New Swabia

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Map of the Antarctic. The red background shows the extent of the Antarctic region visited by the German Antarctic Expedition in 1938/39

Neuschwabenland is a coastal region in East Antarctica , which extends from about 12 ° West to 18 ° East and from 70 ° to 75 ° South over an area of ​​600,000 km². The name is derived from the ship Schwabenland , the expedition ship of the German Antarctic Expedition 1938/39 . Neuschwabenland forms the western part of the Queen Maud Land claimed by Norway . Norway's claim is not recognized internationally.

geography

From left to right the Princess Martha Coast , Princess Astrid Coast and Princess Ragnhild Coast , including the Wohlthat Massif (NASA satellite image)

Neuschwabenland is divided into an ice-covered northern foreland that gradually rises from the coast or the edge of the ice shelf to over 1000 m ( Ritscherhochland and Hellehallet ). To the south of this is the region of the nunataks rising from the ice and mountain ranges with heights of over 3000 m. The mountain ranges dam the glaciers of the polar plateau at over 2000 m. The high-altitude glacier regions are named after the famous polar explorers Amundsen and Wegener Amundsenisen and Wegenerisen .

The ice-free areas are morphologically very different. In addition to the kilometer-long fracture steps that run roughly parallel to the continental margin and predominate in the west, north-south mountain chains that follow old, pre-glacial valley systems dominate the central and eastern Neuschwabenland . Three mighty glaciers “drain” this sector of East Antarctica. At 20 ° W, the Stancomb-Wills Glacier flows west out onto the Brunt Ice Shelf . The border between western and central New Swabia is marked by the Jutulstraumen , which feeds the Fimbul Ice Shelf . The 200 km wide Borchgrevinkisen forms the eastern border of New Swabia .

Seasonal ice-free lakes

A geographical peculiarity of New Swabia are its ice-free lakes in the Antarctic summer. These lakes are situated on the originally Schirmacher Lakeland (now Schirmacher Oasis ) said 34 square kilometer hill plateau at 70 ° 45 '  S , 11 ° 40'  O . 118 lakes with a total area of ​​6.487 km² are known. Only a part of this is developed on the bedrock; some lakes are also on the ice shelf immediately north of the oasis. All lakes contain a rich algae flora, 72 species could be differentiated. The discoverer of the Schirmacher Lake District was Richardheinrich Schirmacher, pilot of the second flying boat Boreas of the expedition ship Schwabenland .

Lakes with permanent ice cover

The Obersee and the Untersee are located on the northern edge of the Otto-von-Gruber Mountains at 795 m and 580 m above sea level, respectively. The Obersee covers an area of ​​3.43 km², the Untersee is 11.4 km², making them the largest lakes in New Swabia. They are covered with ice all year round and fill deeply cleared trough valleys . The lakes are dammed by glaciers and have no outflow.

Climate and vegetation

Neuschwabenland has a highly polar climate with temperatures below freezing all year round. The low air temperatures are partially offset by strong solar radiation in the Antarctic summer (December to February). Temperatures of up to + 19 ° C were measured on rock surfaces, which allows simple vegetation on these rock surfaces. The necessary water is created by melting, blown snow on rock surfaces that are exposed to the sun. In the central New Swabia region, simple thread algae (genera Prasiola and Ulothrix ) and lichens were found in addition to cyanobacteria . The species Lecidea sp. , Rhizocarpon geographicum and Usnea sphacelata . Two types of moss ( Grimmia lawiana and Sarconeurum glaciale ) were also found in particularly favored locations .

fauna

The central Neuschwabenland is home to breeding grounds for four bird species. In Svarthamaren in the western Mühlig-Hofmann Mountains breed more than 200,000 couples the Antarctic Petrel ( Thalassoica antarctica ), about 1000 couples of snowstorm bird ( Pagodroma nivea ), and 40 pairs of the predatory South Polar Skua ( Stercorarius maccormicki ). This is believed to be the largest breeding colony on the Antarctic continent. The area was designated as Antarctic Specially Protected Area No. 142 placed under protection. The spotted petrel ( Oceanites oceanicus ) occurs much less frequently in Neuschwabenland.

