Beyoğlu

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Beyoğlu
Beyoğlu Coat of Arms Map of Turkey, position of Beyoğlu highlighted
Taksim Square.jpg
Basic data
Province (il) : Istanbul
Coordinates : 41 ° 2 '  N , 28 ° 59'  E Coordinates: 41 ° 2 '13 "  N , 28 ° 58' 39"  E
Telephone code : (+90) 212 (European part)
(+90) 216 (Asian part)
Postal code : 34 xxx
License plate : 34
Structure and administration (as of 2019)
Mayor : Haydar Ali Yıldız ( AKP )
Website:
Beyoğlu County
Residents : 241,520 (2014)
Surface: 8.96 km²
Population density : 26,955 inhabitants per km²
Kaymakam : Hasan Şenses
Website (Kaymakam):

Template: Infobox Location in Turkey / Maintenance / InhabitantsOrtMisst

Template: Infobox location in Turkey / maintenance / district

Beyoğlu is a district in the Turkish province of Istanbul and a municipality on the European side of Istanbul . Beyoğlu has 241,520 inhabitants (as of 2014).

history

Map of Pera in the 16th century

The area of ​​today's Beyoğlu district, on the northern bank of the Golden Horn on the Bosporus , has been inhabited for thousands of years.

Beyoğlu was first known by its Greek name Pera . It was a suburb of Byzantium as early as the 5th century . The Greek word Pera means opposite (from Constantinople). In the 13th century one was there Genoese trading colony founded. The district was fenced off in the 14th century . The Galata Tower is the last trace of the fortress wall . Galata (Turkish: Karaköy ) is the part of Pera that extends from the banks of the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus to the hill on which the tower rises. The name Galata is possibly derived from the Greek word Gálaktos , which means something like "from milk". The Italians , who had their territory on the side of the Golden Horn opposite the old Constantinople, believed that the name was derived from Calata, in English: "the slope". This would correspond to the topography, since the fortress of the Genoese colony was on a hill that slopes down to the sea.

Pera became an important hub for European - mainly Genoese and Venetian - traders. After the fourth crusade in 1204, which was carried out under the influence of the Venetian Doge Enrico Dandolo , and during the Latin Empire of Constantinople (1204–1261), the number of Venetians in Pera increased sharply. The Dominican Church of St. Paul (1233), known today as Arap Camii (Arab Mosque), dates from this period. After Constantinople was retaken by the Byzantines in 1273, Pera was ceded to the Republic of Genoa by the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII . It developed into a flourishing trading colony under a Genoese Podestà . The Genoese Palace ( Italian Palazzo del Comune ) was built in 1316 by Montano de Marinis, the Podestà of Pera. His remains still stand today along with those of adjacent Genoese buildings from 1300 on Bankalar Caddesi in Galata. In 1348 the Genoese built the famous Galata Tower, one of Istanbul's most famous landmarks. Pera remained under the control of the Genoese colony until the siege and conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans in 1453.

During the Byzantine period, the Genoese were traditional allies of the Byzantines under their Podestà. During the Ottoman siege of Constantinople, they defended the city together with the Byzantines. The Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II allowed the Genoese, who had fled to their colonies of Lesbos and Chios in the Aegean , to come back to Constantinople. In the following years Pera became the residential area of ​​the European merchants and diplomats. The Republic of Venice entered into political and economic relations with the Ottoman Empire; a Venetian Bailò became Pera's political and economic ambassador, taking on the role of the Genoese Podestà during the Byzantine period. The Venetians sent Gentile Bellini to Constantinople, who created the famous portrait of Sultan Mehmed II, which is now in the National Portrait Gallery in London . Sultan Bayezid II suggested to the Venetians that Leonardo da Vinci make sketches and drawings for a bridge over the Golden Horn, which Leonardo realized in 1502 with the Galata Bridge . The sketches and drawings are now in the National Museum of Science and Technology ( Museo Nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia in Italian ) in Milan . The Bailo seat of the Venetian Palace housed the Italian embassy until 1923 and today the Italian consulate. The Turkish name Beyoğlu is derived from the Palace of the Bailo, which was a striking building in the district. The name Bey Oğlu means "son of the Lord". The Turkish expression Venedik Beyleri , the Lords of Venice (the Venetian patriciate), was the diplomatic term for the Republic of Venice . With beyoğlu was meant Lodovico Gritti, who was the Venetian bailo in Pera during the reign of Sultan Suleyman I. Luigi's home was located near what is now Taksim Square . Even if the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice had often fought wars and battles, they maintained close relationships with one another. Even before the battle of Vienna in 1683, the Venetians were the first Europeans to taste Ottoman delicacies such as coffee . This can be seen as the beginning of today's rich coffee culture in Venice and later throughout Italy . For the Levantine called European population of the city emerged in the area of Roman Catholic churches like St. Anthony of Padua , Saint Peter and Paul and St. Mary Draperis .

