John Gould
John Gould , (born September 14, 1804 in Lyme Regis , Dorset , † February 3, 1881 in London ) was a British ornithologist and animal painter . In early 1837, Gould recognized that the Galápagos finches brought back by Charles Darwin from his voyage on the HMS Beagle form a separate group. From 1838 to 1840 he himself undertook a 27 month zoological expedition to Australia and collected there together with John Gilbert(1812-1845) about 800 birds and about 70 mammals. After his return he created many works on the animal world of Australia , which were equipped with numerous color lithographs .
Live and act
At the age of 14, John Gould moved to Windsor to live with his uncle William Townsend Aiton , who looked after the Royal Gardens there. He soon became interested in natural history and among other things hunted birds along the Thames , which he then groomed. In this way, he quickly gained a good reputation as a taxidermist . When he was around 21, he moved to London and opened a business as such.
Around 1827, the London Zoological Society hired him as curator of their museum. In 1829 he married Elizabeth Coxen , a tutor and artist who later converted many of his drawings into lithographs for his works. Nicholas Aylward Vigors made it possible for Gould to publish his first independent publication on birds from the Himalayas in 1830 . A first volume on the birds of Europe followed in 1832 .
On January 4, 1837, Charles Darwin donated 450 of the birds and 80 mammals that he had collected during the trip with the HMS Beagle to the Zoological Society. Gould immediately began investigating the new birds and discovered that of the Galapagos Islands originating finch formed a new group. Just six days later he presented his findings about the group, later known as Darwin's finches , to the Zoological Society in London. Darwin asked Gould to edit the remaining birds for his planned multi-volume work The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle . Gould finish the manuscript. His wife made 50 lithographs based on his drawings. The final completion of the text was reserved for George Robert Gray , as the Gould family embarked for Australia on May 16, 1838 with their seven-year-old son Henry, their nephew Henry William Coxen (1823-1915) and John Gilbert .
Gould decided to publish a book on the birds of Australia. The suggestion came from his brothers-in-law Stephen and Charles Coxen (1809–1876) who had emigrated to Australia in the early 1830s and sent him various specimens from there to England. On board the Parsee , the Goulds arrived in Hobart on September 19, 1838 . There they met the Governor of Tasmania John Franklin , in whose house the pregnant Elizabeth stayed while her husband and John Gilbert explored the interior. Gilbert turned in Western Australia in particular to the area on the Swan River . Gould stayed in South Australia and explored the Murray River and Kangaroo Island , often with Charles Sturt . From his sister-in-law's estate in Yarrundi in the Hunter Valley , he surveyed the Liverpool Range . When the Goulds started their return journey from Sydney on April 9, 1840 without Gilbert , Gould and Gilbert had gathered about 800 birds and about 70 mammals.
Upon arriving in England on August 18, 1840, Gould immediately began work on The Birds of Australia . The first part of the 36-part work later appeared in December of the same year. After giving birth to their sixth child, Gould's wife died a year after returning from Australia. In addition to working on his panels on the Australian birds, which occupied him until 1848, he published monographs on kangaroos and toothed quail and began his three-volume work The Mammals of Australia in 1845 .
This was followed by an extensive seven-volume work on Asian birds, a work on hummingbirds and a work on the birds of New Guinea , which he could no longer complete. At his death in 1881, John Gould left 41 large volumes with around 3,000 plates.
Honors
On January 19, 1843, Gould was elected a member of the Royal Society . In 1853 he was proposed by Gustav Hartlaub as an honorary member of the German Ornithological Society and elected to it.
After Gould several animal species and subspecies have been named, including the olive-backed euphonia ( Euphonia gouldi ), the Gouldsturmvogel ( Pterodroma gouldi ), Gould Austral reed warbler ( Acrocephalus australis gouldi ), Gould's stork-billed kingfisher ( pelargopsis capensis gouldi ) that Gouldelfe ( Lophornis gouldii ), the Gould Arassari ( Selenidera gouldii ), the Gould-lobe bat ( Chalinobus gouldii ), the Blackfeet hutia ( Mesembriomys gouldii ) that Gould's mouse ( Pseudomys gouldii ), the turtle frog ( Myobatrachus gouldii ), the snake Parasuta gouldii and sand goanna ( Varanus gouldii ).
