African Union

African Union AU
African Union emblem
African Union flag
Member States
English name	African Union
French name	Union Africaine
Organization type	Regional cooperation
Seat of the organs	Addis Ababa , Ethiopia (Headquarters)   Midrand , South Africa ( Parliament )
Chair	Félix Tshisekedi (changing annually)
Secretary General	Moussa Faki (Chairman of the Commission)
Member States	55
Official and working languages	* Arabic English French Portuguese Spanish Swahili any other African language
surface	29,177,755 km²
population	1.1 billion (2014)
Population density	38.9 inhabitants per km²
gross domestic product	1.971 billion US dollars (2013 estimate, nominal) $ 2,538 billion (2008, PPS )
Gross domestic product per inhabitant	$ 1,503 (2008, nominal) $ 2,622 (2008, PPS )
founding	May 25, 1963 (as OAU ) July 9, 2002 (as AU)
Currencies	different currencies , single currency Afro planned
anthem	Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together
Time zone	UTC − 1 to UTC + 4
Subsidiary organizations	* African Court of Human Rights and the Rights of the Peoples (ACHPR) African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) AU Commission (AUC) AU Security Council (PSC) AU Representation Committee (PRC) AU Economic, Social and Cultural Council (ECOSOCC) AU Water Council of Ministers (AMCOW) African Central Bank (ACB) African Monetary Fund (AMF) African Investment Bank (AIB) New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD)
au.int

The African Union ( Arabic الاتحاد الأفريقي, DMG al-Ittiḥād al-Ifrīqī , English African Union , French Union africaine , Portuguese União Africana , Spanish Unión Africana , Swahili Umoja wa Afrika ) is an international organization that succeeded the Organization for African Unity (OAU) in 2002 and should work for cooperation in all areas . It is an amalgamation of initially 53 and now 55  African states ( Western Sahara is a member of the African Union, but its status under international law is controversial). Member States of the AU are all internationally recognized African states, including Western Sahara. Morocco was re-admitted to the organization on January 30, 2017 after a 33-year absence.

The organization's headquarters are in Addis Ababa , Ethiopia , and the Pan-African Parliament is in Midrand, South Africa .

History and Development

Color corresponds to the respective year of entry to the OAU, the predecessor organization of the AU, or the AU

The organization was created through the formal adoption of a founding letter of intent at the 4th OAU Special Session on September 9, 1999 in Sirte , Libya . The document on which this decision is based is called the Sirte Declaration . In Lomé ( Togo ) the representatives of the 36th regular summit meeting on July 11, 2000 passed the Constitutive Act of the African Union.

The action plan for the transition to the new organization, defined for the period from July 11, 2001 to July 10, 2002, was a resolution of the summit meeting in Lusaka ( Zambia ) in July 2001 . With the joint summit (First Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the AU) of the heads of state in the African Union and the African Economic Community between 9 and 11 July 2002 in Durban , South Africa , the African Union resumed its regular work on.

The African Union replaced the Organization for African Unity (OAU) at the will of the signatory states and was given more powers than this. The treaties, which include the dissolution of the OAU, which was founded on May 25, 1963, had already been ratified by 45 of the 54 states. Morocco , which left its predecessor organization OAU in 1984 due to the conflict over the Democratic Arab Republic of the Sahara , was accepted as a member of the African Union in January 2017 after three decades.

The initiative to found the new African Union goes back to the Libyan revolutionary leader Muammar al-Gaddafi . He had vehemently advocated the idea of ​​a union and promoted it to the African heads of state at great expense. The founding treaty of the African Union (Constitutive Act) is primarily based on the example of the European Union (EU). Other founding acts contain, among other things, declarations on the respect for human rights and the sovereignty of the member states, but also a paragraph on the intervention of the Union in member states under certain conditions. Article 30 of the founding treaty ties in with the domestic legitimacy of the state authority of the member states. Accordingly, governments that have come to power unconstitutionally are to be excluded from participating in the activities of the African Union. In accordance with Article 33 (1) of the founding treaty, the African Economic Community was also incorporated into the AU.

Barack Obama was the first US President to address the African Union in Addis Ababa on July 28, 2015 .

