The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Fossil Mammalia by Richard Owen - title page of the 1st delivery of the 1st volume from 1838
Darwin rheas ( Pterocnemia pennata ) drawn by John Gould - Plate 47 from The Zoology of the HMS Beagle , Volume 3, Part 5

The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle ( English for: The zoology of the journey of the HMS Beagle ) is the title of amulti-part work publishedunder the supervision of Charles Darwin , in which the zoological results of his journey, which began in late 1831 and lasted almost five years with the HMS Beagle were released.

Richard Owen , George Robert Waterhouse , John Gould , Leonard Jenyns and Thomas Bell took over the scientific processing of the fossils , mammals , birds , fish , reptiles and amphibians collected by Darwin . With financial support from the British government, “Zoologie” was published from February 1838 to October 1842 in 19 individual deliveries with a total of 166 color and black-and-white lithographs .

In addition to his editorial duties, Darwin only had a small share in the overall work as an author. The work, which was never translated into German, is still important for zoology today as the source of numerous initial descriptions .

History of origin

The trip with the HMS Beagle

Prepare for the trip

Charles Darwin had completed his theological studies at Christ's College at Cambridge University in the spring of 1831 with the first degree of Baccalaureus Artium . When he returned from a geological excursion in North Wales in late August 1831, he found a letter from his mentor and friend John Stevens Henslow . Henslow informed Darwin that he had recommended him for a survey expedition to South America aboard the HMS Beagle , whose captain Robert FitzRoy was looking for a companion. After the two of them had met to their mutual satisfaction and Darwin had received his father's approval of the proposed company, he traveled to London to prepare for the trip.

In addition to buying the necessary equipment, Darwin brushed up on his taxidermy skills . Taxidermist and bird dealer Benjamin Leadbeater taught him how to make hides. H. the peeled skin with hair or feathers, packed in cardboard boxes soaked in turpentine . William Yarrell , zoologist and founding member of the London Zoological Society , showed Darwin how bladders , tinfoil and varnish can be used to seal vessels . Philip Parker King , who had commanded HMS Beagle's first voyage , instructed him in the use of arsenic soap and preservative powder. The important information for the conservation of zoophytes (invertebrates) came from Robert Edmond Grant , who had inspired Darwin to study marine animals during his time in Edinburgh . The British Museum working Robert Brown advised him in selecting the indispensable for scientific research microscope . Prepared in this way, Darwin left the port of Plymouth on December 27, 1831 on board the HMS Beagle .

Zoological Notes

The HMS Beagle at the entrance to the Beagle Channel (Murray Narrows) in Tierra del Fuego - Depiction by Conrad Martens (1801–1878), from 1833 to 1834 official ship painter of the HMS Beagle

Darwin recorded his impressions and observations in various ways during the trip. Darwin wrote down his general travel impressions in a travel diary, which he sent to his family at regular intervals. These notes later became the basis of his travelogue The Narrative of the Voyages of HM Ships Adventure and Beagle . Darwin began a "zoological notebook" when the HMS Beagle anchored on January 6, 1832 in the port of Santa Cruz on the Cape Verde island of Santiago . In this notebook he wrote down all the zoological observations made during the trip. Darwin also took heed of a warning published by William Kirby in 1825 that all samples brought to England by survey vessels are worthless if they are not correctly labeled and if there is no information on the location and description of the find. He therefore inventoried the zoological and botanical specimens he had collected, consecutively numbered in a total of six notebooks. Notebooks 1 to 3 comprised the specimens preserved in jars with alcohol, which were marked with metal labels in which the number was embossed. Dried copies were given colored paper labels with an imprinted number and were recorded in notebooks 4 to 6. At the top of each page Darwin noted the year, month, and location. In his "Zoological Notes" Darwin often referred to the numbers noted in these notebooks.

Towards the end of the journey with the HMS Beagle , Darwin marked the "type" of a listed specimen with different letters. “A” stood for mammal, “B” for bird, “C” for shellfish, “F” for fish, “I” for insect, “P” for plant, “R” for reptile or amphibian and “S” for mussel . Following these instructions, his assistant Syms Covington excerpted a total of twelve catalogs of the Darwinian collections.

When Darwin set foot on his native English soil in Falmouth on October 2, 1836 , he had written 770 pages of his travel diary and written 368 pages of zoological notes. 1529 species preserved in alcohol as well as 3907 hides, skins, bones, plants etc. were the result of his almost five-year journey.

