Sino-Swedish expedition

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Map by Folke Bergman with archaeological sites in the Lop Nor desert, 1935
Translations:
Ruiner: ruins of settlements and fortresses from before 330
Gammalt vakttorn: ruins of signal towers of the Great Wall of China
Grovar: burial sites from 2000 BC BC to 330
Bulak: Well (dried up since 1971)
Ördeks necropolis: Necropolis that was found by Sven Hedin's guide Ördek and researched and documented by Folke Bergman; new name: Xiaohe
Nya Lop-nor: Lake Lop Nor, which existed in the years 1921–1971, was measured by the Sino-Swedish expedition and then dried up

The Chinese-Swedish expedition (in the literature often English. Sino-Swedish Expedition and The Sino-Swedish Scientific Expedition to the North-Western Provinces of China or schwed. Svensk-kinesiska expedition ) was one of Sven Hedin led international expedition .

The expedition examined the meteorological, topographical and prehistoric conditions in Mongolia , the Gobi Desert and Xinjiang from 1927 to 1935 . Sven Hedin spoke of the wandering university , in which the participating scientists worked almost independently, while Sven Hedin negotiated with the authorities like a manager on site, organized everything necessary, raised money and mapped the routes he had covered.

The expedition

overview

Sven Hedin's research trips 1886–1935. The travel routes of Sven Hedin's employees during the Sino-Swedish expedition 1927–1935 are not shown.

With financial support from the governments of Sweden and Germany, Sven Hedin led the international and interdisciplinary Sino-Swedish expedition from 1927 to 1935 , during which scientists took part in the scientific exploration of Mongolia , Xinjiang and Tibet . Sven Hedin gave archaeologists, astronomers, botanists, ethnologists, geographers, geologists, meteorologists and zoologists from Sweden, Germany and China the opportunity to take part in the expedition and conduct research in their specialist areas.

Despite Chinese counter-demonstrations, Sven Hedin managed, after months of negotiations in China, to turn the expedition into a Chinese expedition through Chinese research assignments and the participation of Chinese scientists, and to negotiate a contract that this expedition, which is in the war zone with their armament and 300 camels like an invading army looked like granted freedom of movement; however, the financing remained the private responsibility of Sven Hedin. A lasting result of the expedition was the scientific qualification of the Chinese expedition participants through Western know-how ; Huang Wenbi, for example, later became one of the founders of modern Chinese archeology.

The then 70-year-old Sven Hedin had very difficult, it is because of his failing health, the civil war in Chinese Turkestan and the duration of his captivity after the currency devaluation in the global economic crisis to raise funds for the expedition, the logistics for the supply of the expedition in the war zone and to ensure the access of the expedition members to the research areas contested between warlords .

The scientific material collected during the expedition was published by Sven Hedin and the other expedition members from 1937 in the Reports from the scientific expedition to the north-western provinces of China under leadership of Dr. Sven Hedin - The sino-swedish Expedition published in more than 50 volumes. When Sven Hedin finally ran out of money for the printing costs, he pledged his large, valuable library , which filled several rooms, to enable the publication of further volumes.

In 1935 he made his exclusive knowledge of Central Asia available not only to the Swedish government, but also to the governments in China and Germany in lectures and one-to-one talks with political representatives Chiang Kai-shek and Adolf Hitler .

The results of the expedition are still relevant to Chinese archeology today.