Organs and organizations

overview

The institutions of the Union are listed in Article 5 of the founding act and are specified in further articles. In addition to the explicitly mentioned organs - Union Assembly as the highest organ (Art. 6 ff.), Executive Council (Art. 10 ff.), Pan-African Parliament (Art. 17), Court of Justice (Art. 18), Commission (Art. 20), more permanent Representative Committee (Art. 21), seven special committees for technology (Art. 14 f.), Economic, Social and Cultural Council (Art. 22) and the three financial institutions African Central Bank , African Monetary Fund and African Investment Bank (Art. 19) - the General Assembly reserves the right to set up additional organs.

In addition, the provisions of the Treaty establishing the African Economic Community apply , such as Art. 18 with regard to the Court of Justice.

The first chairman of the African Union Commission, the former Secretary General of the OAU and former Foreign Minister of the Ivory Coast Amara Essy , was elected to his post at the summit in Lusaka, Zambia.

In February 2003 the AU agreed to set up an African Standby Force (ASF) and an AU Security Council modeled on the United Nations with the right to intervene, which was officially established on May 25, 2004. In 2008 the ASF was deployed in the Comoros .

In March 2004 the first session of the Pan-African Parliament within the AU was officially opened. The first speaker of parliament is Gertrude Mongella from Tanzania . The AU parliament has an advisory function and is based in the South African city ​​of Midrand , where the first working session took place on September 16, 2004.

Since December 2004 the AU has been involved for three years with the peace-monitoring mission AMIS and since December 2007 with UNAMID (together with the United Nations ) in the crisis region of Darfur in Sudan .

The economic development program in the AU is managed by NEPAD . The African Union uses the African Peer Review Mechanism program to evaluate each other's quality of government action .

The African Energy Commission was founded for the energy industry .

For the jointly coordinated prevention and control of epidemics in Africa, the AU founded the Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Africa CDC) with its currently five regional centers on the continent.

Statistical work

The African Statistical Yearbook (ASYB) (German: "Statistisches Jahrbuch Afrikas ") lists statistical data from the member countries of the African Union. It is a product created under the direction of the African Statistical Coordination Committee (ASCC). The statistical data it contains are the result of the collaboration between the African Development Bank (AfDB), the African Union Commission (AUC) and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) to reduce the risk of inconsistent information that would otherwise be produced by the three organizations , and also reduces the reporting obligation of the Member States, which would otherwise be obliged to transmit data separately to each institution, which saves costs, time and increases the statistical quality and overview. Central coordination lies with the African Center for Statistics of the United Nations . The yearbook is produced at the headquarters of the AU in Addis Ababa under the editorship of the ECA. In 2017, the AU published its own Labor Migration Statics Report for the first time .

Members of the AU

Memberships of the individual states

Due to the European - colonial past of Africa, one or more European lingua franca are used in most member states in addition to the traditionally used languages. The most widespread in this regard are French (especially in the north and west) and English (especially in the east and south), which also function as the AU's working languages. The largest economy in Africa is South Africa, which together with those of Nigeria, Egypt, Algeria and Morocco generates almost two thirds of the total AU gross domestic product (gross regional product ). The populations of the member countries are very different in size. Nigeria has the highest proportion of their total, followed by Ethiopia, Egypt, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Africa. It is expected that 1.5 billion people will live on the continent by 2025 and almost twice as many by 2050. The life expectancy was in 2013 at just 59 years, making it a global comparison very low. Accordingly, the proportion of over 60-year-olds was low at 4%, while 41% of the population were under 15-year-olds.