During the 19th century, the number of European merchants and diplomats in Pera, as it was commonly known in Europe at the time, rose again. Embassies, luxurious hotels, restaurants and cafes sprang up especially along the Grande Rue de Péra (now İstiklal Caddesi ). Compared to the Turkish-Islamic districts of the old town, Beyoğlu was very European: It was the first district in which there was telephone connections, electricity, a municipal administration in the European sense, a tram and even an underground train with the Tünel . This was inaugurated in 1875 as the second underground in the world after the London Underground , to connect people from the port of Galata with the nearby business and financial district of Karaköy , where u. a. the Bankalar Caddesi , the "street of the banks" as the financial center of the Ottoman Empire. During the reform period of the Tanzimat , the Ottoman Empire came politically, economically and culturally strongly under European influence, which is reflected in the development of Beyoğlu. The rich selection of theaters, cinemas, patisseries and cafes in Beyoğlu from this period has been partially preserved to this day. The Europeans, like the Greek and Armenian minorities, also founded modern schools in which the sons of the Ottoman-Turkish elite were soon trained and which are still among the most renowned in the city. During this time, the Ottoman elite began to gain a foothold in Beyoğlu, where numerous magnificent buildings were built for them, combining traditional Ottoman styles with newer European styles. The Dolmabahçe Palace , which was built in 1843–1856 and served as the sultan's residence until the end of the empire, is also located in Beyoğlu. After the end of the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of the Turkish Republic after World War I , Beyoğlu began to decline gradually. With the expulsion of the Greek minority - whose businesses had previously played an important role in this quarter and which had increasingly become an object of hate due to the Cyprus conflict , up to the 1955 pogrom in Istanbul - this intensified in the 1950s and 1960s. In the 1970s and 1980s, violent clashes broke out between right-wing and left-wing groups in downtown Istanbul, which led to the flight of the middle class to the newly built suburbs such as Levent or Yeşilköy . Immigrants from the rural areas of Anatolia settled in the neoclassical and Art Nouveau residential buildings that were once inhabited by the Ottoman elite , giving the neighborhood a more oriental and Islamic atmosphere. Since the beginning of the 21st century, Beyoğlu has been the scene of rapid and often brutal gentrification . The İstikal Caddesi is today again a main attraction for tourists and a shopping street dominated by international brands, former bohemian districts such as Cihangir are hip and expensive again. While some of the magnificent buildings from the late 19th and early 20th centuries were extensively renovated, others were replaced by largely uniform new shopping centers. Time and again there are conflicts between new and long-established, rich and poor, liberal and conservative residents of Beyoğlu.

City structure

Beyoğlu divided into 45 administrative districts ( Mahalle ): Arapcami, Asmalımescit, Bedrettin, Bereketzade , Bostan, Bülbül, Camiikebir , Cihangir , Çatmamescit, Çukur , Emekyemez , Evliya Çelebi, Fetihtepe , Firuzağa , Gümüşsuyu, Hacıahmet, Hacımimi, Halıcıoğlu , Hüseyinağa, İstiklal, Kadı Mehmet Efendi, Kalyoncukulluğu, Kamerhatun, Kaptanpaşa , Katip Mustafa Çelebi, Keçecipiri , Kemankeş, Kılıçalipaşa, Kocatepe, Kulaksız, Kuloğlu, Küçükpiyale, Müeyyetzade, Ömeravni, Örnektepe, Piripaşa, Piyalepaşa, Pürtelaş Hasan Efendi, Sururi Mehmet Efendi, Sütlüce, Şahkulu, Şehitmuhtar, Tomtom, Yahya Kâhya Yenişehir.

As the unofficial neighborhood quarter ( Semt ) are known: Ayaspaşa, Azapkapı, Çıksalın, Çukurcuma , Dolapdere, Fındıklı, Galata , Galatasaray, Hacıhüsrev, Hasköy, Kabataş, Karakoy , Kasımpaşa, Kuledibi, Şişhane , Taksim, Talimhane, Tarlabaşı, Tepebaşı, Tophane, Tünel .

Culture and sights

Beyoğlu is the center of western Istanbul, which can also be seen in the numerous buildings from the turn of the 20th century, which were built in Art Nouveau or Historicism , after most of the wooden houses that had prevailed until then were destroyed by a major fire in 1870 .

