Doge of Venice
The Doge [ ˈdoːʒə ] (from Latin Dux (leader, leader, prince)) was the head of state of the Republic of Venice . The name is derived from a term used in Roman administration: From the 4th century onwards, dux was the name for the highest military commander of a border province among the Romans .
Originally the Doge was a local representative of the Exarch of Ravenna , who in turn was the governor of the Byzantine Empire in Northern Italy . With the emancipation of Venice from Byzantium, the Doge became the ruler of an increasingly independent state structure. The first doge was Paulicius , usually called Paoluccio Anafesto in Venetian historiography, but today Ursus (Orso Ipato) is the first doge. The number of Doges has accordingly been reduced from 120 to 118.
Some doges were not counted as mere usurpers in the course of time, and one was later removed from the doge lists because he was also a patriarch . The discussion about the question of whether the fellow Doges are counted, mostly sons, sometimes brothers of ruling Doges, especially if they died before the death of their fathers or brothers themselves and therefore never ruled alone, is still in flux. In addition, until the early 13th century there were a few deputies, most of whom were referred to as vice- dukes . The total number of rulers who were not (no longer) recognized as doges towards the end of the republic was 15, plus the five magistri militum , who ruled for a year . The last Doge, Ludovico Manin , abdicated on May 12, 1797, after the Grand Council had previously dissolved itself in view of Napoleon's advance .
Changes in the cut of the office, title
The uncertainty as to who should be counted as a doge is related to the change in office. The Doge combined both military and judicial functions, so that the office had almost unlimited power in the early Middle Ages . This also included at least three attempts to form a dynasty. The collection of a fellow Doge in order to relocate this route was forbidden in 1032. In 1122, for the first time, a "vice-dog" was charged as a substitute for the actual doge, who was sometimes absent for several years; This happened for the last time in 1202. In order to limit his power, the Doge was assigned various control organs, and later the Council of Ten . The latter was something like the supreme control authority. From then on, at the latest, the office of Doge was of a more representative nature, but the military command remained with him. Co-or vice-genes were no longer collected.
In addition to the title dux , the Doges had a number of other titles that reflected their relationship with other powers. They often carried Byzantine titles, such as Hypathos (Ipato), which roughly corresponds to the consul. Maurizio Galbaio (764–787) held the title magister militum, consul et imperialis dux Veneciarum provinciae , so he still saw himself as a doge of an imperial province. Giustiniano Particiaco only carried the title of imperialis hypatus et humilis dux Venetiae without mentioning a province belonging to the empire. The status of subordination disappeared with the transfer of Byzantine honorary titles. The addition Dei gratia (by the grace of God) came into constant use only in the 11th century.
In view of the Hungarian expansion towards the Adriatic, perhaps Vitale Falier (1084-1096), but certainly Vitale Michiel I (1096-1102), claimed the title of dux Croatiae , which means the title dux Venetiae atque Dalmatiae sive Chroaciae et imperialis prothosevastos . According to the Venetiarum historia vulgo Petro Iustiniano adiudicata , created around 1350 , the Doge Domenico Morosini also added atque Ystrie dominator as an extension of his titulature , after Pula had to submit to Istria in 1150. However, this title only bears a single document from 1153: et totius Ystrie inclito dominatori .
From 1205 at the latest, after the conquest of the Byzantine Empire and the establishment of the Latin Empire , the Doge was given the title Dei gratia gloriosus Venetiarum, Dalmatiae atque Chroatiae dux, ac dominus quartae partis et dimidie totius imperii Romaniae - so he was not just the Doge of the Venetians , from Dalmatia and Croatia, but also from three eighths of the Roman Empire, which later historians called Byzantium. Marino Zeno , Podestà of the Venetians in the capital of Constantinople , was the first to accept this title . Only then was the title, which was often attributed to the leader of the conquering fleet, Enrico Dandolo , taken over by his successor Pietro Ziani . Enrico Dandolo had received the title of protosebastos from the emperor .
From 1358, when Venice gave up its claims to the areas on the eastern Adriatic coast that appeared in the title, the title was apparently reduced to Dei gratia dux Veneciarum et cetera , a regulation that lasted until 1797. The office developed in this direction from the 14th century, especially from Andrea Dandolo , because the Doge, who presided over all the important bodies, increasingly became a visionary of the divine plan and the embodiment of Venice's special relationship with God.