Attendees

The following expedition participants accompanied Sven Hedin in different sections of the expedition:

from Sweden

  • Nils Peter Ambolt, astronomer and geodesist
  • Erik Norin and Nils Gustav Hörner, geologists
  • Folke Bergman , archaeologist
  • Birger Bohlin and Gerhard Bexell, paleontologists
  • David Hummel, medical doctor, zoologist, botanist and anthropologist
  • Georg Söderbom, translator and head of the entourage and kitchen
  • Duke Frans August Larson (called "the Duke of Mongolia"), a local merchant and caravan leader
  • Gèosta Montell , ethnographer (folklorist)

from Denmark

  • Henning Haslund-Christensen, ethnographer with knowledge of the country, who recorded Mongolian music and folk songs

from Germany

from China

  • Xu Xusheng (= Xu Bingchang = Sing Pink-chang = Hsu Ping-chang , 1888–1976), the expedition leader
  • Yuan Fuli and Ting Tao-heng, geologists
  • Huang Wenbi (= Hwang Wen-Pi ), archaeologist
  • Chan Fan-hsun and Parker C. Chen, topographers
  • Kung Yuan-chung, photographer
  • KS Hao, botanist
  • the students Liu Yen-huai, Li Hsien-chih, Ma Hsieh-chien and Tsui He-feng

There were also 66 local cameleers and an escort of 30 mounted soldiers.

February 1927 - May 1928

The expedition took place from February 1927 to May 1928 with the participation of Deutsche Luft Hansa , which wanted to explore the climatic conditions in the Gobi desert for the establishment of an airline Berlin - Beijing , collect weather data and create landing sites with weather stations and fuel supplies; because the Junkers planes of the late twenties did not allow non-stop flights to Beijing. The expedition's route followed the presumed later flight route from Xinjiang to Beijing.

But the astonishingly high sum of one and a half million Reichsmarks for the financing of this expedition task did not come from Deutsche Luft Hansa, but under the condition of strict secrecy from the government of the German Reich , as shown in files of the Foreign Office with the signature of Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann (see Hans Boehm). This has led to the assumption that this expedition, which was accompanied by eight armed German Air Force officers (military pilots), could have been a military espionage contract from the government of the German Reich.

On October 31, 1926, Sven Hedin traveled by train via Siberia to Beijing. While Sven Hedin was negotiating the details of the expedition in Beijing, everything that was needed for the expedition was put together in Baotou in the spring of 1927 : 300 borrowed camels, 12,000 Mexican silver dollars, 400 boxes of equipment weighing 40 tons, including 120 boxes of food and 300,000 cigarettes, and three planes. The caravan set out west on May 20, 1927. In Hodjr To , near the Mongolian border, the expedition members pitched a camp with 23 tents on May 28, 1927. From there, the archaeologists made a three-week excursion to Belimiao Monastery in Hallun Ossu . On July 22, 1927, the caravan with 297 bought camels moved westward to Mongolia .

Sven Hedin himself took over the mapping of the route of his main caravan. The staff was divided into three further caravans, which went about their special tasks independently. After months of traveling on the path of suffering of the camels , they first reached the ruins of the black city Kharakhoto (Khara-khoto) , which was once a rich trading center at the time of Marco Polo. On September 23, 1927, the expedition arrived in Tsondol at the Edsen-gol river oasis (now called Juyan). The German meteorologist Waldemar Haude set up a weather station there, let hydrogen-filled pilot balloons rise into the stratosphere and thereby gained valuable knowledge about the aeroclimatology of Central Asia. He later set up other weather stations in Ti-hwa , Kuchar and Cho-chiang (Charklik) .

The expedition set out on November 8, 1927 to cross the Gobi desert in the direction of Hami and Urumqi . In sandstorms, snowstorms and the icy November cold, the caravan made slow progress on the path of thoughtfulness , as the Mongols call this route through the Gobi desert.

A third of the camels starved to death, Sven Hedin fell ill with gallstones and had to be carried in bed through the Gobi desert. They celebrated Christmas in 1927 at the Sebastei spring. In January 1928, the caravan in Hami reached the border between Mongolia and Xinjiang. Sven Hedin had to leave his camels and Mongolian companions there. Under strict military guard, the expedition members were brought via Gaochang to Urumqi, the capital of Xinjiang. Sven Hedin was received there with military honors.

Since the Governor General Marshal Yang in Urumqi refused any authorization for flights over Xinjiang in the spring of 1928, Deutsche Luft Hansa then withdrew its employees who were involved in the expedition. Sven Hedin traveled with them to Berlin and on to Stockholm on May 5, 1928 , while the other expedition participants continued their research on site.

