-9811 (89) 90012-6 .
  3. ↑ Kathy Stewart, Simon Turner, Simon Kelley, Chris Hawkesworth, Linda Kirstein, Marta Mantovani: 3-D, 40 working 39Ar geochronology in the Paraná continental flood basalt province . In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters . 143, No. 1-4, 1996, pp. 95-109. doi : 10.1016 / 0012-821X (96) 00132-X .
  4. ^ C. O'Neill, RD Müller, B. Steinberger: Revised Indian plate rotations based on the motion of Indian Ocean hotspots . In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters . 215, 2003, pp. 151-168. bibcode : 2003E & PSL.215..151O . doi : 10.1016 / S0012-821X (03) 00368-6 .
  5. ^ JM O'Connor, AP le Roex: South Atlantic hot spot-plume systems. 1: Distribution of volcanism in time and space . In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters . 113, 1992, pp. 343-364. bibcode : 1992E & PSL.113..343O . doi : 10.1016 / 0012-821X (92) 90138-L .
  6. ↑ Brazilian 'Atlantis' found - Geologists have announced the discovery of what has been dubbed the 'Brazilian Atlantis', some 900 miles from Rio. , Donna Bowater, The Daily Telegraph , May 7, 2013
  7. ^ TM Owen-Smith; LD Ashwal; M. Sudo; RB Trumbull: Age and Petrogenesis of the Doros Complex, Namibia, and Implications for Early Plume-derived Melts in the Paraná – Etendeka LIP. In: Journal of Petrology , 2017, vol. 58, 3: 423-442.
  8. ↑ Scott E. Bryan; Ingrid Ukstin's Peate; David W. Peate; Stephen Self; Dougal A. Jerram; Michael R. Mawby; JS Marsh; Jodie A. Miller: The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth. In: Earth Science Reviews. 2010, vol. 102: 207. doi = 10.1016 / j.earscirev.2010.07.001
  9. ↑ possibly a volcanic chain
  10. ↑ Scott E. Bryan; Ingrid Ukstin's Peate; David W. Peate; Stephen Self; Dougal A. Jerram; Michael R. Mawby; JS Marsh; Jodie A. Miller: The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth. Earth Science Reviews. 2010, 102, 3–4: 207. Bibcode: 2010ESRv..102..207B. doi: 10.1016 / j.earscirev.2010.07.001
  11. ↑ A. Ewart; SC Milner; RA Armstrong; AR Duncan: Etendeka Volcanism of the Goboboseb Mountains and Messum Igneous Complex, Namibia. Part II: Voluminous Quartz Latite Volcanism of the Awahab Magma System. In: Journal of Petrology. 1998, 39, 2: 227-253. doi: 10.1093 / petrology / 39.2.227

literature

  • DW Peate: The Parana-Etendeka Province. In: JJ Mahoney; MF Coffin: Large Igneous Provinces: continental, oceanic, and planetary flood volcanism. Geophysical Monograph, vol. 100, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC 1997: 217-245.