Country	Capital	population		surface		GDP (million USD; 2016)	Official language (s)	Accession (to OAU or AU)
		(2017) a	%	(km²)	%
African Union	Addis Ababa	1.255.134.369	100	30.093.154	100	2,365,243 (2018)	Arabic , English , French , Portuguese , Spanish , Swahili , any other African language	-
Egypt	Cairo	97.553.151	7.77	1,001,449	3.33	266,653	Arabic	May 25, 1963
Algeria	Algiers	41,318,142	3.29	2,381,741	7.91	153,515	Arabic, Kabyle	May 25, 1963
Angola	Luanda	29,784,193	2.37	1,246,700	4.14	108,746	Portuguese	Feb. 11, 1975
Equatorial Guinea	Malabo	1,267,689	0.10	28.051	0.09	10,680	Portuguese, Spanish , French	Oct 12, 1968
Ethiopia	Addis Ababa	104,957,438	8.35	1,127,127	3.75	65,691	Amharic	May 25, 1963
Benin	Porto-Novo	11,175,692	0.89	112,620	0.37	8,025	French	May 25, 1963
Botswana	Gaborone	2,291,661	0.18	582,000	1.93	14,176	English , Setswana	Oct 31, 1966
Burkina Faso	Ouagadougou	19.193.382	1.53	274.200	0.91	10,668	French	May 25, 1963
Burundi	Bujumbura	10,864,245	0.86	27,834	0.09	2,732	English, French, Kirundi	May 25, 1963
Djibouti	Djibouti	956.985	0.08	23,200	0.08	1,710	Arabic, French	June 27, 1977
Ivory Coast	Yamoussoukro	24,294,750	1.93	322,461	1.07	33,031	French	May 25, 1963
Eritrea	Asmara	5,068,831	0.40	121.144	0.40	5,235	Arabic, Tigrinya	May 24, 1993
Eswatini	Mbabane	1,367,254	0.11	17,363	0.06	3.813	English, Siswati	Sep 24 1968
Gabon	Libreville	2,025,137	0.16	267,667	0.89	13,149	French	May 25, 1963
Gambia	Banjul	2,100,568	0.17	11,295	0.04	934	English	March 9, 1965
Ghana	Accra	28,833,629	2.30	238,537	0.79	40,012	English	May 25, 1963
Guinea	Conakry	12,717,176	1.01	245.857	0.82	6,395	French	May 25, 1963
Guinea-Bissau	Bissau	1,861,283	0.15	36,125	0.12	1.103	Portuguese	Nov 19, 1973
Cameroon	Yaoundé	24,053,727	1.91	475,442	1.58	29,639	English France	May 25, 1963
Cape Verde	Praia	546,388	0.04	4.033	0.01	1,403	Portuguese	18th July 1975
Kenya	Nairobi	49,699,862	3.97	582,646	1.94	66,596	English, Swahili	Dec 13, 1963
Comoros	Moroni	813.912	0.06	1,862	0.01	1,129	Arabic, French, Comorian	18th July 1975
Democratic Republic of Congo	Kinshasa	81,339,988	6.47	2,345,410	7.79	37,675	French	May 25, 1963
Republic of the Congo	Brazzaville	5,260,750	0.42	342,000	1.14	7,505	French	May 25, 1963
Lesotho	Maseru	2,233,339	0.18	30,355	0.10	2,020	English, Sesotho	Oct 31, 1966
Liberia	Monrovia	4,731,906	0.38	111,370	0.37	2,999	English	May 25, 1963
Libya	Tripoli	6,374,616	0.51	1,775,500	5.90	40.209	Arabic	May 25, 1963
Madagascar	Antananarivo	25,570,895	2.03	587.041	1.95	10,517	French, Malagasy	May 25, 1963
Malawi	Lilongwe	18,622,104	1.48	118,480	0.39	4,780	Chichewa , English	July 13, 1964
Mali	Bamako	18,541,980	1.48	1,240,192	4.12	12,942	French	May 25, 1963
Morocco	Rabat	35,739,580	2.84	446,550	1.48	91,358	Arabic, Moroccan Tamazight	May 25, 1963 / January 31, 2017
Mauritania	Nouakchott	4,420,184	0.35	1,030,700	3.43	4,292	Arabic	May 25, 1963
Mauritius	Port Louis	1,265,138	0.10	2,040	0.01	10,841	English	Aug 1968
Mozambique	Maputo	29,668,834	2.36	801.590	2.66	10.214	Portuguese	18th July 1975
Namibia	Windhoek	2,533,794	0.20	824.292	2.74	10.177	English	June 1990
Niger	Niamey	21,477,348	1.71	1,267,000	4.21	7.096	French	May 25, 1963
Nigeria	Abuja	190.886.311	15.20	923,768	3.07	400,365	English	May 25, 1963
Rwanda	Kigali	12.208.407	0.97	26,338	0.09	7,876	English, French, Kinyarwanda , Swahili	May 25, 1963
Zambia	Lusaka	17.094.130	1.36	752.614	2.50	20,090	English	Dec 16, 1964
Sao Tome and Principe	Sao Tome	204,327	0.01	1,001	0.00	334	Portuguese	18th July 1975
Senegal	Dakar	15,850,567	1.26	197,722	0.66	12,725	French	May 25, 1963
Seychelles	Victoria	94,737	0.01	455	0.00	1,196	English, French, Seychelles Creole	June 29, 1976
Sierra Leone	Freetown	7,557,212	0.60	71,740	0.24	3,568	English	May 25, 1963
Zimbabwe	Harare	16,529,904	1.32	390.757	1.30	14,263	Chewa , Chibarwe, English, Kalanga, Khoisan , Nambya, Ndau, Nord-Ndebele , Shangani , Sotho , Shona , Tonga , Tswana , Venda , Xhosa	June 18, 1980
Somalia c	Mogadishu	14,742,523	1.17	637.657	2.12	1,158	Arabic, Somali	May 25, 1963
South Africa	Pretoria Cape Town Bloemfontein	56.717.156	4.52	1,219,912	4.05	263,648	Afrikaans , English, South Ndebele , isiXhosa , isiZulu , North Sotho , Sesotho, Setswana, Siswati , Tshivenda , Xitsonga	June 6, 1994
Sudan	Khartoum	40,533,330	3.23	1,886,068	6.26	83.004	Arabic, English	May 25, 1963
South Sudan	Juba	12,575,714	1.00	619.745	2.06	6,444	English	July 27, 2011
Tanzania	Dodoma	57.310.019	4.57	945.087	3.14	45,548	English, Swahili	May 25, 1963
Togo	Lomé	7,797,694	0.62	56,785	0.19	3,880	French	May 25, 1963
Chad	N'Djamena	14,899,994	1.19	1,284,000	4.27	10,418	Arabic, French	May 25, 1963
Tunisia	Tunis	11,532,127	0.92	163,610	0.54	38,955	Arabic	May 25, 1963
Uganda	Kampala	42,862,958	3.42	241.040	0.80	23,294	English, Swahili	May 25, 1963
Western Sahara d	El Aaiún (de jure)	552,628	0.04	266,000	0.9	-	Arabic, Spanish	Feb 22, 1982
Central African Republic	Bangui	4,659,080	0.37	622.984	2.07	1,780	French, sango	May 25, 1963