Summer 1928 - autumn 1933

The Cihangpudu Temple (left) with the Golden Pavilion Wanfaguiyi in the inner courtyard

Sven Hedin successfully applied to the Stockholm Reichstag for aid to continue the expedition. On August 8, 1928, he traveled to Ürümqi with the astronomer Nils Peter Ambolt , where they both arrived on October 4, 1928. There he met with the expedition members in order to entrust them with clearly defined tasks. After the assassination of the Governor General Marshal Yang , he was not given permission to visit the Lop Nor . Instead, he traveled to Beijing, which he reached on January 1, 1929.

In Nanjing he met Chiang Kai-shek, who then became the expedition's sponsor.

Sven Hedin fell ill in April 1929, and doctors at Union Medical College in Beijing suspected a tumor on the spinal cord. Thereupon he traveled on May 21, 1929 to the specialist Harvey Williams Cushing in Boston , Massachusetts , who found that it was a misdiagnosis. Sven Hedin used the stay to win the millionaire Vincent Hugo Bendix , the owner of the Bendix Watch Company , as a patron .

Vincent Bendix pledged financial support for the expedition in the amount of 135,000 US dollars and demanded in return that Sven Hedin should obtain a copy of a Tibetan Lama temple with the associated ethnographic interior for the 1933 World's Fair in Chicago ; in addition, the city of Stockholm was to receive a replica of a Mongolian temple. That got Sven Hedin into trouble; because Ladakh and Tibet were then inaccessible.

In Stockholm he hired the ethnographer Gèosta Montell , who should give him expert advice on the purchase of ethnographica. They traveled together for a meeting of the expedition members in Xinjiang in November 1929. The expedition participants worked in separate groups with different scientific tasks, mainly in the Tarim Basin on Lop Nor in Xinjiang and on Edsen-gol (now called Juyan) in Inner Mongolia . Archaeological excavations of early Chinese graves were carried out (see also the quote below).

The golden roof of the Wanfaguiyi Lama Temple

In 1930, the archaeologist Folke Bergman uncovered more than 120 living spaces from the Neolithic period with 17,000 objects in the valley of the Ruoshui River on Edsen-gol and discovered over 10,000 ancient wooden tablets from the Hanzeital alarm fire tower site (Handai fengsui yizhi 汉代 烽燧 遗址) Juyan with early Chinese manuscripts from the Han Dynasty . These are garrison documents from the Juyan and Jianshui command posts under the administration of Zhangye Prefecture. The majority belong to the late Western Han period up to the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty . They are in the period 102 BC. Dated to 95 AD and are among the great archaeological discoveries of the 20th century in China. These wooden tablets are important materials for researching the history of the Han period. They were published in 1980 by the Institute for Archeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences under the title “Hanzeitliche Holztäfelchen-Texte from Juyan, first and second part”. During new excavations between 1972 and 1976, more than 20,000 additional wooden tablets were found at the site. The excavation sites are now listed and have been on the list of monuments of the People's Republic of China (3-209) since 1988 .

Sven Hedin drove unsuccessfully through Inner Mongolia in an open car in search of a Lama temple . Gèosta Montell then suggested that he visit the Putuo Zongcheng Temple of the Qing Dynasty in Chengde , where the Golden Pavilion Wanfaguiyi is located in the courtyard of the Cihangpudu Temple . The Wanfaguiyi was built around 1767 as a replica of the Tibetan Lama Temple in the Potala Palace of Lhasa .

Sven Hedin in Stockholm, 1932

Sven Hedin commissioned the Chinese architect Kuo Yuan-hsi to make a copy of the Wanfaguiyi for 65,000 US dollars, which was then transported in 20,000 individual parts by ship to Chicago and there by Swedish craftsmen under the supervision of Gösta Montell and Sven Hedin for the 1933 World's Fair was built. Once built, the total cost of this World's Fair attraction was $ 250,000.