Dispatch of the collected material

Map of the most important stops during the HMS Beagle's circumnavigation

Darwin's father had hired John Stevens Henslow to keep the samples his son had sent back to England during the HMS Beagle expedition . On August 19, 1832, Darwin sent the package ship Emulous a first box containing mainly geological samples. About a month later, on September 23, 1832, two large barrels with fossil bones, including the bones of the new giant sloth from the genus Mylodon found in Punta Alta , as well as a small barrel with fish and a box, the skins, alcohol jars and boxes of pills went with them Beetles contained, with the package ship Duke of York on the journey to England. Without knowing that his valuable pieces had reached Henslow, Darwin prepared the next two broadcasts. About half of his summer harvest, packed in four barrels, he entrusted to the sea route home on July 18, 1833 in Montevideo . These included the eighty or so birds shot in the area around Maldonado , almost twenty mammals, hides, plants, beetles, fish and other geological samples. On November 12, 1833, two more boxes and a barrel with almost 200 skins from birds, South American rats and plant seeds followed.

When the HMS Beagle anchored in the harbor of Port Louis ( East Falkland ) in March 1834 , a letter from January 1833 arrived from Henslow confirming the arrival of the first box sent by Darwins. The second shipment also arrived almost intact.

With the HMS Samarang sailing to Portsmouth , two barrels with bones and stones and a box with six bottles containing "very valuable species" were sent from Valparaíso at the end of September 1834 . The two boxes that Darwin had packed together in November 1834 almost got lost because the HMS Challenger originally intended for transport sank off the Chilean coast in 1835. On the west coast of South America, the HMS Conway took the last two large boxes with material collected by Darwin on board at the end of June. All samples collected later, including the Galapagos Islands originating finches , were aboard the HMS Beagle to England transported.

The financing of "zoology"

Urged by several zoologists, including William Sharp Macleay , to publish the zoological results of his trip with the HMS Beagle , Darwin developed the first plans for implementation in early 1837. The work should appear in several parts, each of which should be edited by a different author. He saw models in the atlas for the journey in northern Africa (1826–1828) by Eduard Rüppell and in the work Recueil d'observations de zoologie et d'anatomie comparée (1811–1833) by Aimé Bonpland and Alexander von Humboldt . Darwin realized that the project could not be carried out without the financial support from the government, as the planned illustrations in particular would result in high costs. In May 1837 he turned to Edward Adolphus Seymour , President of the Linnaeus Society , Edward Smith Stanley , President of the Zoological Society , and William Whewell , President of the Geological Society , with a request for support for his project.

All three signed the following recommendation:

"Totally impressed by the importance and novelty of the natural history collections brought home by Mr. Darwin on the HMS Beagle, we believe that their publication according to a uniform concept and illustrated with engravings would be highly beneficial for the natural sciences."

Francis Beaufort , to whom he first sent this recommendation, recommended Darwin to have the matter presented to the Chancellor of the Treasury, Thomas Spring Rice, through John Stevens Henslow or another Cambridge personality. Henslow quickly complied with a request from Darwin.

The death of King Wilhelm IV delayed the approval of the funds, as Rice first had to wait for the parliamentary elections that had become necessary. On August 3, 1837, Darwin officially asked the re-elected Rice for a grant of £ 1,000 for the planned 150 tablets. Less than two weeks later, Darwin had a conversation with Rice in the presence of George Peacock , with the result that he promised the requested amount. On September 12, 1837, Smith, Elder & Co. submitted a proposal how the project could be carried out with the available funds of £ 1,000.

plant

The first and only edition appeared under the full title The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle Under the Command of Captain Fitzroy, RN, during the Years 1832 to 1836: Published with the approval of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury / Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin at Smith, Elder & Co. in London . The work consisted of five volumes, which were devoted to the subjects of mammals (including their fossils ), birds , fish , reptiles and amphibians . It was 632 pages long, contained 166 plates (84 black and white, 82 color) and was delivered in 19 parts from February 1838 to October 1843.

Charles Darwin outlined the content in the preface to the first delivery with the words:

"The object of the present work is to give descriptions and illustrations of undescribed and insufficiently known animals, both fossil and living, together with the presentation, in one case, of their geological location, in the other of their behavior and distribution."

Darwin's contributions to the oeuvre are limited to a few pages. He wrote a geological introduction to Fossil Mammalia , a geographic introduction to Mammalia, and contributed notes on the behavior and range of Mammalia and Birds .