Electoral process
The process of the doge election, which was held by the people's assembly until 1172, became more and more complicated over time. While twelve electors were sufficient for the election of Doge Sebastiano Ziani , who was the first to be elected by a small circle, in 1172, a forty-member electoral college was needed to elect his successor. The concern of the families that one of them might seize power and establish a family dynasty on the model of other Italian cities or former doges led to a complicated procedure aimed at preventing election manipulation.
The electoral system was therefore a mixture of random decisions by lot and public, free and carefully conducted deliberations and resolutions.
Eligible were members of the Grand Council, in which the male nobility met regularly for elections and votes. Each of them deposited a lottery ball in an urn. On St. Mark's Square , a boy of about ten, the ballottess , was selected, who drew 30 balls from the urn.
- 30 balls were reduced to 9 by lot. These 9 remaining chose 40.
- 40 were again reduced to 12 by lot. These 12 chose 25.
- 25 were reduced to 9 by lot. These 9 chose 45.
- 45 were reduced to 11 by lot. Those 11 chose 41.
- These 41 nominated the Doge for assembly approval (after Frederic C. Lane ).
The quorum for the election of the Doge was 25 votes. The Ballottin belonged after the election to the retinue of the Doge.
This could be deposed by the Signoria , but he was forbidden to resign. He was always elected for life.
dress
Since the 14th century, the doge wore the corno ducale, a special type of headgear. The corno is a stiff cap with a horn-like tip and a crown-like metal ring. It is traced back to the fishermen's headgear on the one hand, and to the “ducal hat” on the other. Under the corno he wore the cuffia , a cap made of fine linen. The Zogia coronation cap was made of brocade and adorned with precious stones, while the usual corno was made of less precious material. At the coronation, the doge wore a long undergarment , the dogalina , which was belted with a narrow belt with a gold buckle, and a wide cloak with a cape-like collar made of ermine fur , the bavaro . Striking buttons, the campanoni d'oro, were part of the doge's robe with a stand-up collar .
The private clothing corresponded to the everyday clothing of a Venetian nobile . The Dogaressa wore a smaller cap.
Burial places
Almost all of Doge's graves are in Venetian churches, 27 in San Zanipolo alone. Enrico Dandolo's grave is, however, in the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople .
List of the Doges of Venice
The following list shows the numbered Doge rulers who were recognized as such towards the end of the Republic. In addition, the rulers of the early period of Venice named in the sources appear here, who were no longer recognized as doges in the 17th and 18th centuries. State-controlled historiography only accepted as doges those who ruled alone or with a fellow doge; if these fellow Doges died during the Doge's lifetime, they were also not included in the Doge's lists. The Magistri militum of the 8th century are not included , but Marcello Tegalliano is included, who is not referred to as Dux in any of the early sources . Today Marcello is no more counted among the Doges than his alleged predecessor Paoluccio Anafesto ( Paulicius ), to whom Venetian historiography and general historiography was the first Doge to adhere for a long time. The reigns of the early Doges are uncertain and have mostly only established themselves in the course of the formation of traditions, as listed in the table. Doges were also only removed from the "Doge catalog" centuries later, such as Orso Orseolo , the Patriarch of Grado, who ruled as Doge from 1026 to 1027. "Some of the oldest historians put the patriarch in the ranks of the real rulers, the newer ones, to whom it seems incomprehensible that a patriarch ruled their people, left him out of this list," writes Johann Friedrich LeBret . This decision leads LeBret in a footnote on Lorenzo De Monachis (1351-1428), whose chronicle was written between 1421 and his death.