The copy was also shown at the 1939 World's Fair in New York . It was then dismantled into its individual parts, stored in a warehouse in Oberlin, and made available to the new Department of Oriental Studies at Oberlin College in Ohio in 1943 . Since the plans for a reconstruction of the Golden Pavilion came to nothing here, the " Charles Martin Hall Estate" was given power of disposal. In 1957, this handed over control to the Harvard-Yenching Institute on the campus of Harvard University in Cambridge , Massachusetts , which in turn passed it on to Indiana University in Bloomington , Indiana .

In 1985 the exterior parts made in China, which were attacked by improper storage in the warehouse in Oberlin for decades and which were no longer complete, were transferred to Stockholm in the possession of the Stockholm Golden Temple Foundation . The load-bearing building structure made in Chicago at the time was of poor quality, both architecturally and materially, and was left behind in the United States . Because of the high costs for the production of the spare parts, for the restoration of the individual parts and for the assembly, it has not yet been possible to exhibit the Golden Temple in Sweden. The additional replica of a Mongolian temple in Stockholm planned in 1929 could not be realized in 1932 for financial reasons; only the construction drawings and a model were created.

Sven Hedin returned to Beijing from the USA on January 1, 1932 . Because of the poor exchange rates after the global economic crisis and the uncertain domestic political situation in China, he dissolved the wandering university . In recognition of his achievements, the Society for Geography in Berlin presented him with the Ferdinand von Richthofen Medal in 1933 ; the same honor was given to Erich von Drygalski for his Gauss expedition to Antarctica and Alfred Philippson for his research on the Aegean Sea .

Fall 1933 - Spring 1935

From late 1933 to 1934, Sven Hedin carried out a Chinese expedition in Nanjing on behalf of the Kuomintang government under Chiang Kai-shek to draw up plans and maps for the construction of two motorways along the Silk Road from China to Xinjiang. This transport connection later gave the People's Republic of China the opportunity to build the Chinese nuclear test site Lop Nor (from 1955 for atomic bombs , from 1967 for hydrogen bombs ) in the area of Lop Nor, which has now dried up due to irrigation measures since 1971 .

Sven Hedin was accompanied by David Hummel, Georg Söderbom and various Chinese. The outward journey should go through the Gobi desert to Urumqi , and the return journey should follow the Silk Road . Sven Hedin received authorization to determine the changed course of the Tarim, to visit the Lop Nor desert and to check whether it would be possible to reclaim and settle the land around Loulan .

With three Fords and one Ford Tudor Sedan , the expedition started on October 31, 1933 from the Xuefeng railway station on the edge of Mongolia. In the spring of 1934 he got caught up in a civil war behind Hami . In Korla , the expedition was arrested on March 5, 1934 by insurgent Chinese troops of the Hui (Chinese Muslims) under the leadership of the Mongolian Muslim Ma Chung-ying , who confiscated all vehicles. Sven Hedin managed, however, that the expedition could continue after a few months.

In April 1934, Sven Hedin began his river expedition to Lake Lop Nor . The ancient city of Loulan , an important site on the ancient Silk Road , was originally located on this lake. When the lower reaches of the Tarim River , which fed the lake, changed in the fourth century AD, the lake dried up, the city was abandoned and fell into disrepair. In 1921, the lower reaches of the Tarim, the Kum-Darja, changed its bed again and created the Lop Nor lake at its old location.

Sven Hedin drove from Korla directly to Kum-Darja in April 1934. In May 1934 he took a boat northeast of the Karakoshun and drove for two months on the Kum-Darja to Lop Nor, which had returned to its old lake basin. He drew a detailed map of the course of the river and explored its depth. He found that through a system of canals, the river water could be used to irrigate the desert in order to gain fertile land. This was later realized under Mao Tse-tung .

