Lunardo Michiel

Lunardo Michiel († December 1184 ) was one of the two sons of Doge Vitale Michiel II. He was Count (Comes, Conte) of Ossero ( Comes absarensis ) and in 1171 commander of a Venetian fleet in the fight against Byzantium . He was envoy to Emperor Manuel I and represented his father as a kind of vice duke from 1171 to 1172 during his absence.

Origin, family

Lunardo, later called Leonardo, was one of the sons of Doge Vitale Michiel and his wife Maria, whose origin is unknown. The couple had two sons and two daughters, namely Agnese, who married Giovanni Dandolo, and Richelda, who married into a count's house in Padua and therefore appears in the sources as "Contessa". The two sons, Leonardo and Nicolò, who the Doge kept in material dependence for a long time, as well as in legal dependence, are also documented up to 1159. This state of affairs lasted until February 1171, when he released the sons from their dependency and transferred part of the immovable property to them.

Economic conditions, Conte von Ossero (around 1160), Deputy of the Doge (1171–1172)

In 1174 the two brothers dissolved the joint 'fraternal trading company' and sold mobile and immobile assets that they had previously held together.

Vitale Michiel had planned an expedition against Zara, demanding that the Venetians, who were staying in the Byzantine Empire, appear in Venice by Easter 1159. But those who were in the Crusader States were supposed to return by September. Eventually, those who were unable to return in time because of their business were fined. Among them was the celebrated trader Romano Mairano . In autumn the fleet appeared before Zara, the city was conquered and the Hungarian garrison had to withdraw. The residents had to renew their oath of allegiance to Venice, the city government again went to a Venetian, namely Domenico Morosini.

It was at this time or a little later that the Doge appointed his son Lunardo as Count of Cherso and Lussino, and his son Nicolò as Count of Arbe. Venice thus took over direct control of the nearby coastal cities, with the county of Veglia going to the sons of the late Conte Doimo in 1163 , namely to Bartolomeo and Guido, who were already vassals of Venice.

In 1165, Lunardo had a dispute with the Count of Zara , with Domenico Morosini, who claimed half of the county of Ossero , which his father of the same name had given him for life. With the approval of a iudex, the latter agreed with the son insofar as, unlike his opponent, he had demonstrably paid a significant sum for the investiture. Control of the islands of Cherso and Lussino remained in his hands until Leonardo's death . According to Lunardo Michiel, the island became a 'hereditary feudal property' of the Morosini until 1304. The counts took over the title of “Conte d'Ossero per la grazia di Dio”, a “Count of Osor by the grace of God”.

For Lunardo, a central role was envisaged in the marriage network that the Doge developed. According to his will, Lunardo married a princess in 1168, daughter of the Serbian count Desa . He fled to the Hungarian court in 1166 to evade the rule of Emperor Manuel. The marriage of the second Doge's son Nicolò, that Conte von Arbe, with a Hungarian princess, a daughter of King Stephen III, aimed in the same direction .

While the father led the fleet against Byzantium in 1171, one follows Samuele Romanin , Lunardo “vice-doge” of Venice. Under his command, the Venetian fleet captured Traù in 1171.

Lunardo appears in 1175 in an embassy of Doge Sebastiano Ziani , which was negotiating in Constantinople . He also appears as a witness in a privilege of Frederick Barbarossa for the monastery of San Giorgio Maggiore from 1177.

Lunardo made his will in 1184, whereby the abbess of San Zaccaria was appointed administrator. He bequeathed a large part of his property to the monastery. He died in December of the same year. His brother Nicolò outlived him by about a decade.

reception

The Cronica di Venexia detta di Enrico Dandolo from the late 14th century, the oldest vernacular chronicle of Venice, represents the operations as well as Andrea Dandolo on a long common at this time, largely dominated by the Doge level is - the children of the Doge mentions accordingly not a word.

In 1502, in his work later translated into Volgare under the title Vite de'prencipi di Vinegia , Pietro Marcello also focuses on the heads of state and at best assigns supporting roles to ambassadors. This is how Emperor “Emanuel” started the war with Venice: on the pretext that he needed support against the attack by Wilhelm of Sicily, to whom he had promised his daughter to be his wife, he asked Venice for help. As expected, the Venetians refused this because they had made peace with the king. As a result, the emperor believed he had a "quasi legittima occasione di muover guerra", an "almost legitimate opportunity to start war" (p. 71). Exactly the opposite of Caroldo, who completed his work thirty years later, the emperor only now conquered the cities of “Spalato, Ragugia, e Traù”. He doesn't mention the marriage policy at all.