^a Estimates
^b Share of GDP in 2009.
^c Due to the ongoing civil war, data from Somalia are roughly estimated (with the exception of GDP).
^d Unlike the AU as a whole, most member states do not recognize the republic (only 19 AU states recognize it, 17 others have withdrawn previous recognition).

The territory claimed by a government-in-exile in Algeria is almost completely under the control of Morocco.

Suspended members

• Due to the military coup in Mauritania , this member state was temporarily excluded from the AU on August 5, 2005 "until constitutional order was restored", but was initially rehabilitated in 2007. After another military coup on August 6, 2008, the AU decided to make preparations again for the country's membership to be suspended.
• In December 2008, Guinea's membership was also suspended because of a military coup. This suspension was lifted in December 2010 because the country had returned to constitutional order.
• Madagascar was suspended after the 2009 coup . The African Union accepted Madagascar again as a full member after new elections on January 28, 2014.
• In November 2009, Eritrea recalled its ambassador to the AU. In May of the same year, the AU called for sanctions against Eritrea because of its support for Islamists in Somalia .
• On February 20, 2010, Niger was suspended because of the military coup. After holding parliamentary elections and electing Mahamadou Issoufou as the new president in early 2011, the AU lifted the suspension in March 2011.
• According to Ivorian presidential election, 2010 membership was Ivory Coast suspended while Laurent Gbagbo not the presidency to Alassane Ouattara übergäbe. This took place on May 21, 2011.
• Because of the Malian coup in 2012 , Mali was suspended for a few months. After the coup in August 2020 , membership was suspended again.
• After the coup on March 24, 2013, the Central African Republic was suspended on March 25. The suspension was lifted in April 2016.
• After a military coup , Egypt was suspended in July 2013. In 2014, following the first general election after the coup, the suspension was lifted.
• On June 6, 2019, Sudan was suspended because paramilitaries killed numerous citizens who had demonstrated for democratic change in the course of the change in power there . Exactly three months later, Sudan was resumed after the formation of a transitional government.

