Turkish lira

lira
1 Turkish lira
Country:	Ottoman Empire 1884–1922, Turkey from 1923    Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (not recognized) Hatay Republic 1938–1939
Subdivision:	100 kurus
ISO 4217 code :	TRY
Abbreviation:	TL ₺
Exchange rate : (May 28, 2021)	1  EUR  = 10.4398 TRY 1 TRY = 0.0958 EUR 1  CHF  = 9.5254 TRY 1 TRY = 0.105 CHF

The Turkish lira ( Turkish turk lirası , related to Latin libra : the pound, therefore sometimes - outdated - Turkish pound , ISO code TRY ) is the currency of the Republic of Turkey and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is not recognized under international law . From 2005 to the end of 2008 it was officially called the new Turkish lira ( yeni turk lirası ); this unit was introduced by a currency conversion on January 1, 2005, with one million old Turkish lira being converted to a new Turkish lira.

Foreign exchange regulations

The Turkish lira has been fully convertible since 1989 , so that domestic and foreign natural and legal persons can make ongoing payments and capital transactions in foreign currencies without any restrictions. Every holder of domestic means of payment and foreign currency has the right to exchange them for foreign or domestic means of payment without restriction at the parity rate . The import and export of varieties in Turkish lira is unlimited, export needs from 5000 US dollars or the equivalent in TL declared to be.

history

During the Ottoman Empire , the Akçe silver coin existed under Orhan I from 1327 . This was followed in 1690 by the introduction of the silver coin Kuruş ( "Groschen" ; abbreviation krş ). After the currency reform of Abdülmecid I , the Ottoman Lira ( Turkish Osmanlı Lirası ) replaced the Kuruş as the main currency in 1844 , but it remained as a 1/100 subdivision of the Ottoman Lira. The Ottoman Lira was formally divided into 100  piasters . The associated subunit was also the Para , which formed the fortieth part of a Kuruş. From the Ottoman Bank were monetary units emitted between five and 5,000 Kuruş. In 1875 the Ottoman Empire was only able to meet part of its national debts ; in 1876 it completely stopped servicing its debts . Nevertheless, the gold standard remained until 1881.

In October 1923, the then New Turkish Lira ( Turkish Yeni Türk Lirası ) came into circulation. The prefix new was used to distinguish it from the old currency that was valid until 1923 and was later dropped. After the war, their value was roughly one ninth of the gold lira. The Turkish lira has suffered from the high inflation rate since the 1970s, which peaked at around 125% in the mid-1990s. The Guinness Book of Records “recognized ” the Turkish Lira as the currency with the least stable value in 1995 and 1996, as well as from 1999 to 2004.

Currency average 2005

After the turn of the millennium, the Turkish central bank planned to convert the currency again. This was originally not supposed to be carried out until 2006, but was brought forward due to the sharp fall in inflation (in 2005 it was seven percent, while the mean inflation rate between 1971 and 2002 was over 40 percent).

On January 1, 2005, the Turkish Republic carried out a currency cut, 1,000,000 old lira (ISO code TRL) were exchanged for a new lira (ISO code TRY). For a transitional period until December 31, 2005, the old banknotes were accepted as a means of payment, the kurus, which had been withdrawn from circulation over 20 years earlier, were reintroduced (100 kurus = 1 new lira). As of January 1, 2009, the new prefix was dropped and new cash without this prefix was put into circulation. The new notes are much more forgery-proof than the old ones. In daily use, the abbreviation YTL (instead of TRY) is often found to this day.

The currency cut was part of the reform efforts of the Turkish state to meet the criteria for EU membership . Turkey hoped that the new currency unit would, on the one hand, achieve a psychological stabilization of the lira (the low numbers on the bills should give people back their confidence in the currency), on the other hand, they achieved a significant improvement in everyday life, as price displays became clearer after 2005. The decline in the rate of the Turkish currency, which has been common over many years, has actually been stopped for a few years (until 2012).

Inflation and currency depreciation

See also : Turkish currency and debt crisis 2018

The Turkish / Ottoman currency has always suffered from enormous inflation . For example, under Prime Minister Adnan Menderes (1950–1960) the cost of living more than doubled; During his tenure, he eightfold the national debt and the money in circulation.