According to the chronicle of Gian Giacomo Caroldo, on the other hand, the Doge allowed 'those of Arbe' to choose their conte through four of their 'Cittadini', which was again confirmed by the Doge. According to the author, the son of the Doge "Nicolò Michiel" was elected to the Conte a little later, who was in turn confirmed by the father. It appears in the privilege “che da loro sin al presente giorno viene conservato con il suo bollo di piombo”, which, together with its lead seal, was preserved in Caroldo's time. King Stephen of Hungary pretended to be friends with the Doge (“fece simulata amicizia”) and offered a marriage between Maria (his niece?) And his son Nicolò. When Stephan's “mal'animo” could no longer be hidden, he marched to Dalmatia and conquered Spalato, Trau, Sebenico and other places, a process that did not occur with Marcello thirty years earlier. The tsarese, who could not stand the subordination of their archbishop to the patriarchs of Grado ("non potendo patir"), "ribellorono" against the Venetians. They drove out the son of a dog "Dominico Moresini" and hoisted the flag of the King of Hungary ("levorono l'insegne del Re d'Hungeria"). The fleet of 30 Venetian galleys turned back in the face of the strong crew. In the 15th year of his dogat, Vitale Michiel had his son Domenico attacked with a "potentissima armata" Zara. After long fighting, the Hungarians withdrew and the Tsarese submitted (“facendo deditione liberamente”). The son of a dog took 200 tsarese hostage. Now, in consultation with Stephan, Emperor Manuel subjugated the coastal cities of Spalato, Trau and Ragusa "et quasi tutta la Dalmatia". At the time when the Venetian traders were called back, it was already planned to use "Lunardo Michiel" as vice-duke. Thirty galleys attacked Trau, which was utterly destroyed as a deterrent. If the Pope agrees, the Archbishop of Ragusa should be subordinate to the Patriarch of Grado (p. 144). With the title Conte di Ragusa, "Raynier Zane" stayed in town. Before Negroponte, the Doge entered into negotiations about reparation - Caroldo does not give a reason because, according to the author, the war against the Byzantine cities had so far been waged with the greatest severity, even if Ragusa was treated more graciously than it was destroyed as a deterrent Trust. In the end, the Doge was blamed for the catastrophe.

The Frankfurt lawyer Heinrich Kellner thinks in his Chronica published in 1574 that is Warhaffte actual and short description of all people living in Venice , that Venice "refused and refused" the usual naval aid to the emperor, because it "briefly before peace and alliance" with Wilhelm of Sicily had closed. Thereupon "Keyser Emanuel" ordered "to give way to all Venedian merchants outside Greece by an open mandate / also attacked the Venedians with army power / took Spalato / Ragusa / and Trau from them." The emperor pretended to have captured these cities "In order to make the Venediger in opposition to friends" - whereby Kellner expressly mentions this and the following in a marginal note "Keyser Emanuels betrayed the Venetians". In order to “calculate the disgrace” in 1171, the Venetians prepared a “huge armada.” “And one finds / that with wonderful agility 100 galeens were scaffolded within 100 days” (p. 29v). The doge himself led the fleet, which took in "warriors from Istria or Schlavoney and Dalmatia", against trau, then followed the conquest of Ragusa with his imperial tower at Kellner.

Johann Friedrich LeBret published his four-volume State History of the Republic of Venice from 1769 to 1777 , in which he stated in the first volume published in 1769 that King Stephan “gave Princess Maria, a daughter of Ladislaus from the royal Hungarian tribe, the Count to the son of Doge Nikolaus Count von Arbe But Leonhard von Apsara, who was also a son of the Doge, a daughter of the Duke of Dessa for marriage ”(p. 328). As a result, the "state found reasons enough to forbid such marriages with foreign princesses, its sons." Venice ruled in Dalmatia "with all caution". The local “citizens” were allowed to “choose their priors themselves”, and the three cities of Zara, Apsara and Arbe even elected Venetian nobles, ultimately two sons of Doge. These sons of the Doge married Hungarian women. Stephan now occupied cities on the coast, such as Sebenico, in Zara the Venetian count, son of the previous Doge, was driven out: "The archbishop of the city raised himself to the count and drew secular rule to himself". Soon a new fleet besieged the city, whereupon the Hungarians fled and the Venetians under Domenico Morosini took 200 hostages "from the nobles" with them (p. 329). Regarding the events from 1171 he laconically comments: "During his absence, his son, Count Leonhard, was supposed to take his father's place" (p. 331).