| numbering | Surname | Reign | comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Paulicius | 697-717 | legendary, historicity controversial |
| 2. | Marcellus (Magister militum) | 717-726 | in the sources only Magister militum , not Dux , historicity controversial |
| 3. | Orso Ipato | 726-737 | probably first doge |
| - | Dominicus Leo | 737-738 | first of the five magistri militum |
| - | Felix Cornicula | 738-739 | second of the five magistri militum |
| 4th | Diodato Ipato | 742-755 | around 739–740 third of the five Magistri militum , later Doge |
| - | Julianus Hypathus | 740-741 | fourth of the five magistri militum |
| - | Johannes Fabriciacus | 741-742 | last of the five magistri militum |
| 5. | Galla | 755-756 | the only doge to whom none of the usual family names was assigned, blinded; not recognized as a doge by some historians |
| 6th | Domenico Monegario | 756-764 | elected Doge with the support of Desiderius, King of the Lombards ; two annually changing tribunes, blinded |
| 7th | Maurizio Galbaio | 764-787 | is still explicitly considered an imperial (Byzantine) Dux , dies a natural death |
| 8th. | Giovanni Galbaio | 787-804 | first son of a dog who was raised to be a fellow doge by his father (without election); flees to Franconia |
| - | Mauritius (II.) | ? -804 | second son of a dog who was raised to be a fellow doge by his father |
| 9. | Obelerio Antenoreo | 804-809 | Siege by Pippin, attempted coup in 829, killed in the process, last advocate of a capital Malamocco against Rialto |
| - | Beatus | ? -809 | Brother and fellow dog of Obelerius, † 811 in Zara, the move to Rialto is occasionally attributed to him |
| - | Valentinus | ? -809 | Brother and fellow dog of Obelerius, was possibly allowed to stay in Rialto after the fall of his brothers |
| 10. | Agnello Particiaco | 809-827 | According to popular interpretation, the residence moves to Rialto, where it remains until 1797, dies of natural causes |
| 11. | Giustiniano Particiaco | 827-829 | survived his father Agnellus as (5th) fellow dog (from 809?) and therefore follows him in office, 2nd attempt to form a dynasty |
| - | Agnellus (II.) | 809? –820? | Son and co-dog of his father Justinianus (Giustiniano); dies in Constantinople |
| 12. | Giovanni I. Particiaco | 829-837 | follows his brother Justinianus in office, triumphs over Obelerius, is expelled by Caroso, recalled after his death; ends his life after being deposed in the monastery |
| - | Caroso | 832 | Giovanni I. Particiaco falls as a Byzantine tribune, declares himself doge, but is blinded after 3 or 6 months |
| - | Ursus Particiacus | 832 | ruled the city briefly between the fall of Caroso and the return of Johannes Particiacus, referred to as "rector" by Andrea Dandolo |
| 13. | Pietro Tradonico | 836-864 | interrupts the line of Particiaco doges, murdered by conspirators |
| - | Johannes Tradonicus | 836-863 | Son and fellow dog of Petrus Tradonicus, referred to in the oldest sources as "dux"; dies the year before he is murdered |
| 14th | Orso I. Particiaco | 864-881 | first ban on the slave trade, which has no effect, dies a natural death |
| 15th | Giovanni II Particiaco | 881-887 | one of Orsos I's four sons, tried to resign several times due to illness, recommends Pietro Candiano as his successor; with him the Particiaco dynasty ends, 1st destruction of Comacchio |
| - | Peter | at 885 | (8.) Co-dog and youngest brother of Giovanni II Particiaco |
| - | Ursus | to 887 | Mitdoge, resigns Particiaco with his older brother Giovanni II |
| 16. | Pietro I. Candiano | 887 | first doge to die in battle outside of Venetian territory |
| 17th | Pietro Tribuno | 887-912 | Defense of the Hungarians, construction of a city wall, "actual city founder" |
| 18th | Orso II. Particiaco | 912-932 | almost no sources, treaties with post-Carolingian rulers |
| 19th | Pietro II Candiano | 932-939 | Third attempt by a family, after the Galbaio and Particiaco families, to enforce a dynasty, 2. Comacchio's destruction |