The lira's depreciation was greater than that of many other currencies. Until 1970 the loss in value averaged eight percent per year. From 1970 inflation was at times significantly higher. From 2001 to 2007 the rate of the lira against the US dollar rose slightly, after which it fell again:

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Exchange rate of the euro to the old and new Turkish lira since 1999 (source: ECB)

The rate of the lira for one US dollar

Year / date	Course in lira	Note / link
1933	2 TRL
1966	9 TRL
1970	13 TRL
1980	90 TRL
1988	1,300 TRL
1995	46,000 TRL
1998	262,000 TRL
2000	624,000 TRL
2002	1,490,000 TRL
2004	1,410,000 TRL	= 1.41 TRY
2006	1.43 TRY000
2008	1.30 000TRY
2010	1.51 000TRY
2011	1.89 000TRY
2012	1.79 000TRY
2013	2.30 000TRY	up to 2.84 TRY
2014	2.30 000TRY
July 2015	2.70 000TRY
2016	3.30 000TRY
November 2017	000TRY 3.96
April 2018	4.19 000TRY
15th May 2018	4.3972 0TRY
23 May 2018	4.9253 0TRY
3rd August 2018	5.1133 0TRY
August 10, 2018	6.6564 0TRY
August 13, 2018	7.24 000TRY
3rd October 2018	000TRY 6.00
5th November 2018	5.30 000TRY
18th March 2019	5.83083 TRY
May 6, 2019	6.09488 TRY
May 9, 2019	6.24428 TRY
March 15, 2020	6.34016 TRY
April 19, 2020	6.95514 TRY
April 30, 2020	7.03901 TRY
May 6, 2020:	7.19778 TRY
August 14, 2020	7.38641 TRY
August 25, 2020	7.40586 TRY
September 9, 2020	7.49662 TRY
September 18, 2020	7.57471 TRY
September 25, 2020	7.66939 TRY
29th September 2020	7.85120 TRY
October 7, 2020	7.86522 TRY
October 9, 2020	7.95411 TRY
October 23, 2020	7.97697 TRY
October 26, 2020	8.09282 TRY
October 30, 2020	8.38363 TRY
November 6, 2020	8.57783 TRY
March 31, 2021	8.25899 TRY
April 26, 2021	8.47678 TRY

TRY = Yeni Turk Lirası

On January 1, 1999, the euro was introduced as book money in many EU countries ; TL inflation was high (also measured against the euro). B. at the beginning of 2013 you had to pay 2.30 TL for 1 euro; on December 24, 2013 it was about 2.84 TL. The exchange rate of the TL against the euro fell by 19 percent in one year.

In August 2013, the yield on ten-year bonds rose to nominally over 10 percent. At the same time, inflation of 8.8 percent was expected or feared for 2013 as a whole.

Since November 2017, the exchange rate of the Turkish lira to the dollar and the euro has repeatedly hit new lows. On November 21, 2017, 4.67 lira were paid for one euro and 3.97 lira for one dollar. On May 15, 2018, one euro cost 5.2480 lira and one US dollar 4.3972 lira. President Erdoğan had previously announced in London that the Turkish central bank would also be affected by the presidential system after the presidential election . You will have to regularly take note of his statements and act accordingly. The central bank is independent even after the switch to the presidential system, but it cannot ignore the signals from the president as head of the executive, said Erdoğan. He justified his right to a say in monetary policy issues with an accountability to the citizens. Ultimately, they are directly affected by interest rate decisions by the central bank: "Since they will ask the president about them, we have to convey the image of a president who is efficient in monetary policy."

