Marine Stewardship Council

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Marine Stewardship Council
(MSC)
logo
legal form Private Company Limited by Guarantee
founding February 17, 1997
founder Unilever , WWF
Seat City of London , United Kingdom ( ⊙ coordinates: 51 ° 31 ′ 0 ″  N , 0 ° 6 ′ 9.8 ″  W )
motto Wild. Certified. Sustainable.
main emphasis sustainable fishing
Action space worldwide
people Werner Kiene (Chairman of the Board of Trustees )
Rupert Howes ( Chief Executive )
sales 19.9 million pounds (2016/17)
Website www.msc.org

The Marine Stewardship Council ( MSC for short ) is a not-for-profit organization based in London . It was launched in 1997 by Unilever and the WWF , has been independent of them since 1999 and is financed primarily through donations and license fees . The MSC developed a certification program for sustainable fisheries and an eco-label under which the first products from sustainable fisheries came onto the market in early 2000 .

The certification with the seal has been repeatedly criticized for a number of years, including from WWF and Greenpeace . WWF Germany has called for reforms. Greenpeace Austria classifies the MSC seal as “absolutely not trustworthy”.

history

In the 1990s, overfishing of the oceans was increasingly debated, as around 70 percent of all conventionally used species were threatened. The fishing industry saw its existence threatened: With the collapse of the cod fishery in Canada in 1992, thousands of fishermen and fish processors had lost their jobs. Against this background, in 1996 the consumer goods group Unilever, one of the largest distributors of edible fish , and the international nature and environmental protection organization WWF announced that they would jointly develop standards for sustainable fishing. The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) founded in 1993 served as a model for the initiative . The commitment to sustainable fishing was part of WWF's global campaign against the destruction of nature.

In 1997 the MSC started its work. After the start-up from Unilever and the WWF, the organization quickly became independent under the leadership of former British Environment Minister John Gummer . Together with experts from environmental associations, industry and science, the foundations for an environmental label were developed, which should identify environmentally friendly fisheries and thus make it easier for consumers to choose sustainable fish products. Through their purchasing behavior, consumers should be able to directly influence fishing methods and responsible fishing of the seas. The MSC wanted to ensure the survival of the acutely threatened stocks in the short term and to steer the global fishing industry on a sustainable path in the long term. The first certified products went on sale in early 2000, initially in Great Britain and Switzerland . The wild salmon fishery in Alaska was one of the first to qualify.

Parallel to the first sustainable fish products that came onto the market with the MSC seal, there was a rethink among consumers and retailers. More and more international retail groups announced their support for the initiative, including Migros and Tesco . In 2002 Metro and its retail chain Real switched its own brands to certified fish. In 2005, Unilever significantly expanded its range of sustainable fishery products: the proportion of certified products was to be increased across the group from five to 40 percent. In 2009, Edeka announced that, with the support of WWF, it would only offer fish from sustainable fisheries, including above all products with the MSC's environmental seal. In the same year, the fast food chain McDonald’s announced that it would only offer MSC-certified fish in all European branches.

In 2011 there were reports of inaccurate certifications for the first time. The MSC responded in 2011 with a study that found positive effects on fish stocks. In 2017, the MSC was recognized as the first certification program for sustainable fisheries by the Global Sustainable Seafood Initiative . Nevertheless, in addition to positive voices, there is always criticism of the certifications of individual fisheries or the MSC environmental standards.

Certification

The MSC standard was developed in collaboration with experts from science, fisheries and environmental protection. The set of rules includes an environmental standard for fisheries and a traceability standard for companies in the supply chain, as well as additional guidelines and documents. The focus is on the protection of fish stocks and marine habitats. Avoiding overfishing is one of the most important criteria . The regulations differ depending on the type of fish, location and fishing method. The certifications themselves are carried out by legally independent certification bodies.

As of 2017, 315 fisheries worldwide had been MSC certified. 86 fisheries were under assessment. These include both small local and large international fisheries. According to the MSC, around 20,000 products with the MSC seal were on the market worldwide in 2017.

organization

legal form

The MSC is a non-profit organization in the legal form of a Private Company Limited by Guarantee . It was entered in the Companies House Commercial Register on February 17, 1997 . The organization's activities cover all areas of (wild fish) fishing. The memorandum of the company known as Subject in particular the preservation of marine and freshwater world in the public interest and awareness training in this area. The subsidiary Marine Stewardship Council International (MSCI) is responsible for licensing.

Bodies

The operational business of the MSC is led by Rupert Howes in the position of the so-called Chief Executive . The Board of Trustees, which consists of a minimum of ten and a maximum of 18 members, is responsible for strategic management. Their term of office is a maximum of three years; re-election is possible. Werner Kiene is currently at the head of the committee. The Board of Trustees is advised on fishing and scientific questions by the Technical Advisory Board. In addition, there is a Stakeholder Advisory Council that represents the interests of environmental organizations, fisheries and trade before the Board of Trustees and the Technical Advisory Board. The chairs of the Technical Advisory Board, the Stakeholder Advisory Council and the MSCI are ex officio members of the Board of Trustees.