In his Il Palazzo ducale di Venezia from 1861, Francesco Zanotto explains in detail the legal changes on Veglia, Arbe and Ossero, the islands of the Kvarner Bay , in order to explain that the King of Hungary did not pass this bulwark of Venetian power, but tried to gain influence through marriage projects. On the other hand, in view of the second conquest of Milan and the Pope's flight to France, Venice came under such imperial pressure that it could practically only trade via the Adriatic Sea, in fact, that Venetians could only leave their city by sea (“sicché ridotti erano, a non poter uscir che per mare ”, p. 100). According to Zanotto, this was the reason why Venice sought an alliance with both the Normans and Byzantium, and why Venice helped finance the Lega Lombarda against Friedrich Barbarossa.

Samuele Romanin took uncritically much later information from manuscripts that he had seen, especially with regard to the inner constitution of Venice, at least occasionally used Byzantine chroniclers. As he showed in the second of ten volumes of his Storia documentata di Venezia , published in 1854, King Stephen of Hungary persuaded Zara to rebel. 30 galleys besieged the city and the Hungarians who had come to the rescue fled. The Doge, who returned home in triumph, proposed a “numerosissima deputazione di nobili” to determine the Conte of Zara. The latter chose the son of Doge Domenico, that Domenico Morosini (p. 76). In 1162 the Doge also decreed the “investitura” of the County of Veglia to Bartolomeo and Guido, the sons of the previous Count Doimo. Arbe was allowed to choose four of its own candidates from among its citizens, or two Venetians, from which the Doge chose one. Nicolò, one of the Doge's sons, was nominated. Another son of the Doge, "Leonardo", fell to the island of Ossero. According to Romanin, the course of this process shows the still considerable influence of the “popolo”. Marriage contracts eventually led to the conclusion of peace with Hungary. When Byzantium occupied almost all of Dalmatia, Venice broke off trade contacts (p. 82 f.). Finally, Romanin describes the departure of the “potentissima flotta” under the command of the Doge, while his son Leonardo stayed behind as a “vice-doge” (from p. 87).

Heinrich Kretschmayr argued differently in 1905 in the first volume of his three-volume history of Venice . While Arbe, Veglia and Ossero were still subordinate to the Archdiocese of Spalato in 1139, they were already in the obedience of Grado in 1154. The Pope subordinated them to the Archdiocese of Zara, which in turn was subordinate to Grado in 1155. The dispute over Istria between Grado and Aquileia did not end until 1180, so that Grado only remained the Zealand and the primacy of Dalmatia. Kretschmayr continues: "Venice experienced its investiture controversy around the middle of the 12th century" (p. 246). The Patriarch Enrico Dandolo, for example, when he rejected the Doge's interference in the election of the Abbess of San Zaccaria, appeared as an opponent of Doge Polani, and even had to flee in 1148 when he opposed his policies that were friendly to Greece. It was only Domenico Morosini that did not interfere in the spiritual elections. The price for this was the removal of the clergy from political life. - Manuel sent as envoy Nikephoros Kaluphes to Venice, who won Dalmatia and Croatia from the Hungarians. "In 1166 Nikephoros Kaluphes resided as a Byzantine Dux of Dalmatia, presumably in Spalato." Friedrich himself attacked from Pavia, Eberhard von Salzburg from Treviso and Patriarch Ulrich von Aquileja attacked Grado. At the end of 1172, however, all of Northern Italy was in league against the Hohenstaufen. But now the conflict with Byzantium has come to a head. When he again brought troops to Ancona, Venice refused naval aid for Manuel in December 1167. Hungary, meanwhile connected by marriage contracts, attacked the Byzantine central and southern Dalmatia as early as the winter of 1167 to 1168. In Constantinople the situation worsened, with the behavior towards the emperor being the decisive factor: Venice's merchants “met him in his own capital with violent arrogance and brazen disrespect”. In 1170 and 1171 he even negotiated with Christian von Mainz . He was militarily successful against the Hungarians, as was Venice, with which the Hungarian king had fallen out because he had accepted Zara's voluntary subordination to his rule. Finally the mass arrest on March 12, 1171 and the beginning of the war: "Lionardo Michiele, the Comes of Ossero, was entrusted with the deputy government as vice duke."

swell

• Ester Pastorello (Ed.): Andrea Dandolo, Chronica per extensum descripta aa. 460-1280 dC , (= Rerum Italicarum Scriptores XII, 1), Nicola Zanichelli, Bologna 1938, p. 246 ("Inter hec, Stephanus rex Ungarie, cum duce amiciciam fingens, Leonardo eius nato comiti Auseri filiam ducis Desse in coniugem tradidit, et Nicholao, similiter nato, et Arbe comiti, Mariam filiam Ladisclavi, de stirpe regali, in uxorem dedit. ") and p. 251 (" Et postea statuunt, ut centum galee et XX naves, que exercitu necessaria devehant, velociter fabricentur, et omnibus oportunis bellico operi fulciantur, cum quibus ad vindictam tante ofense dux personaliter accedere debeat, et quod Leonardus Michael eius natus vices eius in Venecia teneat. "). ( Digital copy, p. 246 f. And p. 250 f. )
• Raimondo Morozzo della Rocca , Antonino Lombardo (ed.): Documenti del commercio veneziano nei secoli XI-XIII , Vol. 1, Turin 1940, n. 253, p. 248.