On May 23, 2018, the lira fell to an exchange rate of 5.7086 per euro. This prompted the central bank, against the declared will of President Erdoğan, who had previously spoken out in favor of lower key interest rates, to raise the key interest rate for late lending from 13.5% to 16.5%, which was decided in an extraordinary meeting. In the future, they are ready to use all available instruments if necessary. The central bank received support from Deputy Prime Minister Mehmet Şimşek , who declared: “It is time to restore monetary policy credibility”. Analysts saw a “clear symptom of a currency crisis” ( Commerzbank ) and doubted the effectiveness of the central bank measure, since the central bank's credibility could already be “irreparably damaged” ( WestLB ). Due to the ongoing weakness of the currency, President Erdoğan addressed the population as follows on May 26, 2018 at an election rally in Erzurum : "My brothers, who have dollars or euros under their pillows, go and exchange your money for lira."

On June 7, 2018, the central bank raised the interest rate by 1.25 percentage points to 17.75 percent. Earlier it became known that inflation was 1.3 percentage points higher in May (12.15% after 10.85%) than in April.

On August 3, 2018, the lira fell to a new record low: 5.9276 lira had to be paid for one euro and 5.1133 lira for one US dollar. According to the statistics office, consumer prices had already risen by 15.85% year-on-year in July. This was the highest inflation rate since October 2003. In June the rate was 15.39%. As a result, the devaluation accelerated and on August 6, the lira hit a new low of 6.2624 lira for one euro and 5.4208 lira for one US dollar. After US President Donald Trump ordered higher tariffs on steel and aluminum from Turkey, the rate of the lira temporarily fell to 7.61 lira for one euro and 6.87 lira for one US dollar on August 10. Before the higher US punitive tariffs came into effect, the lira fell further to a record low of 7.24 lira for one US dollar when the Asian stock exchange opened on August 13, 2018. In relation to the euro, the (new) lira exceeded the mark of 8 Turkish lira per euro for the first time. As the statistics office announced on September 3, 2018, consumer prices rose by 17.9% year-on-year in August 2018. This was the highest rate of inflation since September 2003 and exceeded analyst fears. Inflation in Turkey reached 24.5% in September 2018 and 25.2% in October 2018, the highest level since mid-2003, according to the national statistical office.

The lira hit a three-month high in early November 2018.

From September 2018 onwards, the (official) exchange rate stabilized at around 6 lira for one euro, only to temporarily rise above the 6.50 lira mark for one euro at the end of March 2019. At the end of April 2019, the exchange rate fell again, to 6.8293 lira per euro. This continued in the following months:

Rate of the lira for one euro

Year / date	Course in lira	link
May 9, 2019	7.01258 TRY
March 16, 2020	7.20317 TRY
March 28, 2020	7.20755 TRY
April 15, 2020	7.57202 TRY
April 30, 2020	7.74042 TRY
May 2, 2020	7.7798 TRY
May 7, 2020	7.84511 TRY
29th July 2020	8.24718 TRY
August 6, 2020	8.62674 TRY
August 7, 2020	8.70174 TRY
August 14, 2020	8.75014 TRY
August 18, 2020	8.81659 TRY
September 10, 2020	8.87842 TRY
September 21, 2020	8.99301 TRY
September 24, 2020	9.00258 TRY
29th September 2020	9.21058 TRY
October 7, 2020	9.24547 TRY
October 9, 2020	9.36612 TRY
October 23, 2020	9.44401 TRY
October 30, 2020	9.79506 TRY
3rd November 2020	9.99779 TRY
November 6, 2020	10.18800 TRY
March 31, 2021	9.68887 TRY
April 26, 2021	10.2653 TRY

The COVID-19 pandemic is also rampant in Turkey . Income from tourism - most recently US $ 36 billion a year - has plummeted; income from exports (most recently 180 billion US dollars) has fallen by 40%.

The central bank president, Naci Ağbal , who was only appointed in November 2020, was dismissed by President Erdoğan in mid-March 2021 and replaced by Şahap Kavcıoğlu (AKP) after raising the key rate to 19 percent two days earlier. The next working day, the lira fell by around 15 percent. On March 30, 2021, Erdoğan also fired Murat Çetinkaya, deputy chairman of the seven-member Central Bank Council, whereupon the currency continued to decline. He was succeeded by the former Morgan Stanley banker Mustafa Duman. Both dismissals were made without explanation. On April 26, the lira fell to a new record low of 10.26 lira. As early as May 28th, up to 8.6145 lira were paid for one dollar and up to 10.4745 lira for one euro.