Locations

The MSC headquarters are located in the City of London . Worldwide there are regional offices, representative offices and agencies in Berlin , Busan , Cronulla, The Hague , Fremantle , Cape Town , Copenhagen , Madrid , Milan , Paris , Beijing , Reykjavík , Seattle , Singapore , Stockholm , Tokyo , Toronto , Warsaw and Washington . This means that the organization is present in all important fishing markets. The presence in the Middle East is organized from the headquarters in London, the presence in South America from the office in Seattle.

Finances

In the 2016/17 financial year, the MSC's revenue was approximately £ 19.9 million . The vast majority (76%) of this was due to license fees from manufacturers and trading partners. 24% came from donations and inheritances. The MSC does not receive any income from the certification process from fisheries and companies, they pay the certification bodies directly for their work. The expenditures were 2016/17 at about 17.5 million pounds. Of this, the MSC spent 36% on services and public relations. In second place was educational work with 31%. Around 25% related to the further development of the certification guidelines and environmental standards. The expenses for the licensing of the logo and the fundraising only played a subordinate role.

criticism

science

In 2011, doubts about the traceability of black hake emerged . A scientist from the Fridtjof Nansen Institute in Lysaker demonstrated that around a fifth of her samples came from non-certified stocks. Furthermore, some samples were not black hake at all.

The Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research in Kiel examined stocks that are fished by certified fisheries for their condition. Samples indicated that quite a few stocks fished by MSC certified fisheries are either overfished or significantly too small. The corresponding study from 2012 showed that some of the stocks examined were overfished and other stocks were fished to their sustainable limit. The evaluation was based on the guidelines laid down in international agreements on the law of the sea . These are stricter than the MSC's reference values. The scientists complained that the overfished stocks did not lose their environmental seal.

The David Suzuki Foundation sharply criticized the certification of a swordfish fishery in 2012 that caught both sharks and turtles. This assessment was supported in 2013 by a consortium of independent scientists from New York University . They also had high examples and second catch rates established in the MSC-certified swordfish fishery. 20,000 caught swordfish come every year about 100,000 sharks , 1,200 loggerhead turtles and 170 leatherback turtles , the latter on the endangered Red List species of the World Conservation Union IUCN stand.

Greenpeace

Greenpeace initially viewed the initiative with sympathy. However, in 1996, in advance of the establishment of the MSC, concrete standards were called for, which would have to lead to a reduction in catches. Greenpeace's skepticism grew later, as it was feared that cooperation between industry and environmental protection would often not go beyond “lip service”. It was argued that the MSC's “Happy Fish” was not an “eco label, but at most a symbol for the better fish on the market”. Herring, cod and plaice should not actually be certified at all.

According to Greenpeace, the standards of the MSC are too low. Only an absolute catch stop enables threatened stocks to sustainably recover. To do this, consumers would also have to completely refrain from consuming many species. In particular, one criticized the certification of fisheries that use bottom trawls, as these could disturb the seabed and permanently damage the ecosystem concerned . An example of this is this Greenpeace report on the North Sea pollock fishery, which also uses bottom trawls.

In 2010 Greenpeace Germany published an evaluation of the eco-label for fishery products. In addition to the points already presented, it was criticized that the rules of the MSC were "weak and unclearly formulated". Fisheries would only have to meet 60 to 80% of the regulations to be certified. Among other things, the regular review of the standards as well as the documentation and transparency of the certifications are positively emphasized. Regardless of this, Greenpeace Germany pointed out in its fish guide that consumers could not trust the environmental label without hesitation.

Greenpeace Austria criticized the MSC even more sharply. The market check published in 2013 generally welcomed the development of the environmental label, but criticized, for example, the certification of fisheries that operate in overfished stocks despite a recovery program. The precautionary principle as a core idea of ​​ecological fishing is implemented too weakly in the standards of the MSC. In addition, fisheries with high bycatch rates have repeatedly been certified.

In 2018, Greenpeace and other environmental organizations called on the MSC to improve its environmental standards and certification guidelines. Rupert Howes, CEO of the MSC, emphasized in an interview with Spiegel Online that the MSC has always been open to suggestions from other NGOs and also takes them into account when regularly updating its environmental standards and certification guidelines.

WWF

In the early years of the MSC, various sides criticized the fact that industry and business were too strongly represented in the MSC's committees . As a result, independent opinion formation is not guaranteed. The WWF rejected this allegation as all decisions would be made by consensus. None of the groups involved in the MSC could be outvoted. The willingness of fisheries and industry to actually rethink is crucial for the success of the organization.

