middle East
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The Middle East is a geographical name that is generally used today for the Arab states of the Middle East and Israel . In particular, the region of the Fertile Crescent and the Arabian Peninsula belong to the Middle East. Often, Cyprus , Turkey (in some cases only Anatolia ), Egypt (which is mainly in North Africa) and Iran are also included.
Historically, the term “Middle East” has referred to the area of the Ottoman Empire outside Europe since the 19th century .
The German term Middle East overlaps with the English term Middle East , but is not to be equated with it (see below ) .
expression
The term Middle East is coined from a European perspective that goes back to that of the Roman Empire . After the final division of the empire in 395 AD, the Western Roman Empire (Imperium Romanum Occidentalis) and the Eastern Roman Empire (Imperium Romanum Orientalis) emerged. After the end of the Western Roman Empire around AD 476, the title “Emperor of the West” (occidentalis) was inherited by the Empire of Charlemagne , later the “ Holy Roman Empire ”, whereas the Eastern Roman Emperor had the secondary title “Emperor of the East” “ (Orientalis) wore. It was therefore a Rome-centered worldview that was adopted in the areas of the Roman successor states in Europe as well as in the Islamic Empire . From this point of view, the countries of the Middle East are in the "East", which means that there is extensive overlap with the terms " Near East ", " Orient " and "Middle East".
near and Middle East
In German, a distinction is made between the Near East, the Middle East ( South Asia , Afghanistan and often Iran) and the Far East . Creates confusion at times that the region of the Middle East in English as Middle East and in many Middle Eastern languages translated respectively as "Middle East" is referred to, including Arabic الشرق الأوسط asch-scharq al-awsat , DMG aš-šarq al-ausaṭ , Hebrew המזרח התיכון haMizrach haTichon , Turkish Orta Doğu , Kurdish rojhilata navîn and Persian خاور میانه, DMG ḫāwar-e miyāne . The G8 definition of the Middle East even includes all of North Africa (countries bordering the Mediterranean).
In English, in addition to the Middle East, there is also the term Near East , which originally corresponded to the historical Middle East term. The British term Near East was used from around 1850 until the end of the Ottoman Empire for the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire without Iran. At that time the Middle East referred to the area from Iran via Afghanistan and the Caucasus to Central Asia . If it is still used today, it is in an unspecified meaning. Many use it synonymously with "Middle East", the American dictionary Merriam Webster defines it as the countries in Southwest Asia and Northeast Africa from Libya to Afghanistan , and archaeologists, geographers and historians understand it primarily Anatolia , the Levant and Mesopotamia .
Orient, Middle East
In a more religious-cultural sense, Orient or Orient is mostly used for the area of the Middle East in a political or geographical sense; the Near East is blurred according to the Near East . The world of the Orient employed many European poets and writers, for example, see Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's West-Eastern Divan , Hermann Hesse's novel Journey to the East or the adventurous Orient-tales of the Hermann von Pückler-Muskau , the bestsellers were and to tell figure of Munchausen led . In terms of culture and morals, the Orient is a collection of contrary attributions and fantastic ideas in the mirror image of Western culture. One can say that the Orient is in this religious-cultural-historical sense what the Occident , the West , is not.
Overview of states, areas and regions
supporting documents
See also
literature
- Jeremy Salt: The Unmaking of the Middle East. A History of Western Disorder in Arab Lands . University of California Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-520-26170-9 .
- Bernhard Chiari , Dieter H. Kollmer (ed.) With the collaboration of Martin Rink : Guide to the history of the Middle East. 2nd revised edition, on behalf of the Military History Research Office , Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn and others. 2009, ISBN 978-3-506-76759-2 .
- Pure amber: From Gaza to Geneva. The Geneva Peace Initiative of Israelis and Palestinians . Wochenschau-Verlag, Schwalbach / Ts 2005.
- Peter Pawelka, Lutz Richter-Bernburg (ed.): Religion, culture and politics in the Middle East . VS Verlag, 2004, ISBN 3-531-14098-1 .
- Volker Perthes : Secret Gardens - The New Arab World . Goldmann, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-442-15274-7 .
- Volker Perthes: From War to Competition - Regional Politics and the Search for a New Arab-Middle Eastern Order . Nomos Verlag, 2000, ISBN 3-7890-6712-1 .
- Abdoldjavad Falaturi (Ed.): Islam: Space - History - Religion. Volume 1, The Islamic Orient, Cologne 1990.
- Margret Boveri : Deserts, Minarets and Mosques - In the car through the ancient Orient . With a foreword by Peter Scholl-Latour . wjs-Verlag, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-937989-06-4 (travel report).
- Alfred Schlicht: The Arabs and Europe . Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2008.
Web links
- Henner Fürtig : What is the Middle East? - An introduction. Federal Agency for Civic Education, February 1, 2013
- Richard N. Haass : The New Middle East . In: Foreign Affairs , November / December 2006.
- aljazeera.com - Al Jazeera news from the region
- bbc.co.uk middle_east - BBC news from the region
- Dossiers on the Middle East in the 20th Century press kit of the ZBW - Leibniz Information Center for Economics .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Middle East. Bibliographisches Institut & FA Brockhaus AG, 2000.
- ↑ See blessing of the Roman bishop Urbi et orbi .
- ↑ Even in today's Arab world , between "the place of sunrise" ( Arabic المشرق, DMG al- Mašriq ) east of today's Libya and "the place of the sunset" ( Arabic المغرب, DMG al- Maġrib ) to the west of Egypt, whereby this geographical dividing line corresponds approximately to the previous border line between the Western and Eastern Roman Empire after its division after 395 AD.
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↑ Near East . In: Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 2008.
Middle East . In: Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 2008 (both in English; accessed November 28, 2008) - ↑ World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations. Retrieved November 18, 2017 .
- ^ IMF Data . In: IMF . ( imf.org [accessed November 18, 2017]).
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^ A b
Bennett Zimmerman, Roberta Seid, Michael L. Wise: The Million Person Gap: The Arab Population in the West Bank and Gaza. (PDF; 2.13 MB) 2006.
Bennett Zimmerman, Michael Wise: Defusing the demographic time bomb. ( Memento of December 28, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Spring 2008, inFocus, Vol. 2 (1) (English; accessed November 28, 2008)
Yoram Ettinger: The Palestinian census: Smoke & mirrors. Ynet. February 11, 2008, published on israelinsider (accessed November 28, 2008) - ↑ a b Palestinian Census 2007: Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (February 2008). Population, housing and establishment Census-2007. Press conference on the preliminary findings (Population, buildings, housing units and establishments). (PDF; 147 kB) p. 14, from the pages of the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (Arabic, English) accessed November 28, 2008
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↑ The World Factbook ( en ), United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), November 14, 2006, cia.gov
The Million Person Gap: The Arab Population in the West Bank and Gaza; B. Zimmerman, R. Seid and ML Wise; The Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, Bar-Ilan University; February, 2006 The Million Person Gap: The Arab Population in the West Bank and Gaza (PDF; 2.13 MB)
Sergio Della Pergola, "Letter to the editor", Azure , 2007, no. 27, azure.org.il ( Memento of May 5, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Sergio Della Pergola criticizes the authors of the study on the “Palestinian Census 2007” for serious statistical and methodological deficiencies.
- ↑ Martin Gehlen : The Middle East as we know it emerged exactly 100 years ago when the British and French drew new borders - a betrayal for the Arabs, a disaster for the region . Zeit Online , May 16, 2016
Coordinates: 33 ° N , 36 ° E