The only land animals are mites and springtails up to 1 mm in size that live on lichens and mosses. So far, nine different species of mite and two species of springtail have been identified in Neuschwabenland.

geology

Geological overview map of Neuschwabenland
Geological development of New Swabia in the Proterozoic

Based on radiometric dating , the following geological units can be distinguished in Neuschwabenland:

Grunehogna Kraton

In the northwest of New Swabia, metamorphic granites with ages from 3100 to 2950 mya are exposed in the small nunataks of Annandagstoppane. These granites form the basement of an up to 3000 m thick succession of undeformed, flat sedimentary rocks and basalt lavas that were formed in the Mesoproterozoic . These rock units correspond very precisely to the Kaapvaal craton in South Africa and are interpreted as a part of the Kaapvaal craton that was split off when Africa and Antarctica were separated.

Mesoproterozoic basement

The Mesoproterozoic basement is only so well exposed in the Kottas Mountains of the northern Heimefrontfjella that the geological history can be reconstructed very well. Banded gneisses with a Trondhjemitic - tonalitic - dioritic composition, which are associated with several generations of coarse-grained metamorphic granites, dominate the Kottas Mountains . The rocks were formed in a late Mesoproterozoic island arc ( Kottas Arc ). A backarc basin characterized by extension and magmatism is assumed for the central and southern Heimefrontfjella , which continues to the east.

Between 1200 and 1100 mya new crust developed in the oceanic arch of the island, which was south of the Kaapvaal-Grunehogna-Kraton . About 1100 mya ago the Tugela Ocean between the arch of the island and the Kaapvaal-Grunehogna craton was closed and the rocks of the arch of the island were profoundly deformed and metamorphosed. At the same time, lavas continued to be mined in the Sivorg Backarc , possibly even real oceanic crust had formed by 1090 mya ( Sivorg Ocean ). To oceanic crust subduct , it needs at least 30 million years of age, until it has cooled down and heavy enough in the mantle dive. This period of 30 million years between the ages of zircon -Säumen and the intrusion of granites and diorites of Laudalkammen in the northern Heimefrontfjella. The formation of the laudal crest plutonites , which shows geochemical characteristics of island arc magmatites, is attributed to a north-facing subduction of the oceanic lithosphere of the Sivorg Ocean .

Collision orogen between West and East Gondwana

The central Neuschwabenland between 8 ° and 14 ° E is built up by a granulite facial , metamorphic basement , which was intruded by numerous plutons 530 mya ago . The metamorphic basement consists of banded gneisses, granulites and metasediments . A late Mesoproterozoic protolith age of these rocks could be proven by dating zirconia . This Mesoproterozoic basement went through a multi-phase metamorphosis . The first metamorphosis took place around 1080 mya and marks the first phase of the closure of the Tugela Ocean . However, since plutonites with ages around 530 mya were thoroughly deformed and metamorphosed into eye gneisses , a Cambrian age of the second mountain formation is documented. This orogeny was the result of the collision of East and West Gondwana , creating one of the largest mountain belts in the history of the earth, the East African-East Antarctic Orogen.

Sub-Permian overburden

Remnants of the sub-Permian overburden are known as the Amelang Plateau Formation and are only preserved in western Neuschwabenland ( Vestfjella , Heimefrontfjella and Kirwanveggen). After the formation of Gondwana in the Cambrian , Neuschwabenland was a erosion area for a long time. Remains of an Upper Cambrian molasse are only documented in the southern Kirwanveggen. After that there is no geological evidence from the Ordovician to the Carboniferous . Towards the end of the Carboniferous, there was a leveling surface with minor differences in relief, on which a thick ice sheet had formed. Remnants of this area emerge in the northern Heimefrontfjella and show glacier scrapes and round humps . After the ice retreat, an overburden was deposited, which begins with diamictites at the base . A few meters of finely layered sand and siltstones with dropstones follow above the diamictites, and above them light-colored fine sands in which well-preserved leaf prints can be found. This sequence represents the deposition of a delta in a periglacial lake. In the northern Heimefrontfjella, up to 140 m of yellowish sandstones with coal seams have been preserved above the dropstone-bearing sand and siltstones . The age of the Amelang plateau formation could be narrowed down to the lower Permian ( Asselium to Sakmarium ) using palynological methods .

Leaf print of Gangamopteris cyclopteroides FEISTM. , Kottasberge site.

The activated coals are typical Gondwana coals with high proportions of inertite and minerals. Noteworthy is the low degree of coalification of coal, which roughly corresponds to the transition from the lignite to the hard coal stage .