Membership applications

•  Morocco left the OAU in 1984 because of the Western Sahara conflict. On September 22, 2016, an official application for membership was submitted to the AU. On January 30, 2017, the country was admitted to the AU.
•  Somaliland , which declared itself independent from Somalia in 1991 without international recognition, applied for membership in 2005, which was initially not processed.

Other key figures

Due to the large number of members of the AU, some data are listed regionally (population data as of 2020. Spatial definitions may vary depending on the source):

region	Population in millions	Population growth	Migration balance	Life expectancy in years	CO 2 - emissions in millions	Forest area in thousands
North africa	244	1.8%	−1 ‰	74	139 t	78,814 ha
East Africa	445	2.8%	−1 ‰	65	17 t	73,197 ha
Southern Africa	68	1.0%	−3 ‰	64	128 t	194,320 ha
West Africa	401	2.7%	−1 ‰	58	33 t	73,234 ha
Central Africa	180	3.3%	−1 ‰	60	14 t	254,854 ha
total	1,338	2.5%	−1 ‰	64	331 t	674,419 ha

See also : List of supranational and intergovernmental alliances

Challenges

A permanent change towards democratic stability is endangered in some countries by armed conflicts, political, religious and ethnic tensions, border disputes and unstable state structures. Also, corruption , capital flight , debt , dependence on global commodity markets, international exploitation of natural mineral resources , brain drain and unjust rules of global trade to slow progress in the areas of government, society and economy. In addition, almost 40 percent of the population live without an adequate water supply, and almost 70 percent without adequate sanitation.

Nevertheless, in the first decade of the 21st century, the continent experienced the longest period of growth since the 1960s. The average growth rate was almost six percent, and several African countries were among the world's fastest growing economies. The global financial and economic crisis also only resulted in a brief slowdown in growth in sub-Saharan Africa . According to the World Bank, it was 5.1% in 2010. For 2018, the World Bank reported growth of 2.8%. This means that the economic growth of the sub-Saharan region was higher than that of the continental population, which was 2.7 percent in the same year.

Another task is the lack of medical care in many rural areas of Africa and the serious effects of the immune deficiency disease AIDS and other infectious diseases such as malaria , tuberculosis and Ebola . This problem is exacerbated by the move of trained doctors from individual regions to developed countries. For example, the number of doctors treating urgent needs - as with the Ebola epidemic from 2014 - is very small.

President of the African Union

Muammar al-Gaddafi (right), leading initiator of the AU, together with Jakaya Kikwete (left) at the 12th AU summit (2009)

Term of office	President	Member State
July 2002 - July 2003	Thabo Mbeki	South Africa
July 2003 - July 2004	Joaquim Alberto Chissano	Mozambique
July 2004 - January 2006	Olusegun Obasanjo	Nigeria
Jan. 2006 - Jan. 2007	Denis Sassou-Nguesso	Republic of the Congo
Jan. 2007 - Feb. 2008	John Agyekum Kufuor	Ghana
Feb 2008 - Jan 2009	Jakaya Kikwete	Tanzania
Feb 2009 - Jan 2010	Muammar al-Gaddafi	Libya
Jan. 2010 - Jan. 2011	Bingu wa Mutharika	Malawi
Jan. 2011 - Jan. 2012	Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo	Equatorial Guinea
Jan. 2012 - Jan. 2013	Bonuses yayi	Benin
Jan. 2013 - Jan. 2014	Hailemariam Desalegn	Ethiopia
Jan. 2014 - Jan. 2015	Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz	Mauritania
Jan. 2015 - Jan. 2016	Robert Mugabe	Zimbabwe
Jan. 2016 - Jan. 2017	Idriss Déby	Chad
Jan. 2017 - Jan. 2018	Alpha Condé	Guinea
Jan. 2018 - Feb. 2019	Paul Kagame	Rwanda
Feb. 2019 - Feb. 2020	Abd al-Fattah as-Sisi	Egypt
Feb 2020 - Feb 2021	Cyril Ramaphosa	South Africa
since February 6, 2021	Félix Tshisekedi	Democratic Republic of Congo

African Union Commission

The commission takes on executive tasks. It consists of eight commissioners, a chairman and a vice-chairman.