Remarks

1. ↑ With this title it appears in a document from Frederick I , which was issued in Venice in 1177 in favor of the monastery of San Giorgio Maggiore .
2. ↑ In May 1174 Nicola broke away from the fraterna compagnia with his brother Leonardo and paid him off with regard to the joint business ("gli fa quietanza dei negozi commerciali avuti in comune") ( Antonino Lombardo (ed.): Documenti del commercio veneziano nei secoli XI-XIII , vol. 1, Turin 1940, n. 253, p. 248).
3. ↑ Irmgard Fees : A Venetian merchant of the 12th century: Romano Mairano , in: Peter Schreiner (ed.): Il mito di Venezia. Una città tra realtà e rappresentazione , Rome 2006, pp. 25–59.
4. ↑ The date May 1168, which Cicogna had put into the world, had to be corrected to May 1165 ( Le vite dei dogi di Marin Sanudo , Tipi dell'editore S. Lapi, 1900, p. 261, note 2).
5. ^ Matteo Nicolich: Storia documentata dei Lussini , Coana, 1871, p. 116.
6. ↑ La porta orientale rivista mensile di studi giuliani e dalmati , La compagnia volontari giuliani e dalmati, 1934, p. 96.
7. ↑ He married the daughter of "duca Geyza" in 1168, while his brother Nicolò, Conte von Arbe, married Maria, the daughter of "duca Ladislao", said Federico Stefani (Federico Stefani: I conti feudali di Chero et Ossero. Note e documenti , in: Archivio Veneto III (1872) 1–15, here: p. 4). For a long time the year 1163 was assumed, such as “figlia di Dessau”, who was therefore the son of Ban von Rascien (Valentino Lago: Memorie sulla Dalmazia , G. Grimaldo, Venice 1869, vol. 1, p. 170).
8. ^ Samuele Romanin : Storia documentata di Venezia , Vol. 2, P. Naratovich, 1854, p. 91.
9. ↑ Valentino Lago: Memorie sulla Dalmazia , G. Grimaldo, Venice 1869, vol. 1, p. 172.
10. ^ Roberto Pesce (Ed.): Cronica di Venexia detta di Enrico Dandolo. Origini - 1362 , Centro di Studi Medievali e Rinascimentali “Emmanuele Antonio Cicogna”, Venice 2010, pp. 63–66.
11. ↑ Pietro Marcello : Vite de'prencipi di Vinegia in the translation by Lodovico Domenichi, Marcolini, 1558, pp. 70-76 ( digitized ).
12. ↑ Șerban V. Marin (Ed.): Gian Giacomo Caroldo. Istorii Veneţiene , Vol. I: De la originile Cetăţii la moartea dogelui Giacopo Tiepolo (1249) , Arhivele Naţionale ale României, Bucharest 2008, pp. 139–148 ( online ).
13. ↑ Heinrich Kellner : Chronica that is Warhaffte actual and short description, all life in Venice , Frankfurt 1574, p. 29r – 30v ( digitized, p. 29r ).
14. ↑ Johann Friedrich LeBret : State history of the Republic of Venice, from its origin to our times, in which the text of the abbot L'Augier is the basis, but its errors are corrected, the incidents are presented in a certain and from real sources, and after a Ordered the correct time order, at the same time adding new additions to the spirit of the Venetian laws and secular and ecclesiastical affairs, to the internal state constitution, its systematic changes and the development of the aristocratic government from one century to the next , 4 vols., Johann Friedrich Hartknoch , Riga and Leipzig 1769–1777, Vol. 1, Leipzig and Riga 1769, pp. 321–334 ( digitized version ).
15. ↑ Francesco Zanotto: Il Palazzo Ducale di Venezia , Vol 4, Venice 1861, pp 98-102 (. Digitalisat ).
16. ↑ Samuele Romanin : Storia documentata di Venezia , 10 vols., Pietro Naratovich, Venice 1853–1861 (2nd edition 1912–1921, reprint Venice 1972), vol. 2, Venice 1854, pp. 71–89 ( digitized, p. 71 ).
17. ^ Heinrich Kretschmayr : History of Venice , 3 vol., Vol. 1, Gotha 1905, pp. 239-258 ( digitized version ).