Discovery and exploration of New Swabia

Voyages of discovery by Norwegian whale and seal hunters like the voyages of Captain Carl Anton Larsen aroused the economic interest of European nations in Antarctica in the 1890s. To open up new fishing grounds for the whalers, three Norwegian expeditions explored the coastline between 20 ° west and 45 ° east longitude in 1929/1930, 1930/1931 and 1936/1937. It was during the Norvegia expeditions 1929-1931 under Captain Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen , a seaplane used for exploration. In the distance, some nunatait were sighted, but for safety reasons the aircraft could not move too far from the open sea. These expeditions laid the foundation for the Norwegian claim to this part of Antarctica on January 14, 1939 under the name Dronning-Maud-Land. The name was given in honor of the Norwegian Queen Maud (1869-1938), who had died the year before.

German Antarctic Expedition 1938/1939

The German Reich's interest in Antarctica in the 1930s was also predominantly economic. Above all, the planned closure of the “ fat gap ”, i. H. The intention to reduce the dependence of the German Reich on the import of technical fats and food fats was the reason for the expansion of the whaling fleet. In the spring of 1938, Captain Alfred Ritscher (1879–1963) was entrusted with the management of an expedition to the Antarctic. Within half a year it was possible to put together and equip an expedition that created the topographical knowledge for the German whaling fleet, at the same time carried out a scientific program along the coast taking into account biology , meteorology , oceanography and geomagnetics and explored the hitherto unknown hinterland through survey flights should. But there was also the intention to create a basis for a later German occupation of this sector, so the preparations for this expedition were made in the strictest of secrecy. The target area of ​​this expedition was the region between 20 ° West and 20 ° East.

The German Antarctic Expedition reached the work area on the Princess Martha Coast at the beginning of January 1939 and discovered previously completely unknown mountain regions in the hinterland. In seven survey flights between January 19 and February 5, 1939, an area of ​​approx. 350,000 km² was photogrammetrically recorded. This region was named "Neuschwabenland" by the expedition leaders. In the meantime, the Norwegian government had received information on German activities and on January 14, 1939, the entire sector between 20 ° W and 45 ° E was declared Queen Maud Land to be Norwegian territory (without defining its southern extent).

The evaluation of German research activities in the Antarctic was interrupted by the Second World War, and a large part of the 11,600 oblique aerial images were lost in the war. In addition to the images and maps published by Ritscher, only about 600 aerial photos survived the war, but these were only rediscovered and evaluated in 1982.

The Drygalskiberge in central Neuschwabenland seen from the north. In the center of the picture the Ulvetanna , which was named Matterhorn by the Ritscher expedition .

Expeditions after World War II

The start of the actual exploration of the Dronning Maud Land can be determined by the Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition under John Giæver 1949-52. Starting from the station Maudheim 71 ° 2 ′  S , 10 ° 55 ′  W , meteorological, geological, glaciological, geodetic and biological work was carried out. They had only dog sleds , so as entferntester point as a transport available 73 ° 37 '  S , 1 ° 30'  O was reached. A photogrammetric program was started for the creation of topographic maps, which lasted until 1957/1958. On the basis of the resulting oblique aerial photographs, the Norsk Polarinstitutt created a comprehensive topographical map of the ice-free regions on a scale of 1: 250,000, which was published from 1962.

As a contribution to the International Geophysical Year 1957-1958, the expedition leader and doctor Karl Herrligkoffer, known for his Himalayan and Pamir expeditions, sought funds for a German South Pole expedition in 1957/1958 to Neuschwabenland. Although he was supported by Ritscher and the then Federal Minister Franz Josef Strauss , the company had to be postponed for a year due to financial difficulties and then canceled completely.

In the years between 1959 and 1969 Neuschwabenland experienced a first phase of systematic geological exploration. Starting from the British Halley station (in operation since 1956), the Soviet stations Lasarew (1959-61) and Novolasarewskaya (since 1961) and the South African SANAE-IV station (since 1962), expeditions often reached several hundred kilometers inland located mountain ranges and carried out geodetic and geological programs. As a result of this work, geological overview maps on a scale of 1: 500,000 and some basic publications on the geology of these regions were available until about 1975.