View of the Galata Bridge and the Beyoğlu district

From the highest point, Taksim Square in the Taksim district of the same name, a modern shopping boulevard with department stores and international shops, İstiklâl Caddesi , leads down to Tünel Square . It has been closed to car traffic since the beginning of the 1990s , but has been used by a historic tram again since then. In the streets around İstiklâl Caddesi there are countless specialty shops, restaurants, snack bars, Christian churches such as the Crimean Memorial Church , a bazaar and the Tokatlıyan Hotel . In traditional Pera Palace Hotel went Agatha Christie , Greta Garbo , Mata Hari , Sarah Bernhardt and Mustafa Kemal Ataturk from. Halfway between Tünel and Taksim Square is Galatasaray Square with Istanbul's elite school, the Galatasaray High School . The British Consulate and the Goethe Institute are in the immediate vicinity . The German School Istanbul (Alman Lisesi) can be found in a side street off Tünel-Platz .

The Europeans of Istanbul have traditionally lived in Beyoğlu since the beginning of the Genoese trading colony, and the Doğan Apartmanı complex is a popular residential area for Europeans and is home to numerous European business and media executives even before the First World War . In addition to Ortaköy, the district is also the center of nightlife with pubs, bars, clubs and discos. There are shopping arcades built at the beginning of the 20th century, e.g. B. the Markiz passage . East of İstiklâl Caddesi is Orhan Pamuk's “Museum of Innocence” in a former residential building in Dalgıç Çıkmazı , a fictional documentation of the life of the protagonists of the novel of the same name using everyday objects.

The largest house of worship for the Jews in Turkey , the Neve Shalom Synagogue and the only Jewish museum (Turkish: Türk Musevileri Müzesi ) in the country are located in Beyoğlu. After two years of construction, the synagogue was completed on March 25, 1951 and handed over to its intended purpose. Older synagogues are the Ashkenazi Synagogue , the Mayor Synagogue, and the Karaean Synagogue . The Doğançay Museum ( Doğançay Müzesi ), a museum for contemporary art, is located at the end of Balo Sokak, a cross street to İstiklâl Caddesi. The Museum of Contemporary Art, Istanbul Modern , is also located in Beyoğlu in the Karaköy district.

The historic building of the Emek cinema , built in 1884, was demolished at the end of May 2013 despite the protests .

Sports

The sports club Galatasaray Istanbul comes from Beyoğlu in the Galata district that gives it its name. However, the home of the traditional football club Aslanlar ("The Lions"), the Ali Sami Yen Stadium , was located in the neighboring district of Şişli in the Mecidiyeköy district until January 2011 . The new home, the "Türk Telekom-Arena" opened in January 2011, is located in Maslak, which is even further from the city center.

The Kasımpaşa Istanbul football club is based in Beyoğlu in the Kasımpaşa district of the same name. The club's home ground, the Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Stadium , is also in Kasımpaşa. The arena was named after the Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan , who spent his youth in Kasımpaşa.

Economy and Infrastructure

Füniküler Kabataş – Taksim funicular train at the
Taksim mountain station

From Tünel-Platz one of the oldest underground trains in the world leads down to the Galata Bridge, which leads to the old town. The funicular called Tünel was opened in 1875 and overcomes a height difference of 62 m with two carriages connected by a steel cable. Initially, the railway was operated with the help of a steam engine, the chimney of which can still be seen opposite the "mountain station", today - comparable to a chairlift - electrically via the wheel in the mountain station, which is wound by a steel cable. The journey between the two stations, which are about 500 m apart, only takes a minute. There is also a historic tram on Istiklâl Caddesi that runs from Taksim Square to Tünel Station. Many city ​​buses also stop in Taksim Square.

In the Galata district, which lies to the west of Tünel-Platz and extends into the old harbor on the Golden Horn, there are mostly wholesale shops for new tools, iron goods, musical instruments, electrical and household appliances, building materials, fishing and fishing supplies in close succession .

To the northwest of İstiklâl Caddesi, across the busy parallel street Tarlabaşı Bulvarı , are some of Istanbul's poorest neighborhoods, Dolapdere, Kasımpaşa and Halıcıoğlu.

In 1852 Germans founded the Taksim German Hospital in Turkey . The Greek and Armenian minorities own the Zoğrafyon Gymnasium , founded in 1848, and the Getronagan Gymnasium , built in 1886, respectively .

literature

Web links

Commons : Beyoğlu  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Turkish Institute for Statistics, 2014 ( Memento from February 10, 2015 on WebCite ), accessed April 25, 2015