In addition, Sven Hedin continued the earlier investigations of his expedition members who had found deposits of ores, oil , coal and gold . As a result of these findings, factories were built, roads and an airport were built in later times.

Course of the silk road

For the return trip, Sven Hedin chose the southern route of the Silk Road via Hotan (= Chotan = Khotan) to Xi'an , where the expedition arrived on February 7, 1935. He went on to Beijing to see President Lin Sen and to Nanjing to see Chiang Kai-shek. He celebrated his 70th birthday on February 19, 1935 in the presence of 250 members of the Kuomintang government, to whom he shared everything there was to know about the Sino-Swedish expedition . On this day he was honored by the Chinese government with the brilliant jade order 2nd class .

At the end of the expedition, Sven Hedin found himself in a difficult financial situation. He had left considerable debts to the German-Asian Bank in Beijing. He paid them off with the fees he received for his books and lectures. In the months after his return he gave 111 lectures in 91 German cities, as well as 19 lectures in neighboring countries. To do this, he covered a distance the length of the equator in five months , 23,000 kilometers by train and 17,000 kilometers by car. Before giving his lecture on April 14, 1935 in Berlin, he met Adolf Hitler.

The results of the expedition

The results of the expedition were published in the Reports from the scientific expedition to the north-western provinces of China under leadership of Dr. Sven Hedin. The sino-swedish expedition published. This not yet finished edition with 49 editions so far, some in several volumes, shows the scientific importance of this expedition. A compilation of the most important results can be found at Liu Yen-huai (see web links).

The finds

Historical, geological and archaeological finds remained in Chinese possession. They were loaned to Sweden for scientific processing and later returned to China. They are located in the Chinese National Museum "Zhongguo guojia bowuguan" located on Tian'anmen Square , in its southern wing in the Museum of Chinese History "Zhongguo Lishi Bowuguan" .

The interior of the Golden Pavilion was kept in Oberlin and Harvard after the New York World's Fair in 1939 . It is no longer completely preserved. Parts became the property of the Vincent Bendix family, parts were sold to The Jacques Marchais Museum of Tibetan Art in Staten Island , New York State , and parts kept in Oberlin were lost. The majority (paintings, wallpaper, cult objects, gods and demons) were transferred by Harvard to the Sven Hedin Foundation shortly after 1960 and are now in the Etnografiska museet in Stockholm .

Significance for Chinese archeology

A long-term effect of the expedition resulted from publication 7 in the reports by Folke Bergman: Archaeological researches in Sinkiang. Especially the Lop-Nor region . When this volume had been translated into Chinese after decades, Chinese archaeologists carried out numerous excavations in the Lop Nor desert at the end of the 20th century at the sites discovered during the Sino-Swedish expedition and documented by Folke Bergman . During the excavations they uncovered Bronze Age and Iron Age burial fields, in whose coffins were up to 4,000 year old mummies. This confirmed Sven Hedin's assumption that the eastern Tarim Basin was settled over 4000 years ago by Europeans ( "Caucasian race" ), the later Tocharians , whose Indo-European ancestors came from Europe.

The excavation at Folke Bergman's Early Bronze Age necropolis Xiaohe (= Cemetery 5 = Ördek's necropolis ) on the Little River ( Xiaohe = Qum-köl ), completed in 2004, was one of the top ten archaeological finds in China in 2004.

As predatory excavations are constantly being carried out in the Lop Nor desert, which cannot be prevented, the Chinese government will focus its archaeological research here from 2006 onwards, in order to dig, secure and document the more than 80 sites described by Folke Bergman. This is a subsequent success of the research of the expedition participants around Sven Hedin and Folke Bergmann.

The members of the expedition had placed great emphasis on finding the ruins of signal towers in order to reconstruct the original course of the Silk Road. When interest in the Great Wall of China awoke around 1980 , the Chinese scientists read, to their astonishment, in the reports that the course of the Great Wall of China had been explored 50 years earlier by the Sino-Swedish expedition and that the wall had once been up to Xinjiang's western border .