At the beginning of the 1980s, the Federal Republic of Germany, the GDR and India joined the group of active Antarctic treaty states and continued work. Since 1976, GDR scientists have been active as participants in Soviet Antarctic expeditions in the vicinity of the Novolasarewskaya station. With the Georg von Neumayer Station (1981–1991) and the successor station Neumayer Station II (1992–2009) at 70 ° 39 ′  S , 8 ° 15 ′  W, West German geologists got a solid starting point for research in the mountain ranges of the western New Swabia. In 1984 India set up the Dakshin Gangotri wintering station on the edge of the ice shelf at 70 ° 5 ′  S , 12 ° 0 ′  E , but after five years it was installed in favor of the Maitri station in the Schirmacher Oasis at 70 ° 45 ′  S , 11 ° 44 ′  O was abandoned. Instead of detailed investigations in particularly interesting sub-areas, comprehensive geological mapping programs were started, which resulted in geological maps with scales from 1: 150,000 to 1: 25,000.

The most extensive expedition to date with over 40 participants from Germany, Italy and Russia took place in the southern summer of 1995/96 ( GeoMaud expedition ). It was organized by the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Raw Materials and comprised geological, geophysical and geodetic studies. The work program also contained a flight plan for the photogrammetric recording of the central and eastern New Swabia region, 4500 aerial photographs were taken.

Naming of geographic objects

The government of the Federal Republic of Germany has exercised the right to geographical naming associated with the discovery since 1952, but does not raise any territorial claims. The German names after participants in the 1938/39 expedition were also used on the official Norwegian maps, but the names for the relief forms were translated into Norwegian (e.g. Mühlig-Hofmann-Gebirge = Mühlig-Hofmannfjella). In the western half of New Swabia, the inaccuracies in the position of the expedition map were so great that many objects named by the German Antarctic Expedition could not be identified, which is why they were renamed on the Norwegian maps.

Research stations

There are currently five permanently manned research stations in Neuschwabenland and some stations that are only manned in the southern summer. The German Neumayer Station III is located on the Ekströmisen in the northwest of Neuschwabenland. The South African SANAE-IV station is built on the bedrock and is located near Vesleskarvet in the northern Borgmassivet. The Norwegian Troll station was originally a summer station and was converted into a station that is manned all year round in 2004. It is located in the northwest of the Mayr chain at 72 ° 0 ′  S , 2 ° 32 ′  E at 1270 m above sea level. The Indian Maitri station and the Russian Novolasarewskaya station are located in the Schirmacher oasis in northeast New Swabia . Both stations are only three kilometers apart on solid ground. In 1976, in the immediate vicinity of the Soviet station, the GDR built the Georg Forster Station , which served as the starting point for extensive geodetic, geophysical, glaciological , meteorological and research in the Schirmacher Oasis itself and in the southern mountain ranges of the Wohlthat massif . It was completely dismantled in 1996 for cost reasons. The German Kohnen station on the polar plateau at an altitude of 2,892 m is only manned in summer; an ice core drilling ( EPICA ) over 3 km deep was drilled here .

tourism

Neuschwabenland has been the destination of mountaineering expeditions since 1997 and commercial operators fly to it if necessary. A snow- concrete landing strip south of Novolasarewskaya station serves as the base . Regular flights have been offered since 2002 with an Ilyushin 76TD from Cape Town to the “Novo Airfield”, which are used by both scientists and tourists. The flight connection is operated by the South African airline Antarctic Logistics Center International (ALCI) .

conspiracy theories

Neuschwabenland has been the subject of several conspiracy theories for decades . Most of them assume that in the wake of the German expedition of 1938/39 a huge military base was built here, into which several high-ranking National Socialists and strong troop units withdrew in 1945. The US and Great Britain have been trying to conquer the area secretly and in vain for decades, and have also used nuclear weapons in this context. The survival of the Nazi troops is possible because the area is crossed by hot springs that provide energy and warmth. None of these claims stand up to scrutiny. The so-called Neuschwabenlandtreffen has existed in Berlin since 2002 , founded by Axel Stoll , Karl-Wilhelm Schneider and Peter Schmidt. The WDR radio play Neuschwabenland-Symphonie from 2012 takes up the conspiracy theories.