Fonts (selection)
- A Century of Birds, hitherto unfigured, from the Himalaya Mountains . London 1831-1832. In 20 parts with a total of 80 panels ( online ).
- The Birds of Europe . 5 volumes, London 1832–1837. In 22 parts with a total of 449 plates ( doi: 10.5962 / bhl.title.65989 ).
- A Monograph of the Ramphastidae, or Family of Toucans . London 1833-1835. In 3 parts with a total of 34 panels.
- A Monograph of the Trogonidae, or Family of Trogons . 1 volume, London 1835-1838. In 3 parts with a total of 36 panels.
- A Synopsis of the Birds of Australia and the adjacent Islands . London 1837-1838. In 4 parts with 18 plates each
- Icones Avium, or Figures and Descriptions of new and interesting Species of Birds from various parts of the Globe . London 1837-1838. In 2 parts with 3 panels each
- The Birds of Australia . 7 volumes, London 1840–1848. In 36 parts with a total of 681 panels ( online ).
- The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Beagle . Birds . London 1841
- A Monograph of the Macropodidae, or Family of Kangaroos . London 1841-1842. In 2 parts
- The Zoology of the Voyage of HMS Sulfur: Under the Command of Captain Sir Edward Belcher During the Years 1836-42. Birds . London 1843-1844. (Parts 3 and 4)
- Monograph of the Odontophorinae, or Partridges of America . London 1844–1850, In 3 parts with a total of 32 plates
- The Mammals of Australia . 3 volumes, London 1845–1863. In 12 parts ( online ).
- An introduction to the Birds of Australia . London 1848 ( online ).
- The Birds of Asia . 7 volumes, London 1850–1883. In 35 parts; Parts ( online ).
- An introduction to the Trochilidae, or family of humming-birds . London 1861 ( online ).
- Handbook to the Birds of Australia . 2 volumes, London 1865; online: Volume 1 , Volume 2
- A Monograph of the Trochilidae, or Family of Hummingbirds . London 1880-1887. In 5 parts (parts 3 to 5 by Richard Bowdler Sharpe )
- The Birds of New Guinea and the Adjacent Papuan Islands . London 1875-1888; completed by Richard Bowdler Sharpe; Parts ( online ).
proof
literature
- Samuel Austin Allibone : A Critical Dictionary of English Literature, and British and American Authors, Living and Deceased, from the Earliest Accounts to the Middle of the Nineteenth Century. Containing Thirty Thousand Biographies and Literary Notices, with Forty Indexes of Subjects , 3 volumes; Philadelphia: Childs & Peterson, 1859-1871
- AH Chisholm: Gould, John (1804-1881) ; in: Australian Dictionary of Biography , Volume 1; Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1966; Pp. 465–467 (online)
- August Carl Eduard Baldamus : Excerpt from the minutes of the seventh ornithologist meeting in Halberstadt . In: Naumannia . tape 3 , 1853, p. 113–126 ( online [accessed July 28, 2011]).
Individual evidence
- ↑ John Gould: Remarks on a Group of Ground Finches from Mr. Darwin's Collection, with Characters of the New Species ; in: Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London Volume 5, pp. 4-7, 1838 (filed October 3, 1838).
- ↑ August Carl Eduard Baldamus, p. 115
further reading
- Gordon C. Sauer: John Gould, the bird man: a chronology and bibliography ; London: H. Sotheran, 1982
- Gordon C. Sauer: John Gould the bird man: associates and subscribers ; Mansfield (CT): Maurizio Martino, 1995
- Gordon C. Sauer: John Gould, the bird man: bibliography 2 ; Staten Island (NY): Maurizio Martino, 1996
- Gordon C. Sauer, Ann Datta: John Gould, the bird man: correspondence, with a chronology of his life and works , 2 volumes; Mansfield Center (CT): Maurizio Martino, 1998
Web links
- Literature by and about John Gould in the catalog of the German National Library
- Entry to Gould; John (1804-1881) in the Archives of the Royal Society , London
- Gould's birds of Australia
- The Birds of Australia (Book of the Month July 2005)
- John Gould Inc.
personal data | |
---|---|
SURNAME | Gould, John |
BRIEF DESCRIPTION | British ornithologist |
DATE OF BIRTH | September 14, 1804 |
PLACE OF BIRTH | Lyme Regis , Dorset |
DATE OF DEATH | February 3, 1881 |
Place of death | London |