| 20th | Pietro Particiaco / Badoer | 939-942 | Occasionally counted as Pietro II, when Peter (see above) was still counted as a doge; no sources for years 933–942 |
| 21st | Pietro III Candiano | 942-959 | Trade blockade against Aquileia, fight against Slavic pirates, civil war-like conditions in the fight with his son (and successor) |
| 22nd | Pietro IV Candiano | 959-976 | overthrows his father, marries property in the empire, bodyguard, overthrow of the Candiano, largest city fire (976), destruction of the archive |
| 23. | Pietro Orseolo | 976-978 | flees to a monastery in Catalonia, canonized in 1731 |
| 24. | Vitale Candiano | 978-979 | achieved by Emperor Otto II. Extension of privileges, retires to the monastery |
| 25th | Tribuno Memmo | 979-991 | Compromise candidate between Candiano and Orseolo, reconstruction of the city destroyed in 976, civil war-like conditions and Ottonian lock, goes to the monastery |
| 26th | Pietro II Orseolo | 991-1009 | is considered the most important doge of the early Venetian period, friendly relations with the emperors, expansion in the Adriatic, marriage project between his son Johannes and Byzantium |
| - | Giovanni Orseolo | 1002-1008 | Co-dog of his father Pietro II. Orseolo (984–1008), Byzantine marriage project, dies with his family of "plague" |
| 27. | Ottone Orseolo | 1009-1026 | younger brother Giovanni Orseolos, co-dog after his death in 1008, marries daughter of the King of Hungary, deterioration of relations with the Roman-German Empire, is overthrown, flees to Constantinople; is recalled, but dies on the return journey |
| - | Orso Orseolo | 1026-1027 | Patriarch of Aquileia , in doge lists until the 15th century; recalls Ottone |
| 28. | Pietro Centranigo / Barbolano | 1026-1032 | Compromise candidate of the opponents of Domenico Flabanico, loss of the most important trading privileges, continued dispute with Aquileia, deposed, flees to Constantinople |
| - | Domenico Orseolo | 1032 | Gets the dog's seat in a coup d'etat, but is overthrown the next day, flees to Ravenna, where he dies a little later |
| 29 | Domenico Flabanico | 1032-1043 | End of the attempts to enforce a hereditary nature of the Dogat; Survey on co-doges is prohibited in 1032 (11 in total) |
| 30th | Domenico I. Contarini | 1043-1071 | Oriental Schism (1054) |
| 31. | Domenico Silvo | 1071-1084 | obtained the first great trade privilege in Byzantium (1082) from Emperor Alexios I. |
| 32. | Vital Falier | 1084-1096 | In 1084 he was granted an important trading privilege in the Roman-German Empire from Heinrich IV. |
| 33. | Vitale Michiel I. | 1096-1102 | Fleet train in the wake of the First Crusade |
| 34. | Ordelafo Faliero | 1102-1118 | 1111 renewal of privileges in the empire, 1116 visit by Emperor Heinrich V in Venice, dies in fighting at Zara |
| 35. | Domenico Michiel | 1118-1130 | Crusade from 1122-1125; In 1126 forces the renewal of Byzantium's trading privilege, which was suspended in 1118 |
| - | Leachim | 1122-1125 | Son of Domenico Michiel , represented him from 1122 to 1125 as "Vice-Doge" (before about eleven "Co-Doges") |
| - | Domenico Michiel (Vice Doge) | 1122-1125 | Together with Leachim from 1122 to 1125, he represents the Doge Domenico Michiel as "Vice-Dog" |
| 36. | Pietro Polani | 1130-1148 | Son-in-law of Doge Domenico Michiel |
| 37. | Domenico Morosini | 1148-1156 | His power is restricted by taking an oath, and influential advisers are added; the hereditary position of the Doge's office is finally prevented. |
| 38. | Vitale Michiel II. | 1156-1172 | War against Byzantium; Epidemic and military disaster. |
| - | Lunardo Michiel | 1171-1172 | Son of Vitale Michiel II , stays in Venice as vice duke in 1171 when his father leads the fleet in the Aegean. |
| 39. | Sebastiano Ziani | 1172-1178 | first doge who was not elected by the popular assembly (arengo, concio) |