Members of the commission as of October 2018

Area of ​​responsibility	Surname	Member State
Chairman	Moussa Faki	Chad
Deputy Chairman	Thomas Kwesi Quartey	Ghana
Political affairs	Cessouma Minata Samate	Burkina Faso
Social affairs	Amira El Fadil	Sudan
Trade and industry	Albert M. Muchanga	Zambia
Economic affairs	Victor Harrison	Madagascar
peace and security	Smail Chergui	Algeria
Infrastructure and energy	Amani Abou-Zeid	Egypt
Human Resources, Science and Technology	Agbor Sarah Mbi Enow Anyang	Cameroon
Rural economy and agriculture	Sacko Josefa Leonel Correa	Angola

Chair of the Commission

Term of office	Chairperson	Member State
2002-2003	Amara Essy (Interim)	Ivory Coast
2003-2008	Alpha Oumar Konare	Mali
2008–2012	Jean Ping	Gabon
2012-2017	Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma	South Africa
since 2017	Moussa Faki	Chad

See also

• African Union passport
• African Continental Free Trade Area
• African peace and security architecture
• Green wall
• Libyan-Arab-African unification projects
• Arab Maghreb (North African) Union
• Community of the Sahel-Saharan States
• West African Economic Community
• West African Economic and Monetary Union
• Central African Economic and Monetary Community
• Central African Economic Community
• Central African Union
• International Conference on the Great Lakes Region
• Intergovernmental Authority on Development
• Afro-Madagascar Union
• East African Community
• Common market for Eastern and Southern Africa
• Customs Union of Southern Africa
• South African Development Community

literature

• Yassin El-Ayouty (Ed.): The Organization of African Unity After Thirty Years. Westport / New York 1994.
• Christof Hartmann: Democracy as a model for the African community of states? On the theory and practice of democratic safeguard clauses in the African Union. In: Constitution and law overseas (VRÜ). 38th volume , 2005, ISSN  0506-7286 , pp. 201-220.
• Christof Heyns, Evarist Baimu, Magnus Killander: The African Union. In: German Yearbook of International Law . Volume 46, 2004, pp. 252-283.
• Konstantinos D. Magliveras, Gino J. Naldi: The African Union - A New Dawn for Africa? In: International and Comparative Law Quarterly. Volume 51, 2002, pp. 415-425.
• Peter Meyns: From the OAU to the “African Union”. Khadafi's commitment to African unity. In: International Politics . Issue 11/2001, pp. 45-52.
• Désiré Nzisabira: From the Organization of African Unity to the African Union. Hamburg 2006.
• Corinne A. A. Packer, Donald Rukare: The New African Union and Its Constitutive Act. In: American Journal of International Law . Volume 96. 2002, pp. 365-379.

Web links

Commons : African Union  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

 Wikinews: African Union  - on the news

• AU website (Arabic, English, French, Portuguese, Swahili)
• Founding document of the African Union (English, French, Portuguese)
• Description of the AU on the information platform humanrights.ch
• Christian von Soest: Shaky “building blocks” and weak “bricklayers”: The African Union has an integration problem. (PDF; 570 kB) GIGA , No. 4, 2008
• Political science literature on AU and regional cooperation in Africa in the Annotated Bibliography of Political Science