Output forms

There are banknotes in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 lira, coins over 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 kurus and 1 lira. Just like before the currency reform, 100 kurus correspond to one new lira. On the front of the banknotes and on the back of the coins there are portraits of the Turkish state founder Mustafa Kemal Ataturk . These images are not all the same, but come from different phases of his life. Cultural and natural monuments are depicted on the back of the banknotes .

The Turkish 1 lira coin, introduced in 2005, is similar to the 2 euro coin with its silver core and gold (brass) edge , and its size and weight are also similar; the same applies to the 50 Kuruş coin, also introduced in 2005, which can be confused with the 1 euro coin. However, the value of the coins was only around a third in 2005, and in early August 2020 only around a seventeenth of the euro coins. In the case of the coins introduced in 2009 (same denominations as before, i.e. 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 Kurus and 1 Lira), the colors of the two largest values ​​were swapped. The 50 Kuruş coin is now gold-colored on the inside and silver-colored on the outside, the 1-lira coin is now silver-colored on the inside and gold-colored on the outside.

Banknotes

First series (E1)

The Republic of Turkey was proclaimed on October 29, 1923. On December 30, 1925, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey decided in law number 701 ( Mevcut Evrak-ı Nakdiyenin Yenileriyle İstibdaline Dair Kanun ) to print the first Turkish banknotes. For this purpose, a commission consisting of one representative from each bank was convened. The then finance minister Abdülhalik Renda headed the commission. The commission discussed the value and appearance of the new banknotes and after nine months decided that seven different banknotes with the values ​​1 lira, 5 lira, 10 lira, 50 lira, 100 lira, 500 lira and 1000 lira should be printed.

The first series (E1) was printed by the English company Thomas De La Rue . It was put into circulation on December 5, 1927. On December 4, 1927, the Ottoman banknotes used until then were withdrawn from circulation. These old Ottoman banknotes lost their value on September 4th, 1928.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk's portrait was depicted on the front of the banknotes.

Second series (E2)

Since the first series had been printed before the alphabet reform ( November 1, 1928 ), new banknotes now had to be printed with the new Latin letters. The values ​​were still printed in Ottoman and French on the banknotes of the first series.

The Grand National Assembly of Turkey decided on June 11, 1930 in law number 1715 to establish the Turkish Central Bank ( Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası ). The bank started its work on October 3, 1931. Towards the end of the 1930s, the company was working on founding its own banknote printing company. The outbreak of World War II and the subsequent economic crisis prevented this first attempt.

The banknotes of the second series had the following values: 50 Kurus, 1 Lira, 2½ Lira, 5 Lira, 10 Lira, 50 Lira, 100 Lira, 500 Lira and 1000 Lira. The 50 Kuruş banknotes were printed in Germany and the other banknotes again in England. These banknotes came into circulation between 1938 and 1944.

In addition to Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, İsmet İnönü was now also depicted on the banknotes of the second series .

Third series (E3)

The portrait of Ataturk was replaced in the third series by the portrait of İsmet İnönü. It was circulated between 1942 and 1947. Their values ​​were 2½ lira, 10 lira, 50 lira, 100 lira, 500 lira and 1000 lira. This series was printed in Germany, England and the USA.

Fourth series (E4)

The fourth series consisted of 10 lira and 100 lira banknotes. It was printed in the United States and circulated between 1947 and 1948. On these banknotes, too, only the portraits of İnönü could be seen.

Fifth series (E5)

The fifth series was put into circulation between 1951 and 1971 (values: 1 lira, 2½ lira, 5 lira, 10 lira, 50 lira, 100 lira, 500 lira and 1000 lira). İnönü's picture disappeared from the banknotes and Mustafa Kemal Ataturk's portrait was reprinted on the banknotes. These were first printed in England, and only later from 1958 in the Republic of Turkey.

The failed attempts to found their own banknote printing company were resumed in 1951, and so the first banknotes could be printed in the Republic of Turkey in 1958. The first banknote printed was a 100 lira note.