Special stamps from China for the expedition

Postage stamps

The Sino-Swedish expedition was honored with a series of Chinese stamps (Michel catalog Central and East Asia: China No. 246–249) with an edition of 25,000.

The four stamps show camels at a camp with the expedition pennant. The painting Nomads in the desert in the Beijing Palace Museum served as a template . The stamps bear the Chinese lettering postal administration of the prosperous Middle Kingdom and in Latin underneath: Scientific expedition to the north-western province of China 1927–1933 .

Of the 25,000 sets, 4,000 sets were sold over the counter and 21,500 sets were in the possession of the expedition. Sven Hedin used it to finance the expedition and sold it at a price of five dollars a stamp.

Quote

During excavations at Kum-Darja, Sven Hedin found a small grave with a girl's coffin. He writes about it in the short story A Little Princess Who Sleeped 2000 Years (published by Eric Wennerholm, p. 201 f.):

“Now we saw her, the ruler of the desert, the queen of Lop Nor and Loulan , in all her beauty. She was a girl of about sixteen who had slept in her coffin for 2000 years and had never been disturbed in her peace. She was wrapped in expensive silk clothes and wore a turban-like headgear. Probably she had come from the rich country south of the Himalayas during the period when Loulan was trading with India. […] The skin of her face was light, almost white, a scarcely noticeable blush was still hiding on her cheeks, and a small hesitant smile played around the corners of her mouth, the last reminder of the bright and colorful life she had lived and on betrayed the joys she had tasted under the apricot trees in the gardens of Loulan. […] She held us captive for hours. The sun stood in amazement like a glowing gold shield in the western sky and seemed as difficult as we to find it to tear ourselves away from the sight of the sleeping young girl. […] The next morning we wanted to lay her gently in her coffin at the sight of the sun and to return her to the peace of her grave after she had been allowed to cast her gaze to the eternal stars for a single night in two thousand years. "

literature

The origins of the expedition

  • Hedin, Sven: Fifty Years of Germany. FA Brockhaus, Leipzig 1938. pp. 220-238.
  • Böhm, Hans: Financing of Sven Hedin's Central Asia Expedition: "The strictest secrecy is seen as essential by all those involved" . In: Geography: Archive for Scientific Geography, Vol. 57, (2003), 1, pp. 40–54.

Scientific publications on the expedition

  • Edition with so far 49 partly multi-volume editions: Reports from the scientific expedition to the north-western provinces of China under leadership of Dr. Sven Hedin. The sino-swedish expedition. Stockholm 1937-1992. In this edition was published among other things:
  • A German-language publication of the most important scientific results of the expedition participants can be found in Dr. A. Petermanns Mitteilungen (Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen) , 81st year 1935, pp. 275–295 with plates 18 and 19, Justus Perthes publishing house, Gotha.
  • Hedin, Sven: The evaluation of the results of my Central Asia expedition 1927–1935. In: Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen , 88th year 1942, pp. 305–319, Verlag Justus Perthes, Gotha.
  • Hao, KS: Plant geographic studies on Kokonor Lake and the adjacent area. In: Botanische Jahrbücher Volume LXVIII, Heft 5, pp. 516–668, 1938.
  • Lessing, Ferdinand : The scientific conquest of Asia. Results and tasks of the Sven Hedins expedition. In: Berliner Tageblatt. 40: 24.1931, supplement, 1.
  • Lovadina, Michela: Manchu Shamanic material rediscovered: a photographic documentation from the 1932 Sven Hedin expedition. Series of publications: Shamanica Manchurica collecta No. 6. With photographs by Gösta Montell. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1998. ISBN 3-447-04022-X
  • Hartmut Walravens : Ferdinand Lessing (1882–1961): Sinologist, Mongolist and expert on Lamaism; Material on life and work; with the correspondence with Sven Hedin. Wagener edition , 2nd edition Melle 2006.
  • Ants in Xinjiang collected by David Hummel during the Sino-Swedish expedition 1927–1930. (PDF file; 324 kB)