Individual evidence

1. ^ Protocol on Amendments to the Constitutive Act of the African Union . (PDF) African Union, February 3, 2003 / July 11, 2003.
2. ↑ DSW data report 2009 ( Memento from November 22, 2009 in the Internet Archive ; PDF).
3. ^ Constitutive Act of the African Union ( Memento of February 5, 2011 in the Internet Archive ).
4. ↑ Member States | African Union. Retrieved November 28, 2020 . 
5. ↑ ^{a b} Morocco back in the African Union after 33 years . Welt Online , January 30, 2017; accessed on January 30, 2020.
6. ↑ Sirte declaration . ( Memento from April 28, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) au2002.gov.za
7. ^ ^{A b} African Union: Establishment. In: africanconstitution.org. May 2002, accessed April 14, 2019 . 
8. ↑ Lusaka Summit, July 2001: Decision on the Implementation of the Sirte Summit Decision on the AU ( Memento of March 4, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 286 kB).
9. ^ African Union: AU in a Nutshell ( Memento from January 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive ). In: au.int, accessed on September 22, 2013.
10. ↑ Magliveras / Naldi (see under Literature , ICLQ 2002, p. 415).
11. ↑ Thomas Scheen : Speech to the African Union - Obama criticizes African leaders. In: faz.net . July 28, 2015, accessed February 15, 2020.
12. ↑ About Us. In: Africa CDC. Retrieved April 28, 2020 (UK English). 
13. ↑ African Development Bank: The African Statistical Yearbook 2019. July 10, 2019, accessed on January 16, 2021 . 
14. ↑ African Development Bank: The African Statistical Yearbook 2020. January 12, 2021, accessed on January 16, 2021 (English). 
15. ↑ African Statistical Yearbook (since 2009) African Development Bank (English)
16. ↑ Bibliographical reference. Jisc Library Hub Discover
17. ↑ Statistics . African Union (English)
18. ↑ Country database on world population. Accessed February 28, 2014.
19. ↑ United Nations Statistics Division (Ed.): National Accounts. December 2017 ( unstats.un.org ).
20. ↑ African Union Commission, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade / Manatū Aorere (ed.): African Union Handbook 2020 . ISBN 978-92-95104-88-4 , ISSN  2350-3319 , p. 5–6 (English, au.int [PDF]).
21. ↑ World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations. Retrieved June 9, 2018 . 
22. ^ African Union Suspends Ivory Coast, Reinstates Guinea, In: Voice of America News. December 9, 2010.
23. ^ Pressure grows on Madagascar coup. In: BBC News . March 20, 2009, accessed June 7, 2020.
24. ↑ Madagascar back in the African Union. In: neue-deutschland.de. January 28, 2014, accessed October 4, 2018 . 
25. ^ Eritrea breaks with the African Union. In: afrol.com. November 20, 2009.
26. ^ AU calls for sanctions on Eritrea. In: BBC News. May 23, 2009.
27. ↑ AU suspends Niger. sueddeutsche.de, February 20, 2010.
28. ^ Resolution of the Peace and Security Council of the AU of March 16, 2011 ( memento of March 16, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) on the AU website (English, French); Retrieved November 6, 2011.
29. ^ African Union suspends Ivory Coast over disputed poll. In: bbc.com . December 9, 2010, accessed August 4, 2020.
30. ^ African Union suspends Mali's membership after coup. In: news24.com . August 19, 2020, accessed on August 22, 2020.
31. ^ African Union suspends Central African Republic after coup. In: latimes.com. March 25.2013.
32. ↑ AU readmits Central African Republic. In: news24.com. April 7, 2016, accessed October 21, 2019.
33. ↑ African Union excludes Egypt. In: welt.de. July 5, 2013, accessed August 16, 2018 . 
34. ↑ Dismissed a year ago - Egypt re-member of the African Union. In: merkur.de. June 18, 2014, accessed August 16, 2018 . 
35. ↑ Violence against demonstrators - African Union excludes Sudan. In: tagesschau.de. June 6, 2019, accessed September 27, 2019 . 
36. ^ Sudan again a full member of the African Union. evangelisch.de, September 7, 2019; accessed on February 8, 2020.
37. ↑ Morocco officially requests to join the African Union. In: au.int. September 23, 2016, accessed on August 19, 2019 . 
38. ^ Somaliland disappointed with the African Union. In: afrol.com. Retrieved March 30, 2019 . 
39. ↑ country database. Accessed January 17, 2021.
40. ↑ Forest area in Africa by region from 1990 to 2010 (in 1,000 ha). In: de.statista.com. Retrieved April 18, 2019 . 
41. ↑ Sub-Saharan Africa. Promote regional cooperation. BMZ . Accessed December 31, 2014.
42. ^ The World Bank In Africa. World Bank , April 11, 2019, accessed July 10, 2019 . 
43. ↑ Population growth (annual%). World Bank , 2019, accessed July 10, 2019 . 
44. ↑ Thomas Berger: Physicians in short supply or How should Africa meet its Millennium Health Goal? In: neue-deutschland.de . June 29, 2010, accessed June 29, 2020 . 
45. ^ The Commission. In: au.int. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
46. ^ AU Commission Leadership. (No longer available online.) In: au.int. Archived from the original on October 14, 2018 ; Retrieved on October 14, 2018 (The personal details on the original page are continuously updated. The information in the article is based on the archived version.). 
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Coordinates: 9 ° 0 ′ 3 ″  N , 38 ° 44 ′ 31 ″  E