Sixth series (E6)

The sixth series was put into circulation between 1966 and 1983 (values: 5 lira, 10 lira, 20 lira, 50 lira, 100 lira, 500 lira and 1000 lira). All banknotes were printed in the Republic of Turkey.

Seventh series (E7)

Seventh Series (E7) 100,000 Lira Banknote

The banknotes of the seventh series were put into circulation from 1979. All banknotes were printed in the Republic of Turkey. The seventh series was withdrawn from circulation on January 1, 2006 and lost its value in 2016.

The following values ​​were output:

• 10 lira
• 100 lira
• 500 lira
• 1,000 lira
• 5,000 lira
• 10,000 lira
• 20,000 lira
• 50,000 lira
• 100,000 lira
• 250,000 lira
• 500,000 lira
• 1,000,000 lira
• 5,000,000 lira
• 10,000,000 lira
• 20,000,000 lira

Eighth series (E8)

The eighth series was put into circulation on January 1, 2005 (values: 1 lira, 5 lira, 10 lira, 20 lira, 50 lira and 100 lira). It is the first series after the 2005 currency cut . All banknotes were printed in the Republic of Turkey.

Ninth series (E9)

The ninth series was put into circulation on January 1, 2009. The ninth series is the current and final series.

9th series banknotes

value	picture		front	back	Dimensions
5 lira			Mustafa Kemal Ataturk	Aydın Sayılı , historian of science	64 × 130 mm
10 lira			Mustafa Kemal Ataturk	Cahit Arf , Turkish mathematician	64 × 136 mm
20 lira			Mustafa Kemal Ataturk	Mimar Kemaleddin , main building of Gazi Üniversitesi , aqueduct	68 × 142 mm
50 lira			Mustafa Kemal Ataturk	Fatma Aliye , flowers and literary figures	68 × 148 mm
100 lira			Mustafa Kemal Ataturk	Buhurizade Itri , sheet music, instruments and a Mevlevi figure	72 × 154 mm
200 lira			Mustafa Kemal Ataturk	Yunus Emre , Emres Mausoleum, Rose, with the saying Emres: Sevelim - Sevilelim (Let us love and be loved)	72 × 160 mm

Coins

Since January 1st, 2009 the following coins of the Turkish Lira have been issued:

Face value	picture		front	back	material	Weight in grams	Diameter in mm	Thickness in mm	edge
1 Kurus			snowdrop	Mustafa Kemal Ataturk	70%  Cu , 30% Zn	2.20	16.50	1.35	smooth
5 kurus			tree of Life	Mustafa Kemal Ataturk	65% Cu, 18% Ni , 17% Zn	2.90	17.5	1.65	smooth
10 kurus			ornament	Mustafa Kemal Ataturk	65% Cu, 18% Ni, 17% Zn	3.15	18.50	1.65	smooth
25 Kurus			ornament	Mustafa Kemal Ataturk	65% Cu, 18% Ni, 17% Zn	4.00	20.50	1.65	corrugated
50 kurus			Bridge of the Martyrs of July 15th	Mustafa Kemal Ataturk	Ring: 65% Cu, 18% Ni, 17% Zn Core: 79% Cu, 17% Zn, 4% Ni	6.80	23.85	1.90	corrugated
1 lira			ornament	Mustafa Kemal Ataturk	Ring: 79% Cu, 17% Zn, 4% Ni Core: 65% Cu, 18% Ni, 17% Zn	8.20	26.15	1.90	Letters and tulips

Special issues

Special issue of the 1 lira coin for the 10th anniversary of the Turkish Olympics

The Mint of the Turkish Central Bank (TCMB) issued the 1 lira coin in 2012 to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the Turkish Olympics . While the front remained the same, the writing “Turkish Olympiads 10th Year” ( Türkçe Olimpiyatları 10th Yıl ) was embossed on the back . A total of 1,000,000 copies of this coin are in circulation.

The replacement of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk with writing sparked a broad discussion in Turkey. Because the founder of the state is venerated by the Turks to this day, it was found that this could not simply be replaced by any script if the coin can still be spent as normal money.