Part 1: Fossil Mammalia (Fossil Mammals)

Plate III from Fossil Mammalia shows the skull of a Toxodon .

The first part of "Zoology", edited by Richard Owen , bore the title

Fossil Mammalia, Described by Richard Owen, ESQ. FRSFGSFLS Professor of Anatomy and Physiology to the Royal College of Surgeons in London; Corresponding Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Berlin; of the Royal Academy of Medicine, and Philomathic Society of Paris; of the Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia, Moscow, Erlangen. With a Geological Introduction, by Charles Darwin, ESQ. MAFGS & c. & c. Corresponding Member of the Zoological Society .

He dealt with the fossil mammal remains found by Darwin. The volume appeared from February 1838 to April 1840 in four deliveries with a total of 111 pages and was supplemented by 32 black and white plates by George Johann Scharf (1788-1860).

Darwin met Richard Owen on October 29, 1836, from Charles Lyell . Owen had succeeded Charles Bell in 1836 as professor of comparative anatomy and physiology at the College of Surgeons. In April of the same year, the trustees of the Hunter Museum elected him to the new position of "Hunterian" professor. Owen shared Darwin's interest in fossils and invertebrates and was persuaded by Darwin to look at the fossils collected during the trip on the HMS Beagle . The first fossil Owen examined was a skull that Darwin discovered 120 miles northwest of Montevideo . It belonged to a hippopotamus-like creature that Owen later named Toxodon platensis . At the turn of the year 1836/37 Darwin sent further material to Owen, who was meanwhile in Cambridge.

The first part of Fossil Mammalia begins with a detailed description of Toxodon platensis , whose found bones are documented on five boards. In the second part the description of Macrauchenia patachonica is continued and the bone finds of the camel-like animal are presented on ten panels. The final two parts deal with the giant sloth Megalonyx and Megatherium , the mylodon , an aardvark ( Orycteropus ), a long-nosed armadillo ( Dasypus ) and Myrmecophaga jubata , a species from the genus of the great anteater .

Part 2: Mammalia (mammals)

One of the species named after Darwin, the ear mouse Phyllotis darwini , is shown on panel XXIII. illustrated by Mammalia .
Main article: List of mammals in The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle

The 97-page description of the mammals was entitled

Mammalia, Described by George R. Waterhouse, ESQ. Curator of the Zoological Society of London, etc. etc. with a Notice of their Habit and Ranges, by Charles Darwin, ESQ. MAFGS & c. Corresponding Member of the Zoological Society

and was written by George Robert Waterhouse . The four deliveries from Mammalia were published from May 1838 to September 1839. The associated 32 colored, unsigned panels are believed to have been made by William Dickes (1815–1892). Three black-and-white plates with bone drawings drawn by CM Curtis and engraved by J. Swaine completed the scope of delivery.

Darwin met Waterhouse while studying at Cambridge in late 1829, where both were keen collectors of beetles . At the beginning of January 1837 Darwin donated his collected mammals to the Zoological Society . Waterhouse agreed to work on the mammals for "zoology" since he was already working on a catalog of the mammals kept in the Museum of the Zoological Society. Most of the species described by Waterhouse were small representatives of the rodent order .

Part 3: Birds

The Darwin's finch Geospiza magnirostris , drawn by John Gould - Plate 36 from The Zoology of the Beagle , Volume 3, Part 4
Main article: List of birds in The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle

John Gould took over the processing of the birds brought by Darwin . The third part of "Zoology" was entitled

Birds, Described by John Gould, ESQ. FLS with a Notice of their Habits and Ranges, by Charles Darwin, ESQ. MAFRS SEC. GEOLOG. SOC. and with an Anatomical Appendix, by TC Eyton, ESQ, FLS Illustrated by Numerous Colored Engravings

released. The publication of Birds took place in five deliveries, which appeared from July 1838 to March 1841 and comprised 156 pages and 50 colored plates. Thomas Campbell Eyton added an appendix to the work.

On January 4, 1837, Darwin donated 80 mammals and 450 birds to the Zoological Society . The donation was made on the condition that all specimens had to be prepared and described. At the time, the curator of the Museum of the Zoological Society was John Gould, who as an ornithologist took a close look at the new birds and discovered that the specimens Darwin had brought back from the Galápagos Islands represented a completely new group. Only a few days later, on January 10, 1838, Gould spoke to the Zoological Society about the Galápagos finches . In the final version of his lecture, which appeared at the end of the year, the new group comprised a total of 13 species.