In 2011, parts of the shrimp and mussel fisheries with activities in the Wadden Sea National Park applied for MSC certification. The WWF initially welcomed the project, but called for structural changes in various areas. Since these had not been implemented by the certification process in 2013, WWF Germany and the Naturschutzbund Germany formally objected to the certification of five cutters of the Lower Saxon Shellfish Association in 2013. According to the organizations, their methods contradicted nature conservation. Among other things, the fisheries concerned used ecologically questionable hanging crops. Due to the objection of WWF Germany and the Naturschutzbund Germany, the fisheries were only certified after they had implemented further improvements in their fishing activities.

In 2017, among others, WWF spoke out against certification of the shrimp fishery in the North Sea . According to experts, positive changes are indeed recognizable. However, the fisheries as a whole have not yet done enough to have their environmental impact officially recognized. Part of the shrimp fishery takes place in the Wadden Sea National Park and other protected areas, which requires special precautions. After intensive negotiations and an agreement between nature conservation associations and shrimp fishermen, the WWF withdrew its objection and paved the way for the eco-label. Together with the Naturschutzbund Deutschland and the Wadden Sea Conservation Station , however, they called for a concrete action plan for the fishery and its monitoring. The certification of the fishery was associated with corresponding requirements.

The WWF sees the MSC currently "at a turning point". You have to make sure that growth does not come at the expense of quality. It supports the criticism of an alliance of various environmental protection organizations and scientists who are calling for changes to the environmental standards and certification guidelines of the MSC. However, the MSC seal has always been an important additional tool for the marine protection work of the WWF. Despite the undeniable need for reform - the WWF now sees clear shortcomings - the MSC seal is currently still the quickest guide for consumers when buying fish.

Nature Conservation Association Germany

In October 2018, NABU announced the withdrawal from the Hoki certification.

Documentation The Fish Seal Business - The Dark Side of the MSC

In the WDR documentary The Business with the Fish Seal - The Dark Side of the MSC , the research team examined the sustainability of the fishing operations certified by the MSC and filmed, among other things, the Mexican tuna fishery. Thousands of dolphins die every year as bycatch in large round fish nets. One shot shows how a school of dolphins is chased with a fishing ship and several speed boats and finally a purse seine net is drawn around them. Among the dolphins are the sought-after tuna, which form a feeding community with the dolphins. In a video recorded covertly by the American biologist Sam LaBudde in 1997, one can see how such a net is completely pulled on board and the dolphins in it suffocate in agony or are crushed by the wind. This video led to the boycott of Mexican tuna in the US and Europe and to a ban on the fishing method in the US and Europe as well. Apparently divers are now being used who, similar to a swimmer's pool, press the upper limit of the net down and try to maneuver the animals over it. However, it is unclear in what condition the dolphins are and whether or how many dolphins are already dead at the bottom of the net.

The MSC denied that many dolphins were killed using this fishing method and put the number of dolphins killed in the tuna fishery at only 482 per year. It also came to light that observers sent by the MSC to accompany the fishing boats for the MSC and document the catches are bribed or intimidated by the Mexican fishing teams in order to cover up massive dolphin deaths. These observers go on every tuna fishing ship and are supposed to document the number of dolphins killed. An observer gives an interview away from the camera, but with another witness. In it he explains that if a large number of dolphins are killed in the process, they as observers would not write it down. Your bonus payment would also depend on it. With a two-month fishing trip, that is up to 10,000 euros. For the boats on which he rides, he estimates the number of dolphins killed at 100 per trip. In the film, a selected fishing trip lasted two months, there are several fishing trips per ship per year and there are several certified ships. The observers, on the other hand, are by no means independent, they belong to the Fidemar . At Fidemar, on the other hand , a Fidemar employee reports that it is not a state authority as intended, but rather " something in between the state and industry". Fidemar is financed by both government and industry, and its employees are under no circumstances authorized to provide information. When the interview team tried to speak to the crew or the supposedly independent observer in a port of a fishing factory owned by the "Tuna King" Antonio Suarez in Manzanillo, for whom a filming permit was available, the company refused to do either. Only a conversation with the captain is allowed, although no questions are answered, always with the note that the questions about the number of killed or injured dolphins were disrespectful or allegedly not submitted beforehand. Said Antonio Suarez had previously mocked the aforementioned video in front of the camera.

When asked about the grievances, the MSC boss replied that these were individual cases and that the testing company could carry out an immediate review if there were any concerns. The film also shows that the MSC does not carry out the tests itself, but has them carried out by testing companies, which in turn are not ready to provide information. Nobody from MSC has ever been on a trip with the now certified Mexican tuna fishing vessels.

Others

In 2012, media reports of abuse cases raised doubts about the traceability of the supply chain. The MSC cannot completely differentiate between certified and non-certified saithe. Even DNA analyzes would not rule out a mix-up. Processors in China certified by the MSC , where fishery products are processed for a large part of the market, should exchange sustainable products for other goods or declare them certified using false papers.

Web links

Individual evidence

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  46. ^ Marine Stewardship Council. Companies House, accessed March 14, 2018 .
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