Fatma Aliye Topuz

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Fatma Aliye Topuz

Fatma Aliye Topuz , also Fatma Aliye or Fatma Aliye Hanım , (born October 9, 1862 in Istanbul , † July 13, 1936 there ) was a Turkish author and suffragette. She was one of the first Turkish and Muslim women writers. Her portrait has been on the back of the Turkish 50 lira banknote since 2009.

Life

Fatma Aliye was born in 1862 as the second of three children of the chief administrative officer and historian Ahmed Cevdet Pasha (1822-1895) and his wife Adviye Rabia Hanım. Her siblings were the philosopher Ali Sedat and the women's rights activist Emine Semiye Önasya .

Due to her father's position as provincial governor of Ottoman Egypt and later Greece, she spent the years 1866 to 1868 in Aleppo and in 1875 in Ioannina for six months . In 1878 she lived with her family for nine months in Damascus , where her father had been called.

As was the custom for girls at the time, Fatma Aliye was privately tutored at home. She learned Arabic and French.

In 1879, the father of seventeen-year-old Fatma Aliye arranged a marriage with Captain Mehmet Faik Bey, an aide-de-camp of Sultan Abdülhamid II and nephew of Osman Nuri Pasha , the hero of the Battle of Pleven . The couple had four daughters. Fatma Aliye's youngest daughter, Zübeyde İsmet, converted to Christianity in 1926 and left Turkey to become a Roman Catholic nun. Fatma Aliye traveled to France several times in the 1920s to visit her daughter and recover from illness. Her husband died in 1928. Fatma Aliye adopted the family name "Topuz" after a new family name law from 1934 prescribed family names.

After years of illness, Fatma Aliye died in Istanbul on July 13, 1936 and was buried in Istanbul's Feriköy Cemetery .

Literary work

Toupz's husband was far less educated than his wife and forbade her to read foreign language novels during the first years of their marriage. In 1889 Fatma Aliye Topuz began her literary work with the translation of Georges Ohnet's novel Volonté from French into Turkish under the title Meram . The book was published under her pseudonym Bir Hanım (Eng: "A Lady"). The eminent writer Ahmed Midhat Efendi was so impressed by her that he extensively praised her in the Tercüman-ı Hakikat newspaper . With her translation she also caught the attention of her father, who from then on taught her and exchanged ideas with her. After the praise for the translation of the work, she took the pseudonym Mütercime-i Meram (German: "The translator of Meram") for the following translations .

In 1894 she was the co-author of the novel Hayal ve Hakikat ("Dream and Truth"), which she wrote with Ahmed Midhat. She wrote the heroine's passages while Midhat wrote the male characters' sections. Bir Kadın ve Ahmed Midhat ("A Woman and Ahmed Midhat") were named as authors . After working together, the two authors exchanged long correspondence, which was also printed in the newspaper Tercüman-ı Hakikat .

Fatma Aliye published her first novel, Muhazarat, in 1892 under her real name. It was the first novel published by a woman in the Ottoman Empire . Her second novel Udi ("The Lute Player"), published in 1899, describes an oud player who Fatma Aliye met in Aleppo. It tells the story of Bedia and their unhappy marriage in clear words. The other novels were Raf'et (1898), Enin (1910) and Levaih-i Hayat .

In her works she repeatedly addresses marriage and love. Despite their rather conservative understanding of their roles, independent and self-confident heroines appear again and again in their works, who work and earn money independently of a man.

In 1893 Fatma Aliye became known to a large audience through the publication of Ahmed Midhat's book Bir Muharrire-i Osmaniye'nin Neşeti ("The Birth of the Ottoman Writer"). The book is based on the letters of Fatma Aliye.

Her essay Nisvan-ı İslâm was translated into French and also into Arabic under the title Les femmes muselmannes (“The Muslim Woman”). Also Udi was transferred to the French. A literary criticism of hers, published in a French newspaper and reviewing the book Women in East and West by Émile Julliard , attracted widespread attention in Paris. The author became internationally known for her exhibition in the library of the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893 and her listing in the catalog of the exhibition's women's library . Despite its great prominence during the second Ottoman constitutional period , it fell into oblivion over time.

In 1914 it published Ahmed Cevdet Paşa ve Zamanı ("Ahmet Cevdet Pascha and his time"). In the book she wanted to defend her father against political allegations and presented the situation after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. The book was indexed because of her theses, which ran counter to official historiography.

Women's rights

Back of the 50 lira banknote (2009)

In addition to her literary work, she wrote regularly for the women's magazine Hanımlara Mahsus Gazete about women's rights between 1895 and 1908 , without giving up her conservative stance. Her sister Emine Semiye Önasya (1864–1944) was one of the first Turkish feminists and was part of the editorial team of the magazine, which appeared twice a week. In her book Nisvan-ı İslam ("Women of Islam"), published in 1896 , Fatma Aliye explained the situation of Muslim women. As in her columns, in the book she defended the conservative traditions that contradict the heroines of her novels.