literature

  • Wilfried Bauer, Robert J. Thomas, Joachim Jacobs: Proterozoic-Cambrian history of Dronning Maud Land in the context of Gondwana assembly. In: Masaru Yoshida, Brian F. Windley, Somnath Dasgupta (eds.): Proterozoic East Gondwana. Supercontinent assembly and breakup (= The Geological Society, London. Special Publication. 206). Geological Society, London 2003, ISBN 1-86239-125-4 , pp. 247-269, doi: 10.1144 / GSL.SP.2003.206.01.13 .
  • Peter Bormann, Diedrich Fritzsche (eds.): The Schirmacher Oasis, Queen Maud Land, East Antarctica, and its surroundings (=  Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen. Supplement . Volume 289 ). Perthes, Gotha 1995, ISBN 3-623-00760-9 .
  • Joachim Jacobs, C. Mark Fanning, Wilfried Bauer: Timing of Grenville-age vs. Pan-African medium to high grade metamorphism in western Dronning Maud Land (East Antarctica) and significance for correlations in Rodinia and Gondwana . In: Precambrian Research . tape 125 , no. 1/2 , 2003, p. 1-20 , doi : 10.1016 / S0301-9268 (03) 00048-2 .
  • Alfred Ritscher (Ed.): Scientific and aeronautical results of the German Antarctic Expedition 1938/39 (=  German research . NF 3). Koehler & Amelang, 1942, ZDB -ID 548041-3 , p. 1-304 .
  • Heinz Schön : Myth of New Swabia. For Hitler at the South Pole. The German Antarctic Expedition 1938/39 . Bonus, Selent 2004, ISBN 3-935962-05-3 .