Letters from Sven Hedin

Expedition reports from Sven Hedin

  • Hedin, Sven: Fifty Years of Germany . FA Brockhaus, Leipzig (1938), pp. 228–246.
  • Hedin, Sven: On the long journey: my expedition with Swedes, Germans and Chinese through the Gobi desert 1927–1928 . FA Brockhaus, Leipzig 1929
  • Hedin, Sven: Riddle of the Gobi: the continuation of the great journey through Inner Asia in the years 1928–1930. FA Brockhaus, Leipzig 1931
  • Hedin, Sven: Jehol, the imperial city . FA Brockhaus, Leipzig 1932
  • Hedin, Sven: The Escape of the Big Horse . FA Brockhaus, Leipzig 1935
  • Hedin, Sven: The Silk Road . FA Brockhaus, Leipzig 1936
  • Hedin, Sven: The wandering lake . FA Brockhaus, Leipzig 1937

Expedition reports from participants in the expedition

  • Ambolt, Nils: Caravans. On behalf of Sven Hedin through Inner Asia. With a foreword by Sven Hedin. FA Brockhaus Verlag, Leipzig 1937.
  • Ambolt, Nils: To the goal of my dreams. On behalf of Sven Hedin in Inner Asia. FA Brockhaus Verlag, Leipzig 1944.
  • Berger, Dr. Arthur (Ed.): With Sven Hedin through Asia's deserts. According to the diary of the film operator of the expedition Paul Lieberenz. Volksverband der Bücherfreunde, Wegweiser-Verlag, Berlin 1932. Fourth volume of the thirteenth (general) annual series for members of the Volksverband der Bücherfreunde.
  • Bexel, Gerhard: Geological and Palaeontological Investigations in Mongolia and Kansu 1929–1934. History of the Expedition in Asia 1927-1935. General Reports of Travels and Fieldworks by Folke Bergman, Gherard Bexell, Birger Bohlin, Gösta Montell. In: Reports from Scientific Expedition to the North-western Provinces of China under the Leadership of Dr. Sven Hedin. The Sino-Swedish Expedition. Publ. 26, Part IV, Stockholm 1945.
  • Bohlin, Birger: Palaeontological and Geological Researches in Mongolia and Kansu, 1929–1933. History of the Expedition in Asia 1927-1935. General Reports of Travels and Fieldworks by Folke Bergman, Gherard Bexell, Birger Bohlin, Gösta Montell. In: Reports from Scientific Expedition to the North-western Provinces of China under the Leadership of Dr. Sven Hedin. The Sino-Swedish Expedition. Publ. 26, Part IV, Stockholm 1945.
  • Dettmann, Hans Eduard: With Sven Hedin through the Gobi desert. Franz Schneider Verlag Berlin 1938.
  • Dettmann, Hans Eduard: The adventure of my life. On research trips with Sven Hedin. Fischer Verlag Göttingen 1965.
  • Dettmann, Hans Eduard: Caravan ride with Sven Hedin. Franz Schneider Verlag, 1st edition 1950.
  • Haslund-Christensen, Henning: Zajagan. People and gods in Mongolia . With a foreword by Sven Hedin. Union Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft Stuttgart, Berlin, Leipzig around 1936.
  • Haslund-Christensen, Henning: Jabonah: Adventure in Mongolia . With a foreword by Sven Hedin. Insel-Verlag Leipzig 1933.
  • Haude, Waldemar: Three years of meteorological and climatic work on the Chinese expedition Sven Hedins in Central Asia. In: Journal of the Society for Geography in Berlin 1934, pp. 123–144. Title variant: Travel and work of the special meteorological group 1931/32 on the Sven Hedins expedition.
  • Körner, Brunhild geb. Lessing: The ancestral cult of the Manchu in Beijing. In: Baessler archive. Berlin 1955, New Series, Volume III, pp. 175–193.
  • Lessing, Ferdinand : Mongols, shepherds, priests and demons. Klinkhardt & Biermann Verlag Berlin 1935.
  • Montell, Gèosta (= Gösta) : Through the steppes of Mongolia . With a foreword by Sven Hedin and numerous illustrations based on photographs by the author. Union Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft Stuttgart 1938.
  • Montell, Gèosta (= Gösta): Among gods and people. Memories of happy years in Beijing. FA Brockhaus Verlag Leipzig 1948.
  • Mühlenweg, Fritz : On a secret mission through the Gobi desert . Herder Verlag Freiburg 1950 (book for young people).
  • Mühlenweg, Fritz: Sven Hedin personally . In: Mongolische Heimheiten , Lengwil 2002.
  • Faude, Ekkehard: Fritz Mühlenweg - from Lake Constance to Mongolia . Libelle Verlag Lengwil am Bodensee 2005. ISBN 3-909081-01-0 .
  • Mühlenweg, Fritz: Mongolia three times . Travel diaries and letters from the Sven Hedin expedition through Inner Mongolia. Edited by Ekkehard Faude and Regina Mühlenweg, Lengwil 2006.
  • Wenbi, Huang : Meng Xin Kaocha riji 1927–1930 [Huang Wenbi's Mongolia and Xinjiang Survey Diary], Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe 1990 (Huang Wenbi's expedition diary 1927–1930)
  • Wenbi, Huang: Luobu Nao'er kaogu ji (The Exploration around Lob Nor: A report on the exploratory work during 1930 and 1934) [Chinese with English translation of the foreword and table of contents], Beijing 1948.