With the publishers Smith, Elder & Co. Darwin was able to negotiate particularly good equipment for Birds in the form of 50 color illustrations. The lithographs created Elizabeth Gould from drawings to her husband. The finished lithographs were colored by Gabriel Bayfield (1781–1870) .

John Gould didn't finish work on Birds . He embarked for Australia with his wife on May 16, 1838, leaving Darwin the unfinished manuscript and the finished tablets. Darwin commissioned George Robert Gray to review and complete the manuscript. From the second shipment on, Gray had primary responsibility for publishing Birds .

Part 4: Fish

The fish Semicossyphus darwini , named after Darwin, is only found in the Galápagos Islands . The drawing on panel XX. comes from Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins .
Main article: List of fish in The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle

The fourth part of "Zoology" appeared under the title Fish by the Rev. Leonard Jenyns, MA, FLS , in which Leonard Jenyns classified the fish collected by Darwin . Fish was published in four volumes from January 1840 to April 1842 and comprised 175 pages. The 29 black and white panels were made by Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins and show a total of 51 species of fish.

Darwin knew Leonard Jenyns from his time at Cambridge. Darwin developed a keen interest in beetles during this time and Jenyns was known as the "leading beetle collector in Cambridge". The initially somewhat tense relationship between the two improved when Darwin's mentor John Stevens Henslow married Jenyn's sister Harriet in December 1823. Jenyns had also received an offer to take the trip with the HMS Beagle , which he declined out of consideration for his obligations as a clergyman. Jenyns, who had a good reputation as a scientist, was finally asked by Darwin to take over the processing of the fish they had brought with them, as no one showed any interest in the fish they had collected. Jenyns made slow progress in what was new to him, and Darwin kept pleading with him not to be discouraged.

Jenyns used the 22-volume work Histoire Naturelle des Poissons by Georges Cuvier and Achille Valenciennes as a basis for the description of the fish and the calculation of the fin formula . When describing the colors, he could mostly rely on the information given by Darwin in his zoological notes based on the color system of the plant painter Patrick Syme (1774–1845).

Jenyns summarized his findings in the introduction to Fish , which was part of the fourth and final delivery. Only about half of the samples collected by Darwin and preserved in alcohol could be described by him. The rest was in an unusable condition. Most of the almost 140 species described came from the coasts of South America and the neighboring islands and archipelagos . The majority of the species described as newly described by Jenyns are also native there. For example, all species brought from the waters of Tierra del Fuego , the Falkland Islands and the Galápagos Islands have not yet been scientifically described.

Part 5: Reptiles (reptiles)

The iguana-like scaled reptile Diplolaemus darwinii belongs to a genus newly established by Thomas Bell in Reptiles and is shown on panel X.
Main article: List of reptiles and amphibians in The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle

The title of the fifth and final part Reptiles, by Thomas Bell, ESQ., FRS, FLS, & c. is misleading because by Thomas Bell in addition to the reptiles and the amphibians were discussed. The only 51 pages long Reptiles appeared in two deliveries in August 1842 and October 1843. It was illustrated with 20 black and white plates, which the lithographer Charles Joseph Hullmandel (1789-1850) made after drawings by Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins .

Thomas Bell, who with A Monograph of the Testudinata (1832-1836) had just completed a comprehensive monograph on the turtles and was considered an expert on reptiles, showed a lively interest in Darwin's reptiles. He confirmed to Darwin that the Galápagos giant tortoises - which Darwin did not collect - must be different varieties. Bell was finally asked by Darwin to work on the reptiles for the "zoology". However, the final completion of this part was delayed due to a prolonged illness of Bell. Bell sent the snakes collected by Darwin to Gabriel Bibron , who described them in Volumes 6 and 7 of his Erpetologie Generale .

Overview of the individual deliveries

The tabular overview gives an overview of the date of publication and the scope of the 19 individual deliveries of "Zoologie". In the "Costs" column, the manufacturing costs of the individual deliveries calculated by Verlag Smith, Elder & Co. are listed. The amount of £ 1,000 provided by the British government was slightly exceeded in the end and the difference was financed by Darwin. The "Price" column shows the sales price for the respective delivery. Until 1971 the pound (£) was divided into 20 shillings (s) of 12 pence (d) each.