Currency symbol

Currency symbol

On March 1, 2012, the Turkish Central Bank (TCMB) presented a currency symbol for the Turkish currency. In the run-up, there was a competition in which 8,362 proposals, mainly from the population, were submitted. An anchor-like symbol was chosen, which is supposed to symbolize the stability of the currency (“safe haven”). The two lines, which are inclined upwards by 20 degrees, symbolize the prosperity of the Turkish economy.

The winner of the competition was the 33-year-old geologist Tülay Lale, who won the prize money of 25,000 TL. The central bank made modifications to its draft. The tip of the “anchor” was lengthened, the double line was inclined upwards and their length ratios were based on the golden ratio .

In May 2012 it was decided to use the Unicode of U + 20BA ₺ (HTML: & # 8378;). It has been available since Unicode 6.2, which was published in September 2012. It was the only icon added in version 6.2.

The currency symbol is also written in front of the number for the first time.

Web links

Commons : Turkish Lira  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Notes and coins, front and back from 2005 to the end of 2009
• Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (Turkish, English)
• Graphical and numerical representation of the course TRY / €
• Turkey: a country is losing millions of millionaires . In: taz , January 4, 2005; about the context of the introduction of the new currency
• Current and historical banknotes of Turkey
• Fitch downgrades Turkey to junk level . FAZ.net, January 27, 2017

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Article VIII Section 4 in conjunction with Article IV of the IMF Agreement
2. ↑ Sevket Pamuk: A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire . 2001, p. 163 (English).
3. ^ Heiko Schuss: Economic culture and institutions in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey . 2008, p. 124 .
4. ↑ Public Announcement As To The Removal Of The Prefix "New" From The New Turkish Lira . ( Memento from September 20, 2016 in the Internet Archive )
5. ↑ The Old Turks . In: Der Spiegel . No. 24 , 1960 ( online ).
6. ↑ ^{a b c} Oanda, annual averages
7. ↑ Finance Net
8. ↑ Why Lira, Ruble & Co are staggering , April 12, 2018.
9. ↑ ^{a b c} Threat against central bank: Erdoğan statement pushes Turkish currency to record low . Spiegel Online , May 15, 2018.
10. ↑ ^{a b c} Against Erdoğan's will: Turkish central bank stabilizes lira . n-tv.de, May 24, 2018. The Turkish central bank cannot support the lira . FAZ.net, May 24, 2018
11. ↑ ^{a b c d} finanzen.net
12. ↑ ^{a b} Before the US punitive tariffs come into force: Turkish lira sinks to a new record low . Spiegel Online , August 12, 2018.
13. ↑ The euro appreciated against the TL by a good 23 percent (2.84 / 2.3 = 1.23)
14. ↑ Turkish central bank accelerates the lira crash . WSJ.de
15. ↑ Tensions with America: Turkish lira falls to record low. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . November 21, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2017 . 
16. ↑ ECB euro reference exchange rate: Turkish lira (TRY). European Central Bank, accessed August 10, 2018 . 
17. ↑ Renewed exchange rate losses: Turkish lira on the downside again despite interest rate hike. finanzen.net, accessed on August 7, 2018 . 
18. ↑ Turkish lira plummets again despite interest rate hike . Handelsblatt.com, May 24, 2018.
19. ↑ Currency crisis in Turkey: Erdoğan calls on citizens to buy support in the lira . Spiegel Online , May 26, 2018.
20. ↑ Turkish central bank continues to raise key interest rate . FAZ.net
21. ↑ finanzen.net
22. ↑ Inflation in Turkey rises to 15.85 percent . Wirtschaftswoche, August 3, 2018.
23. ↑ Turkish lira collapses by a fifth after new US punitive tariffs . In: manager-magazin.de, August 10, 2018; accessed on August 10, 2018.
24. ↑ Turkish lira in free fall. In: Westdeutsche Zeitung . August 10, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018 . 
25. ↑ finanzen.net
26. ↑ Turkish lira continues to decline. In: orf.at . August 13, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018 . 
27. ↑ Inflation in Turkey is rising to its highest level in 15 years . Handelsblatt , September 3, 2018.
28. ↑ Inflation in Turkey rises to more than 25 percent . Spiegel Online , November 5, 2018.
29. ↑ XE: USD / TRY Currency Chart. US Dollar to Turkish Lira Rates. Retrieved November 6, 2018 . 
30. ↑ XE: EUR / TRY Currency Chart. Euro to Turkish Lira Rates. Retrieved April 7, 2019 . 
31. ↑ XE: EUR / TRY Currency Chart. Euro to Turkish Lira Rates. Retrieved May 6, 2019 . 
32. ↑ Turkey in the perfect storm . taz.de, May 12, 2020
33. ↑ Erdogan keeps firing . FAZ.net
34. ↑ The decline of the Turkish lira takes on historic proportions . Handelsblatt, April 26, 2021.
35. ↑ FAZ.net April 26, 2021: Biden plunges Turkish lira into new crisis
36. ↑ Turkish lira at record low . Süddeutsche Zeitung, May 28, 2021.
37. ↑ http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/iletisimgm/TLSimge/TLSimge_teknik.jpg ( Memento from February 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
38. ↑ Unicode 6.2.0 unicode.org (English) accessed on February 24, 2013.