| 40. | Orio Mastropiero | 1178-1192 | The influence of the iudices is declining, the Minor Council becomes the core of power at the expense of the Doge. |
| 41. | Enrico Dandolo | 1192-1205 | 1202–1204 Fourth Crusade under Dandolo's leadership, 1203 and 1204 conquest of Constantinople |
| - | Ranieri Dandolo | 1202-1205 | Son of Enrico Dandolo, whom he represents as vice-duke in Venice from 1202 |
| 42. | Pietro Ziani | 1205-1229 | |
| 43. | Jacopo Tiepolo | 1229-1249 | |
| 44. | Marino Morosini | 1249-1252 | |
| 45. | Renier Zen | 1253-1268 | |
| 46. | Lorenzo Tiepolo | 1268-1275 | |
| 47. | Jacopo Contarini | 1275-1280 | |
| 48. | Giovanni Dandolo | 1280-1289 | |
| 49. | Pietro Gradenigo | 1289-1311 | |
| 50. | Marino Zorzi | 1311-1312 | |
| 51. | Giovanni Soranzo | 1312-1328 | |
| 52. | Francesco Dandolo | 1328-1339 | |
| 53. | Bartolomeo Gradenigo | 1339-1342 | |
| 54. | Andrea Dandolo | 1343-1354 | |
| 55. | Marino Faliero | 1354-1355 | is beheaded after an alleged or actual conspiracy and falls under the “condemnation of memory” (condamnatio memoriae). |
| 56. | Giovanni Gradenigo | 1355-1356 | |
| 57. | Giovanni Dolfin | 1356-1361 | |
| 58. | Lorenzo Celsi | 1361-1365 | |
| 59. | Marco Cornaro | 1365-1368 | |
| 60. | Andrea Contarini | 1368-1382 | |
| 61. | Michele Morosini | 1382 | |
| 62. | Antonio Venier | 1382-1400 | |
| 63. | Michele Steno | 1400-1413 | |
| 64. | Tommaso Mocenigo | 1414-1423 | |
| 65. | Francesco Foscari | 1423-1457 | |
| 66. | Pasquale Malipiero | 1457-1462 | |
| 67. | Cristoforo Moro | 1462-1471 | |
| 68. | Niccolò Tron | 1471-1473 | |
| 69. | Nicolò Marcello | 1473-1474 | |
| 70. | Pietro Mocenigo | 1474-1476 | |
| 71. | Andrea Vendramin | 1476-1478 | |
| 72. | Giovanni Mocenigo | 1478-1485 | |
| 73. | Marco Barbarigo | 1485-1486 | |
| 74. | Agostino Barbarigo | 1486-1501 | |
| 75. | Leonardo Loredan | 1501-1521 | |
| 76. | Antonio Grimani | 1521-1523 | |
| 77. | Andrea Gritti | 1523-1538 | |
| 78. | Pietro Lando | 1538-1545 | |
| 79. | Francesco Donà | 1545-1553 | |
| 80. | Marcantonio Trevisan | 1553-1554 | |
| 81. | Francesco Venier | 1554-1556 | |
| 82. | Lorenzo Priuli | 1556-1559 | |
| 83. | Gerolamo Priuli | 1559-1567 | |
| 84. | Pietro Loredan | 1567-1570 | |
| 85. | Alvise Mocenigo I. | 1570-1577 | |
| 86. | Sebastiano Venier | 1577-1578 | |
| 87. | Nicolò da Ponte | 1578-1585 | |
| 88 | Pasquale Cicogna | 1585-1595 | |
| 89. | Marino Grimani | 1595-1605 | |
| 90. | Leonardo Donà | 1606-1612 | |
| 91. | Marcantonio Memmo | 1612-1615 | |
| 92. | Giovanni Bembo | 1615-1618 | |
| 93. | Nicolò Donà | 1618 | |
| 94. | Antonio Priuli | 1618-1623 | |
| 95. | Francesco Contarini | 1623-1624 | |
| 96. | Giovanni I. Cornaro | 1625-1629 | |
| 97. | Nicolò Contarini | 1630-1631 | |
| 98 | Francesco Erizzo | 1631-1646 | |
| 99 | Francesco Molin | 1646-1655 | |
| 100. | Carlo Contarini | 1655-1656 | |
| 101. | Francesco Cornaro | 1656 | |
| 102. | Bertuccio Valier | 1656-1658 | |
| 103. | Giovanni Pesaro | 1658-1659 | |
| 104. | Domenico II Contarini | 1659-1675 | |
| 105. | Niccolò Sagredo | 1675-1676 | |
| 106. | Alvise Contarini | 1676-1684 | |
| 107. | Marcantonio Giustinian | 1684-1688 | |
| 108. | Francesco Morosini | 1688-1694 | |
| 109. | Silvestro Valier | 1694-1700 | |
| 110. | Alvise Mocenigo II. | 1700-1709 | |
| 111. | Giovanni II. Cornaro | 1709-1722 | |
| 112. | Alvise Mocenigo III. | 1722-1732 | |
| 113. | Carlo Ruzzini | 1732-1735 | |
| 114. | Alvise Pisani | 1735-1741 | |
| 115. | Pietro Grimani | 1741-1752 | |
| 116. | Francesco Loredan | 1752-1762 | |
| 117. | Marco Foscarini | 1762-1763 | |
| 118. | Alvise Mocenigo IV. | 1763-1779 | |
| 119. | Paolo Renier | 1779-1789 | |
| 120. | Ludovico Manin | 1789-1797 | hands the city over to Napoleon , who passes it on to Habsburg : end of the Republic of Venice |
See also
literature
- Şerban Marin: Dominus quartae partis et dimidiae totius imperii Romaniae: The Fourth Crusade and the Dogal Title in the Venetian Chronicles' Representation , in: Quaderni della Casa Romena di Venezia 3 (2004) 119-150.