Appeared title pages Panel costs price
 Feb. 1838 Fossil Mammalia No. 1 40 7th £ 68 10s 10d 8s
 May 1838 Mammalia No. 1 8th 10 £ 39 6s 9d 10s
 July 1838 Birds No. 1 14th 10 £ 45 3s 2d 10s
 May 1838 Mammalia No. 2 24 9 £ 47 16s 6d 10s
 Nov. 1838 Mammalia No. 3 16 8th £ 36 1s 0d 8s
 Jan. 1839 Birds No. 2 16 10 £ 45 4s 5d 10s
 March 1839 Fossil Mammalia No. 2 24 10 £ 57 16s 11d 8s
 May 1839 Fossil Mammalia No. 3 16 10 £ 51 16s 2d 8s
 July 1839 Birds No. 3 24 10 £ 47 0s 4d 10s
 Sep 1839 Mammalia No. 4th 49 9 £ 71 13s 2d 10s
 Nov. 1839 Birds No. 4th 40 10 £ 58 13s 3d 10s
 Jan. 1840 Fish No. 1 32 8th £ 43 12s 10d 8s
 Apr. 1840 Fossil Mammalia No. 4th 31 5 £ 47 12s 8d 6s
 June 1840 Fish No. 2 32 7th £ 41 10s 4d 8s
 March 1841 Birds No. 5 60 10 £ 83 18s 6d 15s
 Apr. 1841 Fish No. 3 32 5 £ 37 1s 0d 6s
 Apr. 1842 Fish No. 4th 76 9 £ 93 14s 9d 8s
 Aug 1842 Reptiles No. 1 16 10 £ 43 2s 0d 8s
 Oct. 1842 Reptiles No. 2 35 10 £ 62 7s 3d 10s

Current issues

  • Volumes 4 to 7 In: Paul H. Barrett, Richard Broke Freeman (Eds.): The Works of Charles Darwin . 29 volumes, Pickering, London 1986-1989, ISBN 1-85196-002-3
  • Charles Darwin's The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle . 4 volumes, limited facsimile edition. CIL Ltd., Peterborough 1994

proof

literature

  • Nora Barlow (Ed.): Darwin's ornithological notes . In: Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Historical Series . Volume 2, No. 7, pp. 201-278, London 1963; on-line
  • Adrian Desmond, James Moore: Darwin . List Verlag, Munich Leipzig 1991, ISBN 3-471-77338-X
  • CD Sherborn: Notes on the dates of 'The Zoology of the Beagle'. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History . 7th series, Volume 20, 1897 p. 483
  • Richard Darwin Keynes (Ed.): Charles Darwin's Zoology Notes & Specimen Lists from HMS Beagle . Cambridge University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-521-46569-9 ; on-line
  • Charles Darwin's Beagle Animal Notes . online (accessed August 23, 2008)
  • Richard Darwin Keynes: Charles Darwin's Ornithological and Animal Notes . June 2005; on-line
  • Daniel Pauly: Darwin's Fishes: An Encyclopedia of Ichthyology, Ecology, and Evolution . Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-521-82777-9