Links to rate tables

1. ↑ XE: USD / TRY Currency Chart. US Dollar to Turkish Lira Rates. Retrieved November 6, 2018 . 
2. ↑ XE: USD / TRY Currency Chart. US Dollar to Turkish Lira Rates. Retrieved November 6, 2018 . 
3. ↑ Link above, accessed on Nov. 25, 2018
4. ↑ above link, accessed on June 6, 2018
5. ↑ above link, accessed on May 17, 2019
6. ↑ above link, accessed on March 15, 2020
7. ↑ above link, accessed on April 21, 2020
8. ↑ above link, accessed on May 1, 2020
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10. ↑ above link, accessed on Aug. 14, 2020
11. ↑ above link, accessed on Aug. 25, 2020
12. ↑ above link, accessed on 10 Sep. 2020
13. ↑ Link above, accessed on Sep. 18. 2020
14. ↑ above link, accessed on 26 Sep. 2020
15. ↑ Link above, accessed on Sep. 29. 2020
16. ↑ above link, accessed on October 7, 2020
17. ↑ above link, accessed on October 7, 2020
18. ↑ above link, accessed on October 23, 2020
19. ↑ above link, accessed on Oct. 26, 2020
20. ↑ above link, accessed on October 31, 2020
21. ↑ Link above, accessed on Nov. 6, 2020
22. ↑ above link, accessed on March 31, 2021
23. ↑ above link, accessed on April 26, 2021

1. ↑ XE: EUR / TRY Currency Chart. Euro to Turkish Lira Rates. Retrieved May 17, 2019 . 
2. ↑ above link, accessed on March 22, 2020
3. ↑ above link, accessed on March 29, 2020
4. ↑ above link, accessed on April 20, 2020
5. ↑ above link, accessed on May 1, 2020
6. ↑ above link, accessed on May 3, 2020
7. ↑ above link, accessed on May 11, 2020
8. ↑ above link, accessed on July 29, 2020
9. ↑ above link, accessed on Aug. 6, 2020
10. ↑ above link, accessed on Aug. 12, 2020
11. ↑ above link, accessed on Aug. 14, 2020
12. ↑ above link, accessed on Aug. 25, 2020
13. ↑ above link, accessed on 10 Sep. 2020
14. ↑ Link above, accessed on Sep. 18. 2020
15. ↑ above link, accessed on 26 Sep. 2020
16. ↑ Link above, accessed on Sep. 29. 2020
17. ↑ above link, accessed on October 7, 2020
18. ↑ above link, accessed on October 9, 2020
19. ↑ above link, accessed on October 23, 2020
20. ↑ above link, accessed on October 31, 2020
21. ↑ above link, accessed on Nov. 4, 2020
22. ↑ above link, accessed on Nov. 8, 2020
23. ↑ above link, accessed on March 31, 2021
24. ↑ above link, accessed on April 26, 2021