- Gino Benzoni (Ed.): I Dogi , Electa, Milan 1982.
- Claudio Rendina: I Dogi. Storia e segreti. Dalle 120 biography dei serenissimi di Venezia rivivono retroscena e intrighi della Repubblica del Leone tra patrizi, mercanti, patriarchi e dogaresse in una millenaria epopea italiana. Newton Compton, Rome 1984 ( Quest'Italia 66, ZDB -ID 433075-4 ).
- Andrea Da Mosto : I Dogi di Venezia , Giunti, Florence et al. 2003 (new edition of the 1939 edition, out of date).
- Jürg Meyer zur Capellen : On the Venetian doge portrait in the second half of the Quattrocento , in: Konsthistorisk tidskrift / Journal of Art History 50 (1981) 70–86.
Web links
- Coins of the Duchy to Venice (coins of the Doge)
Remarks
- ↑ For example Thomas F. Madden in his Opus Venice. A New History , which appeared in 2012 (p. 26), which explicitly mentions the total number of 118 doges.
- ↑ Maurizio Viroli: As if God existed: Religion and Liberty in the History of Italy , Princeton University Press, 2012, p. 31.
- ↑ Roberto Cessi , Fanny Bennato (Ed.): Venetiarum historia vulgo Petro Iustiniano adiudicata , Padua 1964.
- ^ Vittorio Lazzarini : I titoli dei Dogi de Venezia , in: Nuovo Archivio Veneto, ns 5 (1903) 271-313 ( online ).
- ↑ Suzanne Mariko Miller: Venice in the East Adriatic: Experiences and Experiments in Colonial Rule in Dalmatia and Istria (c. 1150-1358) , Diss., Stanford University, 2007, p. 139.
- ^ Debra Pincus: Hard Times and Ducal Radiance. Andrea Dandolo and the Construction of the Ruler in Fourteenth-Century Venice , in: John Jeffries Martin, Dennis Romano (Eds.): Venice Reconsidered. The History and Civilization of an Italian City-State, 1297-1797 , Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000, pp. 89-136.
- ↑ The census was only stabilized towards the end of the republic. Piero Giustinian († 1576) still counts in his Opus Dell'historie venetiane di Pietro Giustiniano nobile veneto. Di nuouo riuedute, & ampliate, nelle quali si contengono tutte le cose notabili, occorse dal principio della fondatione della città, sino all'anno 1575 , Lodouico Auanzo, 1576, p. 9 ( digital copy ); also in the edition Gio. Battista Brigna, 1671, p. 12, Tradonico as 12th Doge. Modern research usually no longer accepts the first two doges as incumbents.
- ↑ This refers to the Chronicle of Laurentius de Monachis edited by Muratori, the Chronicon de rebus Venetis from UC ad annum MCCCLIV , Venice 1758, Book IV, p. 77 ( digitized version ).
- ↑ Francesco Zanotto: Il Palazzo ducale di Venezia , vol. 4, Venice 1861, p. 46 f. ( Digitized version ).
