Folke Bergman

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Map (1935) by Folke Bergman with the main archaeological finds of the Sino-Swedish expedition 1927–1933 in the Lop Nor desert in Xinjiang, China
Translations:
Ruiner: ruins of settlements and fortresses from before 330
Gammalt vakttorn: ruins of signal towers of the Great Wall of China
Grovar: burial sites from 2000 BC BC to 330
Bulak: Well (dried up since 1971)
Ördeks necropolis: Necropolis that was found by Sven Hedin's guide Ördek and researched and documented by Folke Bergman; new name: Xiaohe
Nya Lop-nor: Lake Lop Nor, which existed in the years 1921–1971, was measured by the Sino-Swedish expedition and then dried up
Folke Bergman's map of eastern Xinjiang from 1939 with prehistoric sites and the routes of the Silk Road (see Loulan and Lop Nor ).

Amanuens Folke Bergman (* 1902, † 1946) was a Swedish archaeologist who took part in the Sven Hedin- led Sino-Swedish expedition , during which he explored Lake Lop Nor and the surrounding desert Lop Nor in 1934 . In this desert he found the early Bronze Age necropolis Cemetery 5 (= Ördek's necropolis ), which was later called Xiaohe by Chinese archaeologists, on the Small River (Chinese: Xiaohe), along with other graves .

Life and effect

A long-term effect of his excavations in Ördek's necropolis resulted from his publication 7 in the reports : Archaeological researches in Sinkiang. Especially the Lop-Nor region . When this volume had been translated into Chinese after decades, Chinese archaeologists carried out numerous excavations in the Lop Nor desert at the end of the 20th century at the sites discovered during the Sino-Swedish expedition and documented by Folke Bergman. During the excavations they uncovered Bronze Age and Iron Age burial fields, in whose coffins were up to 4,000 year old mummies. This confirmed Folke Bergman's assumption that the eastern Tarim Basin was settled over 4,000 years ago by people with a European appearance (English: Caucasian race ), the later Tocharians , whose Indo-European ancestors came from Europe.

The excavation at Folke Bergman's Early Bronze Age necropolis Cemetery 5 (= Ördeks Necropolis ) on the Schmalen River (= Small River Xiaohe = Qum-köl ), completed in 2004, was one of the top ten archaeological finds in China in 2004 .

As predatory excavations are constantly being carried out in the Lop Nor desert, which cannot be prevented, the Chinese government focused its archaeological research here from 2006 onwards, in order to dig, secure and document the more than 80 sites described by Folke Bergman. This is an afterthought of Folke Bergman's research.

The members of the expedition had placed great emphasis on finding the ruins of signal towers in order to reconstruct the original course of the Silk Road. When interest in the Great Wall of China awoke around 1980 , the Chinese scientists read, to their astonishment, in the reports that the course of the Great Wall of China had been explored 50 years earlier by the Sino-Swedish expedition and that the wall had once been up to Xinjiang's western border .

Folke Bergman put in 1930 in the valley of the Ruoshui-flow at Edsen-gol more than 120 living spaces from the New Stone Age 17,000 commodities free and discovered over 10,000 antique described in hanzeitlichen alarm Fire Tower-site (HanDai fengsui Yizhi汉代烽燧遗址) hanzeitliche wooden tablets of Juyan with early Chinese manuscripts from the Han Dynasty . These are garrison documents from the Juyan and Jianshui command posts under the administration of Zhangye Prefecture. The majority belong to the late Western Han period up to the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty . They are in the period 102 BC. Dated to 95 AD and are among the great archaeological discoveries of the 20th century in China. These wooden tablets are important materials for researching the history of the Han period. They were published in 1980 by the Institute for Archeology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences under the title "Hanzeitliche Holztäfelchen-Texte from Juyan, first and second part". During renewed excavations between 1972 and 1976, more than 20,000 more wooden tablets were discovered at the site. The excavation sites are now under monument protection. You have been on the List of Monuments of the People's Republic of China (3-209) since 1988 .