Web links

Commons : New Swabia  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Yoshihide Ohta (ed.): Nature environment map Gjelsvikfjella and western Mühlig-Hofmannfjella, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica . 1: 100,000. 1 card on 2 sheets (=  Temakart . Band 24 ). Norsk Polarinstitutt, 1993, ISSN  0801-8588 .
  2. ↑ Management Plan Antarctic Specially Protected Area No. 142 [full text, Eng. ] (PDF; 359 kB) Retrieved January 15, 2013.
  3. ↑ Management Plan Antarctic Specially Protected Area No. 142 [summary ] . In: SCAR homepage of ASPA 142 . Archived from the original on December 4, 2011. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 17, 2009. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.scar.org
  4. ^ Martin Halpern: Rubidium-Strontium Date of Possibly 3 Billion Years for a Granitic Rock from Antarctica. In: Science . Vol. 169, No. 3949, 1970, pp. 977-978, doi: 10.1126 / science.169.3949.977 .
  5. ^ Hugh L. Allsopp, Dirk C. Neethling: Rb-Sr isotopic ages of Precambrian intrusives from Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. Vol. 8, No. 1, 1970, pp. 66-70, doi: 10.1016 / 0012-821X (70) 90101-9 .
  6. ↑ APH Aucamp, LG Wolmarans, Dirk C. Neethling: The Urfjell Group, a deformed (?) Early Palaeozoic sedimentary sequence, Kirwanveggen, western Dronning Maud Land. In: Raymond J. Adie (Ed.): Antarctic Geology and Geophysics. Symposium on Antarctic Geology and Solid Earth Geophysics, Oslo, 6-15 Aug 1970 (= International Union of Geological Sciences. Series B, No. 1). Universitetsforlaget, Oslo 1972, ISBN 82-00-02253-6 , pp. 557-562.
  7. ^ Edna P. Plumstead: A new assemblage of plant fossils from Milorgfjella, Dronning Maud Land (= British Antarctic Survey. Scientific Reports. 83). British Antarctic Survey - Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge 1975, ISBN 0-85665-041-2 , ( online ).
  8. ↑ DC Rex: K-Ar age determinations on volcanic and associated rocks from the Antarctic Peninsula and Dronning Maud Land. In: Raymond J. Adie (Ed.): Antarctic Geology and Geophysics. Symposium on Antarctic Geology and Solid Earth Geophysics, Oslo, 6-15 Aug 1970 (= International Union of Geological Sciences. Series B, No. 1). Universitetsforlaget, Oslo 1972, ISBN 82-00-02253-6 , pp. 133-136.
  9. ↑ Wilfried Bauer, Joachim Jacobs, C. Mark Fanning, R. Schmidt: Late Mesoproterozoic Arc and Back-arc Volcanism in the Heimefrontfjella (East Antarctica) and Implications for the Palaeogeography at the Southeastern Margin of the Kaapvaal-Grunehogna Craton. In: Gondwana Research . Vol. 6, No. 3, 2003, pp. 449-465, doi: 10.1016 / S1342-937X (05) 70998-9 .
  10. ↑ Joachim Jacobs, C. Mark Fanning, Friedhelm Henjes-Kunst, Martin Olesch, Hans-Jürgen Paech: Continuation of the Mozambique Belt into East Antarctica. Grenville-age metamorphism and polyphase Pan-African high-grade events in central Dronning Maud Land. In: Journal of Geology. Vol. 106, No. 4, 1998, pp. 385-406, doi: 10.1086 / 516031 .
  11. ↑ Joachim Jacobs, Wilfried Bauer, C. Mark Fanning: Late Neoproterozoic / Early Palaeozoic events in central Dronning Maud Land and significance for the southern extension of the East African Orogen into East Antarctica. In: Precambrian Research. Vol. 126, No. 1/2, pp. 27-53, doi: 10.1016 / S0301-9268 (03) 00125-6 .
  12. ↑ a b L. G. Wolmarans, LE Kent: Geological Investigations in Western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. A Synthesis (= South African Journal of Antarctic Research. Supplement 2, 1982, ZDB -ID 187945-5 ). South African National Antarctic Program, Pretoria 1982.
  13. ↑ Kent Larsson, Sofie Lindström, Dorothy Guy-Ohlson: An Early Permian palynoflora from Milorgfjella, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. In: Antarctic Science. Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 331-344, doi: 10.1017 / S0954102090000463 .
  14. ↑ John May: The Greenpeace Book of the Antarctic . Otto Mair, Ravensburg 1991, ISBN 3-473-46166-0 , p. 1-192 .
  15. ↑ a b Karsten Brunk: Cartographic work and German naming in Neuschwabenland, Antarctica. Previous work, reconstruction of the flight paths of the German Antarctic Expedition 1938/39 and reworking of the German name property in Neuschwabenland (= German Geodetic Commission at the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. Series E: History and Development of Geodesy. H. 24, No. 1, ISSN  0065-5341 = notification from the Institute for Applied Geodesy. No. 175). Publisher of the Institute for Applied Geodesy, Frankfurt am Main 1986, pp. 1-24, ( online ).
  16. ^ Cornelia Lüdecke: Karl Maria Herrligkoffer's private "German South Pole Expedition" 1957/58: A failed initiative. In: Cornelia Lüdecke (Ed.): Steps of foundation of institutionalized Antarctic research. Proceedings of the 1st SCAR Workshop on the History of Antarctic Research, Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Munich (Germany), 2–3 June, 2005 (= Reports on Polar and Marine Research. 560, ISSN  1618-3193 ). Kamloth, Bremen 2007, pp. 195–210, ( digital version (PDF; 9.4 MB) ).
  17. ↑ J. Jayaram, BR Bejarniya: Geology of the Schirmacher-Wohlthat Region, Central Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica . 1: 250,000. Geological Survey of India, Hyderabad 1991.
  18. ^ Joachim Jacobs, Klaus Weber: Scharffenbergbotnen. Heimefrontfjella. Antarctic. Geological map (aerial map). = Geological map (aerial photo map). 1: 25,000. Institute for Applied Geodesy, Frankfurt am Main 1993, ( digitized version ( memento from April 26, 2014 in the Internet Archive )).
  19. ↑ Yoshihide Ohta, PB Groenewald, GH Grantham: HU Sverdrupfjella, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. Nature environment map. = Naturmiljøkart. 1: 150,000. (= Temakart. 28). Norsk Polarinstitutt, Oslo 1996.
  20. ^ GeoMaud - Geoscientific Expedition to Dronning Maud Land . In: BGR homepage on the GeoMaud program . Archived from the original on April 26, 2014. Retrieved April 19, 2009.
  21. ↑ SANAP - Home . In: South African polar research program page . Retrieved April 19, 2009.
  22. ^ Jon Krakauer : On the edge of Antarctica, Queen Maud Land. In: National Geographic. Vol. 193, No. 2, 1998, ISSN  0027-9358 , pp. 46-69.
  23. ↑ alci - antarctic logistics center international . In: Homepage of the Antarctic Logistics Center International . Retrieved April 19, 2009.
  24. ↑ Holm Hümmler : Neuschwabenland - conspiracy, myth or old wives' tale? In: Skeptics. No. 3, 2013, pp. 100-106.
  25. ↑ Summerhayes, C., & Beeching, P., (2007), Hitler's Antarctic base: the myth and the reality, Polar Record, 43 (01), doi: 10.1017 / S003224740600578X
  26. ^ Neuschwabenland - Symphony. In: ARD audio play database. Retrieved June 16, 2017 .

Coordinates: 72 ° 0 ′ 0 ″  S , 5 ° 0 ′ 0 ″  E