Fatma Aliye's portrait was selected for the back of the 50 lira note in 2009. The decision of the Turkish central bank to honor her as the first woman for her work has been heavily criticized. The critics would have preferred to see women from the environment of the republic's founder Ataturk, because they feared that Topuz could become a symbol of religious conservatism, because she advocated traditional roles in the family and rejected Ataturk's reforms. Women's rights organizations argued that Topuz lived traditionally, but called for changes in her work. Topuz had campaigned against polygamy.

social commitment

After the Turkish-Greek War , Fatma Aliye founded the charitable organization Nisvan-ı Osmaniye İmdat Cemiyeti ("Association for the Support of Ottoman Women") in 1897 to support the families of soldiers. It was one of the first women's organizations in Turkey. For her humanitarian efforts, she received the Nişan-ı Şefkat ( Order of Charity of the Ottoman Empire) from Sultan Abdülhamid II in 1899 .

Fatma Aliye also became the first female member of the Osmanlı Hilal-i Ahmer Cemiyeti ("Ottoman Aid Organization for Wounded and Sick Soldiers"), the predecessor organization of the Turkish Red Crescent . She also worked for the Müdafaa-i Milliye Osmanlı Kadınlar Heyeti ("Ottoman Women's Committee for National Defense"), which was founded in the 1910s after the Italo-Turkish War and the Balkan Wars .

Honors

Two streets are named after Fatma Aliye, one in Beyoğlu (İstanbul), the other in Çankaya ( Ankara ). In 2011/12 the exhibition “Hayal ve Hakikat” took place at the Museum of Modern Art in Istanbul with the works of 72 female artists from the past 100 years. The title of the exhibition was chosen in memory of Fatma Aliye's first novel.

Works

Novels

  • Muhazarat . 1892.
  • Hayal ve Hakikat . 1894.
  • Raf'et . 1898.
  • Udi . 1899.
  • Enin . 1910.
  • Levaih-i Hayat .
  • Rana von Mende-Altaylı (Ed.): Taʾaddüd-i zevcāt ẕeyl: a modern Turkish version, transcription, and facsimile = Continuation of the debate on Polygamy . Schwarz, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-87997-376-7 .

Translations

  • Meram . 1890.

literature

  • Ahmed Midhat: Fatma Aliye Hanım yahud Bir Muharrire-i Osmaniye'nin Neşeti . Emphasis. Sel Yayıncılık, Istanbul 1994, ISBN 975-570-009-9 .
  • Fatma Karabıyık Barbarosoğlu: Fatma Aliye: Far Country - First Female Writer of the Muslim World Timas Publishing.
  • Aliye, Fatma (1862-1936). In: Çakır, Serpil: A Biographical Dictionary of Women's Movements and Feminisms - Central, Eastern and South Eastern Europe, 19th and 20th Centuries. Central European University Press, 2006, ISBN 963-7326-39-1 , pp. 21-24.
  • Elizabeth B. Frierson: Late Ottoman society - The Intellectual Legacy - Women in Late Ottoman intellectual history . Routledge, 2005, ISBN 0-415-34164-7 , pp. 135-161.
  • Rana von Mende-Altayli (ed.): Fatima Aliyye / Mahmud Esad: Ta'addüd-i Zevcat Zeyl - Continuation of the Debate on Polygamy . Verlag Klaus Schwarz, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-87997-376-7 .
  • Güven Taneri Uluköse: Fatma Aliye. Bir Biyografi . Cinius Yayinlari, Istanbul 2013, ISBN 978-605-127-842-1 .

Web links

Commons : Fatma Aliye Topuz  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Fatma Aliye'nin gölgesinde kalan kardeşi. In: Haber7. 2009, Retrieved April 19, 2016 (Turkish).
  2. ↑ 50 lira edebiyat thinyasını ikiye böldü. Hürriyet, January 24, 2009, accessed April 19, 2016 (Turkish).
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Ceyda Yunus: Fatma Aliye kime uzak? Milliyet, March 28, 2008, accessed April 19, 2016 (Turkish).
  4. ↑ a b c E-9 Fifty Turkish Lira (2nd series). (No longer available online.) Central Bank of Turkey, archived from the original on April 19, 2016 ; accessed on April 19, 2016 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.tcmb.gov.tr
  5. ↑ a b Fatma Aliye Hanım. Edebiyat Öğretmeni, accessed April 19, 2016 (Turkish).
  6. ↑ a b c d Fatma Aliye Hanım´ın Vefatının 70. Yılı. Türkiye Yazarlar Birliği, accessed April 19, 2016 (Turkish).
  7. ↑ Fatma K. Barbarosoğlu: 'Fatma Aliye Hanım': The first generation of Turkish female writers. (No longer available online.) Today's Zaman, October 31, 2008, archived from the original on November 17, 2008 ; accessed on April 19, 2016 (English).
  8. ↑ Boris Kalnoky: Dispute over first wife on Turkish banknotes . In: The world. October 16, 2008.
  9. ^ Ottoman medal for 'compassionate' British lady to go under the hammer. In: Hurriyet Daily News. January 24, 2015, accessed April 19, 2016 .
  10. ^ Exhibition “Hayal ve Hakikat” , Istanbul Modern
personal data
SURNAME Topuz, Fatma Aliye
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Fatma Aliye; Fatma Aliye Hanim
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Turkish-Ottoman writer and women's rights activist
DATE OF BIRTH October 9, 1862
PLACE OF BIRTH Istanbul
DATE OF DEATH July 13, 1936
Place of death Istanbul