Further references

  • Willy Hess: The works of Sven Hedin. Attempt a full directory. Sven Hedins Stiftelse, Stockholm: main volume 1962 (pp. 28-30, 52 ff. Passim , 59-60, 66, 92-99) and Ein Nachtrag 1980 (supplementary volume).

Archives

Documents of the expedition are in the Stockholm Riksarkivet and in the Sven Hedin Foundation in Stockholm.

documentary

radio play

The expedition inspired the radio play author Günter Eich to write the radio play Ein Traum am Edsin-gol . The radio play was published in 1932 in the magazine Die Kolonne (Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 13–58) and was first broadcast in September 1950.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Sven Hedin: Marshal v. Bieberstein. In: Sven Hedin: Fifty Years of Germany. FU Brockhaus, Leipzig 1938, pp. 239–246.
  2. ↑ Batkhishig Tserennyam: The Aeroarctic and Sven Hedin's flight expedition to Northern China , in: Polarforschung, Vol. 88 (2018), No. 1, pp. 23-30 (here: p. 29Fn1). Available here.
  3. ↑ Éjìnà Hé (額濟納 河 / 额济纳 河) in the Ejin banner (Chinese Ejina qi 额济纳 旗) in Inner Mongolia .
  4. ↑ The wooden tablets of Juyan ( 居延 汉 简 , Juyan Hanjian , English Wooden strips of Han Dynasty at Juyan ) are ancient wooden tablets from the time of the Han Dynasty . Details can be found in the main article Juyan and Early Chinese Manuscripts Recovered by Folke Bergman (see Serial Number: 105) .
  5. ↑ Beijing: Zhonghua shuju , 1980.
  6. ↑ Sven Hedin uses the earlier English name: "Chinese lama temple Potala of Jehol".
  7. ^ Gösta Montell, Sven Hedin: The chinese lama temple Potala of Jehol. Exhibition of historical and ethnographical collections. Made by Dr. Gösta Montell, member of Dr. Sven Hedin's Expeditions, and donated by Vincent Bendix. Century of Progress Exposition, Chicago 1932.
  8. ↑ Some of these pieces were seen in San Francisco in 1968: [1] .

See also

Web links

Commons : Sven Hedin  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Commons : Putuo Zongcheng Temple  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files


This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on September 20, 2005 .