See also

literature

Primary literature

  • Folke Bergman: Archaeological Finds. In: Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen . 1935, Gotha 1935, pp. 292-293.
  • Folke Bergman: Lou-Lan Wood-Carvings and Small Finds Discovered by Sven Hedin. In: Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities. Volume 7, 1935, pp. 71-144.
  • Folke Bergman: Archaeological Researches in Sinkiang. Especially in the Lop-Nor region. (Reports from the Scientific Expedition to the Northwestern Provinces of China under the Leadership of Dr. Sven Hedin / Scientific Expedition to the North-Western Provinces of China: Publication 7). Thule, Stockholm 1939 (English; the fundamental work on the archaeological finds in the Lop Nor desert with important maps; this work was only translated into the Chinese language around the year 2000 and then became important for Chinese archeology in Xinjiang). See also here .
  • Sven Hedin and Folke Bergman: History of an Expedition in Asia 1927–1935 . Reports: Publication 24 - 4: Part II 1928 - 1933 Statens Etnografiska Museum, Stockholm 1943.
  • Sven Hedin and Folke Bergman: History of an Expedition in Asia 1927–1935 . Reports: Publication 25: Part III 1933–1935 , Statens Etnografiska Museum, Stockholm 1944.
  • Folke Bergman: Travels and Archaeological Field-work in Mongolia and Sinkiang: a Diary of the Years 1927-1934. In: Sven Hedin and Folke Bergman: History of an Expedition in Asia 1927–1935 . Part IV: 1933-1935. General reports, travels and field work. (Reports: Publication 26.), Statens Etnografiska Museum, Stockholm 1945.
  • Johannes Maringer and Folke Bergman: Contribution to the prehistory of Mongolia: A study of the prehistoric collections from inner Mongolia. (Reports: Publication 34 = 7, 7.) Thule, Stockholm 1950.
  • Bo Sommarström: Archaeological researches in the Edsen-gol region, Inner Mongolia. Together with the catalog prepared by Folke Bergman. Statens Etnografisk Museum, Stockholm 1956–1958. 2 vols. (Reports… Publication 39. VII, 8–9.)
  • Folke Bergman: The Kansu-Hohsi Corridor and the Suloho-Ochinaho drainage regions. (Reports: Publication 50: 1, Geography; 4, Sven Hedin Central Asia atlas: memoir on maps; Vol. 3, Fasc. 3) Etnografiska Museet, The Sven Hedin Foundation, Stockholm 1980.

Secondary literature

  • Sven Hedin: Central Asia atlas , Stockholm, Statens etnografiska museum, Stockholm 1966. The travel routes of the expedition participants are entered in this atlas. See: Sven Hedin: To the Central Asia Atlas and Hermann Haack: Sven Hedins Central Asia Atlas. In: Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen. 87th year 1941, Verlag Justus Perthes, Gotha 1941, pp. 1–7.
  • Gösta Montell: As Ethnographer in China and Mongolia 1929–1932. History of the Expedition in Asia 1927-1935. General Reports of Travels and Fieldworks by Folke Bergman, Gherard Bexell, Birger Bohlin , Gösta Montell. In: Reports from Scientific Expedition to the North-western Provinces of China under the Leadership of Dr. Sven Hedin. The Sino-Swedish Expedition. Publ. 26, Part IV, Stockholm 1945.
  • VH Mair: The rediscovery and complete excavation of Ördek's Necropolis. In: Journal of Indo-European Studies. Volume 34, 2006, Issue 3/4, pp. 273-318 (basic excavation report in English).
  • Alfried Wieczorek and Christoph Lind: Origins of the Silk Road. Sensational new finds from Xinjiang, China. Exhibition catalog of the Reiss-Engelhorn-Museums, Mannheim. Theiss, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 380622160X (New finds at the excavation sites of Folke Bergman.)
  • T. Carter: Paper and block printing - from China to Europe. In: D. Crowley, P. Heyer (eds.): Communication in history: technology, culture, society. Pearson Allyn & Bacon, 2007, p. 86.

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ (Éjìnà Hé 額濟納 河 / 额济纳 河) in the Ejin banner (Chinese Ejina qi 额济纳 旗) in Inner Mongolia .
  2. ↑ The wooden tablets of Juyan ( 居延 汉 简 , Juyan Hanjian , English Wooden strips of Han Dynasty at Juyan ) are ancient wooden tablets from the time of the Han Dynasty . Details can be found in the main article Juyan and Early Chinese Manuscripts Recovered by Folke Bergman (see Serial Number: 105) .
  3. ↑ Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1980.
personal data
SURNAME Bergman, Folke
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Bergman, Amanuens Folke
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Swedish archaeologist
DATE OF BIRTH 1902
DATE OF DEATH 1946