Exchange of letters from Charles Darwin

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Desmond / Moore p. 130 f.
  2. ^ William Kirby: Introductory Address . In: Zoological Journal . Volume 2, pp. 1-8, London 1825; on-line
  3. ↑ Specimen Lists In: Richard Keynes (Ed.): Charles Darwin's zoology notes & specimen lists from HMS Beagle . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2000, pp. 317-319; on-line
  4. ↑ Desmond / Moore p. 214
  5. ↑ Desmond / Moore p. 218
  6. ↑ Charles Darwin to John Stevens Henslow, [23. July -] August 15, 1832, Letter 178 in The Darwin Correspondence Project (accessed September 15, 2008)
  7. ↑ Charles Darwin to John Stevens Henslow, [26. October -] November 24, 1832, letter 192 in The Darwin Correspondence Project (accessed September 15, 2008)
  8. ^ Charles Darwin to John Stevens Henslow, July 18, 1833, Letter 210 in The Darwin Correspondence Project (accessed September 15, 2008)
  9. ^ Charles Darwin to John Stevens Henslow, November 12, 1834, Letter 229 in The Darwin Correspondence Project (accessed September 15, 2008)
  10. ↑ John Stevens Henslow to Charles Darwin, January 15 and 21, 1833, Letter 196 in The Darwin Correspondence Project (accessed September 15, 2008)
  11. ↑ John Stevens Henslow to Charles Darwin, August 31, 1833, Letter 213 in The Darwin Correspondence Project (accessed September 15, 2008)
  12. ↑ Charles Darwin to John Stevens Henslow, October 4, 1834, Letter 258 in The Darwin Correspondence Project (accessed September 15, 2008)
  13. ↑ Charles Darwin to John Stevens Henslow, November 8, 1834, Letter 263 in The Darwin Correspondence Project (accessed September 15, 2008)
  14. ↑ Charles Darwin to John Stevens Henslow, August 12, 1835, Letter 283 in The Darwin Correspondence Project (accessed September 15, 2008)
  15. ^ Charles Darwin to Leonard Jenyns, April 10, 1837, Letter 354 in The Darwin Correspondence Project (accessed September 12, 2008)
  16. ^ Charles Darwin to John Stevens Henslow, May 18, 1837, Letter 355 in The Darwin Correspondence Project (accessed September 12, 2008)
  17. ^ Charles Darwin to Francis Beaufort, June 16, 1837, Letter 360a in The Darwin Correspondence Project (accessed September 12, 2008)
  18. ↑ Charles Darwin to John Stevens Henslow, June 20, 1837, Letter 361a in The Darwin Correspondence Project (accessed September 12, 2008)
  19. ↑ John Stevens Henslow to Thomas Spring Rice, June 21, 1837, Letter 361b in The Darwin Correspondence Project (accessed September 12, 2008)
  20. ^ Charles Darwin to John Richardson, 24./25. July 1837, letter 366f in The Darwin Correspondence Project, (accessed September 12, 2008)
  21. ^ Charles Darwin to Thomas Spring Rice, August 3, 1837, Letter 370a in The Darwin Correspondence Project (accessed September 12, 2008)
  22. ↑ Charles Darwin to John Stevens Henslow, August 16, 1837, Letter 373 in The Darwin Correspondence Project (accessed September 12, 2008)
  23. ↑ Smith, Elder & Co. to Charles Darwin, September 12, 1837, Letter 377a in The Darwin Correspondence Project (accessed September 12, 2008)
  24. ^ Preface . S. III In: Fossil Mammalia Part 1 No. 1 of The zoology of the voyage of HMS Beagle. By Richard Owen. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin . Smith Elder & Co., London 1838
  25. ^ Charles Darwin to John Stevens Henslow, September 30 - October 1, 1836, Letter 354 in The Darwin Correspondence Project (accessed September 12, 2008)
  26. ^ Richard Owen: A description of the Cranium of the Toxodon Platensis, a gigantic extinct mammiferous species, referrible by its dentition to the Rodentia, but with affinities to the Pachydermata and the Herbivorous Cetacea . In: Proceedings of the Geological Society of London . Volume 2, pp. 541-542, London 1837 (read April 19, 1837); on-line
  27. ^ A b Charles Darwin to John Gould, February 1838, Letter 401 in The Darwin Correspondence Project (accessed September 12, 2008)
  28. ↑ Desmond / Moore p. 94
  29. ↑ Desmond / Moore, p. 240
  30. ^ George Robert Waterhouse: Catalog of the mammalia preserved in the Museum of the Zoological Society of London . London 1838-1839
  31. ^ Reports of the council and auditors of the Zoological Society of London . 1837, p. 15
  32. ^ J. Gould: [Remarks on a Group of Ground Finches from Mr. Darwin's Collection, with Characters of the New Species]. In Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London Volume 5, pp. 4-7, 1838 (filed October 3, 1838); on-line
  33. ↑ Desmond / Moore p. 81
  34. ↑ Desmond / Moore p. 123
  35. ↑ Desmond / Moore p. 258
  36. ^ Charles Darwin to Leonard Jenyns, December 4, 1837, Letter 392 in The Darwin Correspondence Project (accessed September 17, 2008)
  37. ^ Georges Cuvier, Achille Valenciennes: Histoire Naturelle des Poissons . Chez FG Levrault, 1828-1848; part 1
  38. ↑ Patrick Syme: Werner's Nomenclature of Colors: With Additions, Arranged So as to Render it Highly Useful to the Arts and Sciences. Annexed to which are Examples Selected from Well-known Objects in the Animal, Vegetable, and Mineral Kingdoms. W. Blackwood, 1814; on-line
  39. ↑ Desmond / Moore p. 263
  40. ^ Charles Darwin to Smith, Elder & Co. , Jan. 14, 1843, Letter 658 in The Darwin Correspondence Project (accessed Aug. 15, 2008)

Web links

Commons : The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on November 4, 2008 .